Earticle

In this thesis, conversational & structural features of echo question in the Russian colloquial discourse, and the difference between conversational structure and discourse function of repetitive question along with the preceding speech have been addressed. repetitive question is type of a speech that realizes both ‘repetition’ and ‘question’, and the ‘right to answer’ and ‘stimulating function of consequent utterance’ for the preceding utterance coexist in this speech. Meanwhile, repetitive question is a speech that occurs when there is a lack of understanding in the practical condition and receptive condition of the speech intended to utter. In terms of the practical condition, it realizes ‘confirmation of understanding question’, ‘deepening of understanding question’ and ‘examination of understanding question’. Furthermore, in terms of the receptive condition of the speech, it realizes ‘problem raising question’, ‘invalidating question’, and ‘examination of understanding question’.

본 연구는 표면적으로는 의문문의 형식을 취하지만 실제로는 강조, 지시, 감탄의 의미를 내포하고 있는 수사의문문을 한국어 고급 학습자가 적절히 이해하는지에 대해 심층적으로 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 수사의문문의 주요 담화 기능을 ‘강조, 지시, 감탄’으로 범주화하고, 한국어 교재 3종에 어떠한 수사의문문의 담화 기능과 의문문 유형이 제시되고 있는지 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 한국어 고급 학습자 30명을 대상으로 수사의문문 이해 실험을 진행하여 의미 이해 양상을 통계적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 한국어 고급 학습자의 이해 양상은 담화 기능과 의문문 유형에 따라 유의미한 차이를 나타냈다. 담화 기능별로는 지시와 감탄 기능이 강조 기능에 비해 유의미하게 낮은 이해도를 보였는데, 본 연구는 그 원인을 각 기능의 교재 내 출현 빈도 및 화용적 추론 과정에서 발생하는 인지적 부담의 차이로 파악하였다. 의문문 유형별로는 감탄 기능에서만 의문사가 포함된 설명의문문이 판정의문문에 비해 유의미하게 높은 이해도를 보였다. 이는 설명의문문에 포함된 의문사가 감탄의 수사적 기능을 드러내는 명시적 장치로 작용한 것으로 파악하였다. 본 연구는 한국어 고급 학습자의 수사의문문 이해 양상을 담화 기능과 의문문 유형이라는 두 차원에서 체계적으로 검증하였고 이를 통해 수사의문문의 기능과 유형마다 학습자의 이해 양상이 다를 수 있음을 실증적으로 확인하였다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다.

This study aims to analyze whether advanced learners of Korean are able to comprehend rhetorical questions—utterances that appear to be interrogatives, yet actually convey meanings of emphasis, directive, or exclamation. To achieve this objective, the primary discourse functions of rhetorical questions were classified into three categories—emphasis, directive, and exclamation. An analysis was conducted to examine the presentation of these functions and question types in three Korean language textbooks. Building on this analysis, a comprehension experiment was conducted with 30 advanced Korean learners, and their patterns of meaning comprehension were statistically examined. The findings indicated that learners’ comprehension varied significantly based on the discourse function and question type. The directive and exclamation functions yielded significantly lower comprehension rates than the emphasis function in terms of the discourse function. This study attributes the finding to differences in the frequency of each function’s appearance in textbooks and in the cognitive load arising during pragmatic inference. The comprehension of wh-questions was significantly higher than that of yes/no questions only within the exclamatory function, suggesting that wh-words served as explicit linguistic cues signaling the exclamatory rhetorical function. This study holds significance as it empirically verified that advanced Korean learners’ comprehension of rhetorical questions can vary systematically based on the dimensions of discourse function and question type.

본고에서는 한국어 ‘-잖아’와 중국어 ‘不(是)X吗’의 담화 기능 및 사용 양상을 TV 드라마 및 예능 프로그램의 대화문을 통하여 살펴본 후, 이 를 토대로 중국어권 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 한 ‘-잖아’의 담화 기능 별 교육 단계를 제시하였다. 총 3,000분 분량의 방송 자료 중 ‘-잖아’의 사용 빈도는 302회, ‘不(是)X吗’는 65회로 나타났다. ‘-잖아’는 ‘환기’, ‘동조 구하기’, ‘신정보 제시’, ‘설명’, ‘화제 도입 및 전개’, ‘제안’, ‘가 정’, ‘발견’, ‘단언’ 등 9개의 기능을 수행한 반면, ‘不(是)X吗’는 ‘환기’, ‘동조 구하기’, ‘신정보 제시’, ‘설명’, ‘발견’, ‘단언’ 등 6개의 기능을 수행하고 있었다. 또한, 중국어권 한국어 학습자를 위한 ‘-잖아’ 담화 기능의 교육 단계를 1단계, ‘환기’, ‘신정보 제시’, ‘발견’, ‘설명’, 2단 계, ‘동조 구하기’, ‘단언’, 3단계, ‘화제 도입 및 전개’, ‘제안’, ‘가정’ 등 세 단계로 제안하였다.

