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The Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on March 11, 2011, resulted in a great many victims, not only Japanese nationals but also a large number of non-Japanese members of Japanese society. As part of the support activities targeted at these people from other countries, the Center for Multilingual Multicultural Education and Research (CEMMER), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, began providing them with multi-language information support (in a total of 22 different languages) in the immediate aftermath of the disaster. The purpose of this paper is firstly to provide an outline of the general conditions of non-Japanese victims in the disaster area and secondly to describe the system by which CEMMER has been carrying out its multi-language translation support activities, together with the specific activities it has undertaken. Providing foreign nationals with the support they need in the event of a disaster requires not only comprehensive knowledge about administration, medical care, legal affairs, and education, which is often vital to acting as a community interpreter, but also the skills and techniques necessary to communicate information appropriately. CEMMER places the greatest emphasis on ensuring SPEED and ACCURACY in its translation support activities. However, it can only achieve these by utilizing the experience that it accumulates on an everyday basis regarding knowledge and technological expertise, and by using the coordination capabilities required to make effective use of this experience.

This paper reports on action research aimed at developing an undergraduate-level interpretation course. The paper begins with a discussion on undergraduate-level translation education goals. A community interpreting course was designed and implemented at an undergraduate-level Korean-Chinse interpreting curriculum. Course evaluation is based on feedback from 33 undergraduate students. In the evaluation, the students responded that they were able to recognize the cultural, social, and political aspects of an interpreter-mediated situation, but in some cases, they did not fully understand these socio-cultural aspects. Additionally, they did not consider legal interpreting as a potential career after graduation. Students also responded that practicing interpretation skills was the most useful aspect of the course, and that field trips and an introduction to the professional world of interpretation were necessary elements. Based on these findings, the paper discusses suggestions for the development and planning of an undergraduate-level interpreting curriculum.

South Korea is undergoing a demographic shift due to an influx of foreigners which include short-term visitors, migrant workers, marriage migrants, expatriates, and foreign students. To cater to the language needs of foreigners, a number of Korean government and public agencies are providing community interpreting services. This paper provides an overview of interpreting services, including language services, which are offered in a relatively systematic manner. Based on face-to-face and telephone interviews with managers of community interpreting services provided by seven government and public entities in South Korea, the study compares the objective, history, structure, and the function of the seven agencies’ services and also the management of interpreters as well as community language staff, including remuneration and training. This paper then discusses common issues with respect to the current community interpreting services in South Korea and proposes improvement measures for the sake of more systematic and professionalized community interpreting services.

This study aims to analyze police interpreters’ note-taking patterns, methods, and their correlation with interpreting accuracy. Data were collected from 12 Russian-speaking police interpreters, including interpreting outputs and corresponding note-taking samples. The analysis yielded the following findings. First, the amount of note-taking varied by source language. Interpreters tended to take more notes when working from their native language, though individual approaches varied greatly. Some produced structured, consistent notes, while others recorded selectively based on personal judgment. Second, interpreters’ choice of note-taking language depended on the source language. When working from Korean, interpreters preferred using Korean in their notes, reflecting efficiency in notation. When interpreting from Russian, they used both Korean and Russian, suggesting an effort to balance efficiency with cognitive processing. Third, a negative correlation was found between note-taking rate and omission rate across both language directions. Although not statistically significant, this suggests that more active note-taking may contribute to improved accuracy.

This study reports the results of a qualitative meta-synthesis of three peer-reviewed articles on the working experience of hearing sign language interpreters (SLIs) in Korea. Taking a meta-ethnographic approach, the analysis revealed the hearing SLI experience to be focused around two key themes: “different worlds (a clash between ‘seeing’ and ‘hearing’ cultures)” and “role conflict”. Synthesis led to the metaphor of “the role conflict of SLIs playing on an uneven playing field without a playbook.” Results show how the individual themes link together as SLIs struggle to mediate between two fundamentally different worlds only to find that the players are engaged in a structurally unfair game, the SLIs’ version of the playbook does not prevail, and as referee, the SLIs are charged by both teams for not being on their side. The study sheds light on traditional role models for SLIs, as well as issues of neutrality and positionality.

This study considered the possibility of machine translation as a means of communication between police and foreigners. 203 sentences frequently used by the police were analyzed and error analysis was conducted through domestic translator Papago and non-domestic translator Google. There were 206 errors in Papago and 153 errors in Google. Looking at specific cases, there was a case of misinterpreting the detainee as a child, and there was a case where the word petition (陳情), meaning 'to state the facts or circumstances', was misinterpreted as sedation because it is a homonym but the context could not be grasped. Due to the nature of the Korean language, if the subject is omitted, it is sometimes misinterpreted as ‘the police will take the suspect on their own’ in fact in a situation where the police asks the foreign suspect to accompany him voluntarily. According to the performance analysis results of Papago and Google, in the case of the Korean-Russian language pair, the accuracy of machine translation was low and serious errors were included in many cases. As a means of communication with foreigners, machine translation should be used limitedly if necessary, and even if it is notified by machine translation, it is necessary for the human interpreter to check it again later. It is because the police's questions or notices to the subject are directly related to the fairness and effectiveness of the investigation.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the satisfactory and unsatisfactory aspects of medical interpreting training based on the students' feedback. It has been over 10 years since the first medical interpreting education started in Korea Human Resource Development Institute for Health and Welfare (KOHI). This paper conducted qualitative research with five students participating in interviews, and another four students in focus group interviews. Selecting interviewees included preliminary survey by 11 students in a Korean-English medical interpreting class. Interview questions for individual and group interviews were provided to the participants in advance and interviews took approximately 40 minutes. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed (Interviewees agreed with recording). Students were satisfied with starting the interpreting class with brainstorming, and training based on scenarios used in real clinical situations. Participants were also in favor of feedback and critique given by lecturers with concrete and productive feedback. However, students were unsatisfied with classes being taught with a single teaching method such as using books or online videos only because it did not fully train their skills. This research will be helpful to lecturers who will teach medical interpreting out of school setting to understand the real needs of students. Furthermore, it will contribute to the development of medical interpreting training as part of community interpreting in Korea.

The purposes of this paper are firstly to grasp the status of telephone interpretation provided by a social organization ‘BBB Korea’, and secondly, to examine what kind of characteristics such interpretation has and what role it plays in Korean society. Therefore, the researcher analyzed 3,119 data of Russian interpretation which were requested for ‘BBB Korea’ in 2017. In the analysis results, not only did the characteristics of community interpretation appear in the telephone interpretation provided by ‘BBB Korea’, but it is also seen that the interpretation is available free of charge, the anonymity of the conversation participant is guaranteed, and the interpretation volunteers also played a role in transmitting information besides interpretation. It is found that these telephone interpretations, provided by social organization, serve as a bridge between the professional interpreters and the users, it will eliminate the blind spots of community interpretation that cannot be provided in the dimension of government sector, and prevent the loss of administrative power. As this study is the first study as to community interpretation by telephone provided by social organization, it is thus hoped that this will expand the horizon of community interpretation research in Korea and discuss the role of government and social organizations in solving communication problems of foreigners and migrants.

한국에서는 2009년과 2010년 연속 보건복지부 주도로 의료통역사 양성교육이 이루어지고 있다. 2008년 한국 최초의 국제 법정통역 세미나가 개최되어 지역사회 통역이라는 개념이 처음 소개되고 얼마 지나지 않아 이루어진 이 교육은 한국으로 치료받으러 오는 소위 의료관광객을 더 많이 유치하기 위한 정부 방침의 일환으로 시행되었다. 지난 30여년 10개가 넘는 통번역대학원이 주로 회의통역사 양성을 목표로 해온데 비추어볼 때 급속도로 이루어진 의료통역사 교육은 세계에서 그 유례를 찾기 어렵다. 지역사회 통역이 무엇인지에 대한 사회전체의 인식이 뿌리 내리기도 전에 급속도로　이루어진 의료통역사 교육은 한국의 의료계와 관광 업계, 그리고 통역학계 및 통역시장에 작은 파문을 일으키며 여러 가지 시사점을 던지고 있다. 지역사회 통역과 회의통역은 어떻게 다른지, 대학원 석사 과정을 거친 회의 통역사와 간호대학을 나온 간호사들을 주 대상으로 시행되는 교육을 받은 의료통역사는 어떻게 차별화되는지, 또　의료통역사의 출현이 기존 회의 통역사들에 던지는 함의가 무엇인지를 고찰해야할　때가 왔다.　 이 논문은 2009년에 시작된 의료통역사 교육의 과정을 살펴보고, 2010년 2차 교육의 달라진 점, 그리고 수강생과 졸업생의 현황을 분석하면서 앞으로 회의 통역사들의 동향을 전망해 보고 그들이 어떤 태도와 입장을 취해야할 지를 살펴본다. 끝으로　의료통역사 교육의 도전과제와 문제점, 그리고 정부가 연구 중인 의료통역사 인증제도와 그에 따른 의료통역사의 대우 문제 등을 검토한다. 의료통역사 인증이 성공할　경우, 법정 등 다른 지역사회통역과 국제회의통역에 대한 인증도 가능할 지를 고찰하고, 이 과정에서 기존의 통번역대학원 및 회의 통역사들의 입장 변화를 예측해 본다.