This paper aims to examine the discourse functions and usage patterns of Korean ‘-잖아’ and Chinese ‘不(是)X吗’ through an analysis of dialogues of TV dramas and entertainment programs. Additionally, it presents a staged education plan for teaching the discourse functions of ‘-잖 아’ to Chinese-speaking Korean learners. The analysis revealed that ‘-잖아’ exhibits nine discourse functions, including arousing the topic, seeking sympathy, presentation of new information, explanation, introduction and development of topics, suggestion, assumption, discovery, and affirmance. ‘不(是)X吗’ showed a total of six discourse functions, including arousing the topic, seeking sympathy, presentation of new information, explanation, discovery, and affirmance. Based on these findings, a three-stage education plan is proposed for teaching the discourse functions of ‘-잖아’ for Chinese-speaking learners. (Yeungnam Univ.)

「あの」は、従来、文法的な枠組 みでは除かれ、その働きが明らかにされていなかったため、言い淀みや場繋ぎ語と して扱われてきたが、近頃、多くの研究では「フィラー」と名付けられるように なった。本研究では「あの」の「フィラー」の機能として、発話境界の表示などの テキスト構成に関する機能、発話の和らげなどの対人関係に関する機能について分 析を加えるということに目的がある。実際の会話データにおける多様な「あの」の 使用される表現についての分析を行うことにした。その結果、談話の構造理解や発 話文の取り組みに関わる機能である「テキスト構成に関わる機能」は、談話の中で 相手の発話内容が理解できないために、具体的な例をあげて相手に分かってもらえ るような環境を作っていくという「選択提示」の機能、会話の相手に理解されてい ないことが分かったりした場合に別の言葉で言い換える際に使う「語彙変換」の機 能、話し手と聞き手の会話で相手が言及したものについて、適切な表現が見つから ない際に使用される「説明を加える機能」に「あの」が用いられている。また、聞 き手の存在を意識した状況で使われるフィラーの役割と聞き手に配慮して発話する という機能である「対人関係に関わる機能」は、聞き手が受け入れやすいものにす るために「助言を強化する機能」、過去の発話に関することについて話し手の意図 を明らかに聞き手に伝達しようとする「過去の事実に関する確信」の機能に「あ の」が使われている。(Cheju Halla University)

The Korean word “jom" has two different meanings. It can take the form of an adverb, meaning “little" with a syntactic function, or can be used a discourse marker, with discourse functions. This study aims to categorize the discourse functions of the Korean word “jom" and to examine its Chinese translation correspondences based on the Korean-Chinese parallel corpus. The KCPC consists of Korean drama scripts and their Chinese translations, and a total of 201 sentences including the discourse marker “jom" were extracted. The results of this study show that the representative pragmatic functions of "jom" fall into the following four categories: ‘speaking politely', ’utterance highlight', ‘gaining time', and ’uutterance hesitation'. The Chinese correspondences vary according to the four functions and discourse contexts. ‘Politeness' is mostly expressed with “请(qing)", “一下(yi xia)". ’Focus' usually has “一下(yi xia)", “VV(verb replication form)", “一点(yi dian)” and “Zero(no correspondence marker)”. “有点儿(you dian)" is always used for ‘utterance mitigation'. ‘Delay' was found in only one sentence, and it has no correspondence.

The Maa pee＾+Low-tone construction corresponds to a wide array of adverbial and complement clause notions, including temporal, conditional, purpose, result, motivation, utterance complements, and subjunctive mood. The pattern of senses found in discourse argues that the construction actually codes only that the dependent clause proposition is "temporally related" (in an extended sense) to its matrix proposition. Comprehenders must interpret more specific relations based on stored knowledge and textually-overt lexical items.

The present study attempts to reveal how computerized corpus-based contrastive analysis using learner corpora may shed light on a better understanding of the nature and scope of the Korean EFL learners’ use of so in English spoken monologue. So in the study is multifunctional not only in the spoken monologue of the NS but also in the Korean EFL learners’ monologue. There are four functions of so that have all three groups, NS, intermediate learners, and beginner learners, have in common. First they all use so as a resultative marker indicating a cause-result relationship. Second, so as an elaboration marker marks an utterance that says more about the prior utterance. The third function of so found in all three groups is serving as a boundary marker. It marks the opening and the end of the monologue. An additional function of so as a boundary marker in the study is to signpost the main idea of the speech. Another function of so found in all three groups is marking continuation of speech. This kind of so does not signal any particular relations between the utterances but just add one idea to another to continue the speech. Indicating hesitation is the last function of so found in the study. This function is found only in the Korean EFL learners’ spoken monologue. According to the result of the comparison between the English connective so and the Korean connective kulenikka, there is reasonable possibility that the hesitation function of kulenikka might have transferred while the learners are producing the speech.

本稿の目的は、日常生活でよく発話されている談話標識「なんか(nanka)」の使用様相を分析することにある。また、談話上、「なんか(nanka)」の出現する位置による分類を「文頭(opening)」,「文中(turn-taking)」,「文末(closing)」に設定して、その機能を分析・考察した。本稿では、日本語母語話者同士の自然会話のデータである「日本語自然会話書き起こしコーパス：名大会話コーパス」をもとに、分析した。その結果、文頭において使用されている「なんか(nanka)」の談話機能は、「話題を発展させ、発話内容を具体化し、その具体的な内容を導くような前置き表現」であるといえる「発話開始としての前置き表現」と「発言権を獲得するために、否定的なイメージを緩和させ、柔らかいイメージに転化していく談話標識」に使用する「否定的なイメージの緩和標識」の機能があることがわかる。また、文中においては、「発話を和らげるために付加的に説明する標識」とともに、「なんか」は認知的に検索して得た情報を表すときに使う談話標識である。次に文末においては、発話の最後に、「曖昧さを残しながら聞き手に発話を譲る時に使う標識」と「同意・共感する標識」として使われる。

"Suspended Clauses" play a major role in smooth communication in Japanese society. The purpose of this paper is to summarizes previous research based on the current state of research on “Suspended Clauses” and incorporates the viewpoint of pragmatics such as politeness for various Utterance-functions. The results of the study are as follows: (1) “Suspended Clauses” are expressions formed by “elimination of the main clause” and “addition of final particles”, but “to achieve a particular pragmatic effect, Subordinate clauses to main clauses for pragmaticization” (2) “Suspended Clauses” ending in subordinate clauses are clear reaction opportunity fields, which have the function of adding the obligation to react to the listener with a minimum reaction. (3) “Suspended Clauses” are flexible for both listeners and speakers. In other words, it has a function to respond flexibly so that the speaker does not infringe the face while predicting the subsequent conversation. (4) After dividing politeness into 'positive politeness' and 'negative politeness', we analyzed “Suspended Clauses” as a strategy.

The purpose of this study is to compare the discourse function of English relative pronouns used in ‘news report’ and ‘editorial’ of newspaper. It is assumed that these different registers in newspaper deliver different purpose of discourse respectively. Therefore, it is possible to hypothesize that relative pronouns appearing in newspaper can show different discourse function depending on its discourse purpose. To get this goal, 266 relative pronouns in ‘news report’ and 265 relative pronouns in ‘editorial’ were collected. They are also classified by the types of OS, OO, SS, SO and by restrictive or non-restrictive usage in order to identify discourse functions. The results showed that both ‘news report’ and ‘editorial’ have common characteristics such as the preference of 4 types of relative pronoun and more dominant using of restrictive usage. It is because cognitive language processing ability and discourse functions are applied in most of our language registers. The findings of the study also indicate that different preference of certain type of relative pronouns between ‘news report’ and ‘editorial’ is derived from realizing distinctive discourse purpose. The findings in this study are believed to improve our understanding on specific relative pronouns used in order to reflect discourse functions in accordance with discourse purpose.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the English It-cleft constructions in terms of their discourse function and their information structure of the focused constituents using the classification of Johansson (2002) and Hasselgård (2002). The findings of this study can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the information structure of the majority of It-clefts in English involves a clefted constituent carrying given information and a cleft clause carrying new information. Secondly, clefts with various clefted constituents have a range of discourse functions; summative seems prominent with clefted nominals, topic linking with clefted adverbials, and thematization with clefted propositional phrases and adverbials. Thirdly, there are correlations between four patterns of information structure and their discourse functions: Type A (all given) is related to Summative, Type B(given+new) with Topic linking, Type C(all new) to thematization, and Type D(new+given) to Topic lunching.