본 연구는 다문화 사회로 이행하고 있는 한국에서 활동 중인 커뮤니티 통번역사를 대상으로 표현바꾸기(paraphrasing) 기반 수업을 설계·운영하고, 이를 통해 학습자의 통역 자기효능감 향상 가능성을 실증적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 한국에 거주하며 통번역 활동을 수행한 경험이 있는 외국인 11명이며, 이들을 대상으로 ‘인지’ 와 ‘입양’을 주제로 한 표현바꾸기 중심 수업을 실시하였다. 수업 전후에는 Lee(2014) 가 개발한 통역 자기효능감 척도를 활용하여 정의적 변화를 측정하였으며 수업 종료 후에는 만족도 조사를 통해 학습자의 반응을 수집하였다. 분석 결과, 전체 자기효능감 점수가 유의미하게 향상되었으며 특히 ‘자신감’ 하위 요인에서 뚜렷한 긍정적 변화가 나타났다. 또한 학습자의 만족도 역시 매우 높게 나타났으며 표현바꾸기 전략이 실질 적으로 통역 효능감을 높이는 교육 방안으로서 유효함을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 커뮤니티 통역사를 위한 표현 중심의 교육이 정의적 측면에 효과적일 수 있음을 제시 하였으며, 이를 토대로 표현바꾸기 기반 수업이 한국어교육과 통번역교육에서 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 탐색할 수 있었다.

This study aims to design and implement a paraphrasing-based instruction program for community interpreters, who serve as language mediators in Korea’s increasingly multicultural society, and to investigate its effect on learners’ interpreting self-efficacy. A total of 11 foreign-born community interpreters residing in Korea participated in a 10-session training program focused on the topics of “awareness” and “adoption.” The Interpreting Self-Efficacy (ISE) scale developed by Lee (2014) was administered before and after the program to measure affective changes, and a post-program satisfaction survey was conducted to gather learners’ qualitative feedback. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in overall self-efficacy scores with the most pronounced effect in the “confidence” subdomain. Participants also reported high levels of satisfaction, indicating that paraphrasing can be an effective pedagogical strategy for enhancing both cognitive and affective dimensions of interpreting performance. This study highlights the practical potential of paraphrasing-based instruction as a bridging model between Korean language education and translation/interpreting training for non-professional interpreters.

본 연구는 다문화 사회로 이행하고 있는 한국에서 활동 중인 커뮤니티 통번역사를 대상으로 표현바꾸기(paraphrasing) 기반 수업을 설계·운영하고, 이를 통해 학습자의 통역 자기효능감 향상 가능성을 실증적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 한국에 거주하며 통번역 활동을 수행한 경험이 있는 외국인 11명이며, 이들을 대상으로 ‘인지’ 와 ‘입양’을 주제로 한 표현바꾸기 중심 수업을 실시하였다. 수업 전후에는 Lee(2014) 가 개발한 통역 자기효능감 척도를 활용하여 정의적 변화를 측정하였으며 수업 종료 후에는 만족도 조사를 통해 학습자의 반응을 수집하였다. 분석 결과, 전체 자기효능감 점수가 유의미하게 향상되었으며 특히 ‘자신감’ 하위 요인에서 뚜렷한 긍정적 변화가 나타났다. 또한 학습자의 만족도 역시 매우 높게 나타났으며 표현바꾸기 전략이 실질 적으로 통역 효능감을 높이는 교육 방안으로서 유효함을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 커뮤니티 통역사를 위한 표현 중심의 교육이 정의적 측면에 효과적일 수 있음을 제시 하였으며, 이를 토대로 표현바꾸기 기반 수업이 한국어교육과 통번역교육에서 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 탐색할 수 있었다.

This study aims to design and implement a paraphrasing-based instruction program for community interpreters, who serve as language mediators in Korea’s increasingly multicultural society, and to investigate its effect on learners’ interpreting self-efficacy. A total of 11 foreign-born community interpreters residing in Korea participated in a 10-session training program focused on the topics of “awareness” and “adoption.” The Interpreting Self-Efficacy (ISE) scale developed by Lee (2014) was administered before and after the program to measure affective changes, and a post-program satisfaction survey was conducted to gather learners’ qualitative feedback. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in overall self-efficacy scores with the most pronounced effect in the “confidence” subdomain. Participants also reported high levels of satisfaction, indicating that paraphrasing can be an effective pedagogical strategy for enhancing both cognitive and affective dimensions of interpreting performance. This study highlights the practical potential of paraphrasing-based instruction as a bridging model between Korean language education and translation/interpreting training for non-professional interpreters.

영화 <형사(Dualist)>(이명세, 2005)가 관객의 외면과 평단의 논란 속에 종영했음에도, 이를 지지하는 팬들은 ‘형사중독’이라는 온라인 팬 커뮤니티를 통해 다양한 활동을 전개해왔다. 영화를 다시 보고자 하는 재상영회의 지속적인 개최는 세간에 재상영운동이라는 이름으로 알려져 왔고, 그들의 행동은 일견 문화정치적인 행동으로 해석되어왔다. 즉 팬 간의 공유된 감수성이 이들을 강하게 연대하게 하고, 그것이 영화산업의 지배적인 모순을 개혁할 수 있는 문화적 힘을 가지고 있다고 본 것이다. 이 연구는 이러한 경향으로서는 지속하는 팬의 모습에 대해 한정적인 시각으로 볼 수밖에 없다고 판단하였다. 그들은 진정 외부에 대한 저항세력인가? 그들의 행동은 문화적 실천으로 해석될 수밖에 없는가? 이러한 질문에서 출발한 이 연구는 민속지학적인 방법을 통해 그들이 6년 간 지속해오며 실행한 다양한 행동들을 관찰하고자 했다. 이를 바탕으로 그들의 문화적 실천 행동에 담긴 다양한 목적과 동기를 밝혀내고 이들이 팬으로서 유대감을 공고히 하고 있는 모습을 밝히고자 하였다. 재상영운동의 재해석을 통해 드러난 이들의 행동에서는 정치적인 실천보다는 문화산업의 메커니즘에 대한 (암묵적인) 수용, 문화산업을 적극적으로 이용하는 모습, 그들만의 연대감과 소속감을 더욱 견고하게 하는 일련의 과정이 드러났다.

The film Duelist (directed by Lee Myung-se) was released in 2005. Although this film was not successful in terms of box office, it was acclaimed by a small group of people. Calling themselves ‘Duelist Addict’, fans organized an internet fan community and engaged in diverse activities to promote the film. Their activities had often been interpreted in political terms. Decisively when the fan community called for a theatrical re-release of the film, scholars and journalists regarded it as a political movement. That means, fans fought against the power of commercial interest-oriented culture industry and voiced out people's right to enjoy diverse kinds of movies. This paper attempts to examine previous interpretation in critical terms. Can we call ‘Duelist Addict’ as political activist fighting against culture industry? Can we name their action as cultural practice? By adopting an ethnographic research method, this paper traces their voices which led them to participate in that kind of activity. By doing so, it will disclose various motivations and contexts behind their cultural activity, and re-interpret the meaning of their action.

As of January 1, 2013, South Korea has approximately 1.45 million foreign residents, and of them, a total of 266,547 households are multicultural families. As such, it is no longer strange to say that the nation is a multicultural society. As there is a growing demand for community interpreting along with the development of a multicultural society, this study examined the potential and limitation of women immigrants by marriage as community interpreters. The study considered both the features of community interpreting as a discipline of interpreting studies and the demographic characteristics of women immigrants through marriage. It found that their greatest potential as community interpreters included their balanced bilingual skills, understanding of both cultures, a pool of human resources who can command languages of many countries, and experiences as immigrants who were also recipients of community interpreting. However, their negative experiences, including discrimination they suffered as immigrants, may bias their interactions as interpreters. Therefore, they need to overcome such limitation through education of interpreting ethics.

This paper aims to suggest ways to diversify translation and interpreting courses at undergraduate level in Korea by incorporating community interpreting course in existing courses. With the emergence of new discipline “community interpreting” in academia, increase in commercial importance of community interpreting, especially medical interpreting, and establishment of profession on the field, there is a need to train community interpreters to meet the demand for more professional medical and legal interpreters. Drawing on my three-semester experience in teaching community interpreting focused on medical interpreting at undergraduate level, this paper tries to show the benefits of incorporating community interpreting course in the following four aspects: 1) highlighting cultural, social, and political aspects of interpreter mediated situation; 2) adopting localized interpreting environment focusing on commercial interest of the Korean medical industry; 3) offering job opportunities for undergraduate students; 4) enhancing the status for community interpreters.

This paper aims to elicit distinguishable features of sermon interpreting in Korean churches and examine it in relations to conference interpreting and community interpreting, in order to enhance understanding on sermon interpreting in general. With reference to the questionnaire survey of 2012 on users of both consecutive and simultaneous interpreting mode (495 and 54 respondents respectively) in some of Korea’s mega churches, the paper argues that while sermon interpreting shares some features with conference interpreting (e.g. one direction centered speech in one-to-many constellation) and community interpreting (e.g. short consecutive without note-taking), it also has some distinct features of its own. The paper highlights the two-fold working environments and user-expectations on the role of interpreters, largely manifested by interpreting modes. This paper advocates that sermon interpreting, with its multi-faceted characteristics, cannot be fully categorized as either conference or community interpreting, and thus proposes that it should be considered as an interpreting field in its own right.

The current research in South Korea on community interpreting focuses primarily on various problems community interpreters face on the job and possible solutions. However, it fails to address the fundamental question of why community interpreting merits discussion among translation scholars in the first place. This paper is organized into three parts. First, it presents an overview of South Korean research on community interpreting and analyzes major research trends. Second, it argues that community interpreting raises unique ethical questions that have significant implications on the role of interpreters and translators in society, and therein lies the necessity of further research on community interpreting. Third, this paper suggests that the discourse on community interpreting could help shift the emphasis of South Korean translation studies from demanding the rights of interpreters, translators, and translation scholars to recognizing their social responsibility.

This study explores the ways in which community interpreting is constructed in news texts concerning migration and multiculturalism in Korea. Drawing on the concept of “frames”, the present paper analyzes 75 news texts gathered from two major Korean news institutions, the Hankyoreh and the Chosun Ilbo, during the period from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012. The analysis suggests that news texts dealing with both interpreting and immigration in Korea construct community interpreting in terms of five frames: ‘interpreting as communication’, ‘interpreting as social activity’, ‘interpreting as institutional support for immigrants’, ‘interpreting as volunteer activity’, and ‘interpreting as professional competence’. The paper argues that interpreting is used in media discourse to reconstruct the identity of immigrant women in Korea as active agents.

This paper explores the role of the state in the development of community interpreting in Korea. By analyzing the government's policy briefs and documents pertaining to immigration and interpreting for immigrants, the present study analyzes the positioning of community interpreting within the larger frame of multicultural and immigration policy and discourse. As the main player in the production and enforcement of norms for community interpreting, the state critically influences not only people's perceptions of community interpreting but also the quality of interpreting services and immigrants' access to these services. The present paper draws on the work of Ozolins (1998) regarding the different ways in which countries respond to interpreting needs and argues that Korea is in a transitional stage, moving from an “ad hoc services” stage to a “generic language services” and “legalistic approach” stage. An analysis of the “First Basic Plan for Immigration Policy” and other policy documents suggests that community interpreting is represented by the state as a practical and symbolic solution to many of the language problems that have arisen in recent years in relation to the increase in the number of immigrants in Korea. While obvious inter-institutional differences are found, the Korean government in general has made some achievements in giving prominence to community interpreting in recent years by making recommendations and drawing up policies on interpreting. However, a lack of awareness of the importance of accreditation, registration, or training systems, all of which have no clear place within the policy documents, and a heavy dependence on volunteer interpreters and on a telephone interpreting system raise serious concerns regarding the current policies and the state of community interpreting in Korea today.