本研究では語用論において用いられたfaceの概念を談話に適用させ、談話構造におけるfaceの役割を把握するため に、face行為理論を提示し日本語における談話マーカー「それで」を分析対象とし、その特徴や機能を明らかにした。 「それで」は、①相手のfaceを脅かす機能を持つ談話マーカーであるので、公的な場面や社会的関係が上位の場 合には用いることができない。②話し手の発話に自分をFTAする要素が含まれている場合、それに反発するために用いら れ、anti-FTAマーカーとして機能する。特に、「それで」が単独で使われる場合は、anti-FTAマーカーとしての機能と 共に、続く表現を用いなくてもFTAを引き出す働きもある。③「それで」に続く発話が、「それで」の持つface-threateni ng機能を補足するために引き出される場合、positiveな機能を果たす場合とneutralな機能を果たす場合がある。

In this paper, I observed the use of the discourse marker ‘eh’ in the first face-to-face conversation and analyzed what functions it played in the context before and after. The following summarizes the functions of the discourse marker ‘eh’ in each utterance. (1) ‘eh’ in the ‘content confirmation’ utterance performed the function of temporarily stopping the progress of the other party’s talk. In addition, ‘eh’ in the utterance of ‘information request’ performed the function of inducing more detailed information, going back to the utterance in front of the other party. (2) ‘eh’ in the ‘topic proffer’ utterance was used as a signal to change the direction of the story or action from the current story flow. (3) ‘eh’ in the ‘evaluation’ or ‘disagreement’ utterance performed the function to show attitudes and feelings that the new information content deviated from existing knowledge. (4) ‘eh’ in the ‘response to question’ utterance indicates the other person’s question was unexpected and shows the resistance to the question.

이 글은 일상 대화에서 쓰인 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’의 기능을 살펴보는 것이 목적이다. 논항을 취하고 명제 내용에 관여하는 실질 용언의 ‘있잖아’와 달리, 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’는 일상 대화 속에서 다음과 같은 세 기능을 담당하고 있다. 첫째, 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’는 [마디]-[담화 표지-마디]에 놓여 화제를 도입하는 데 초점을 둔다. 그런데 앞 화제와 의미적으로 단절되어 새로 화제를 구성하는 마디의 앞에 놓이어 화제 전환에 관여할 수도 있지만, 새로 화제를 구성하더라도 앞 화제와 의미망이 여전히 연결되어 있어서 화제 추이에 관여할 수도 있다. 둘째, 화제가 바뀌는 지점에 ‘있잖아’를 두어서 청자에게 화제가 바뀐다는 신호를 일부러 보내어 청자의 주의를 환기시킨다. 이와 같이 청자에게 주의를 환기시키는 이유는, 청자에게 갑자기 새로운 지식을 활성화하도록 하는 것은 청자에게 부담을 줄 수 있어 청자의 체면을 손상할 가능성이 커지기 때문이다. 이 때 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’는 화제 이동으로 인한 청자의 체면이 손상되는 것을 막거나 줄이기 위한 공손성 장치로 쓰인다. 셋째, 화제의 내용을 잘 알고 있지만 그 화제를 지시할 정확한 언어 기호를 모를 때 어휘부에서 그 기호를 탐색하는 과정에 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’가 쓰일 수 있다.

The purpose of this paper is to deal with functions of issjanha as a discourse marker. The functions of issjanha can be divided into three types based on Maschler(2009). Firstly, issjanha has a textual function. It introduces a topic, which makes all the utterances keeping coherence in the part of conversation. It is general that issjanha consists in constructions X issjanha or issjanha X, where X is a topic. If hearer takes part in X, the hearer is not a topic but an appellation. Secondly, issjanha has an interpersonal function. Hearers usually focus on the one topic. If speakers change a topic without notifying to hearer, hearers lose face. The loss of face can be prevented with issjanha as a discourse marker. Thirdly, issjanha has a cognitive function. Though speakers know the contents of a topic, sometimes they don’t know the exact linguistic sign referring the contents. In that case speakers can use issjanha while searching for the sign, and issjanha works for keeping their turn in conversation.

본 연구는 유튜브(YouTube) 토크쇼 구어 자료를 토대로 한국어 비선호 응답(Dispreferred Response)의 상호작용적 기능을 분석하였다. 비선호 응답이 지식(Knowledge), 정체성(Identity), 사회적 관계(Social Realtion)를 조율하는 전략적 기제라는 전제하에 담화 맥락별 변이 양상을 고찰하였다. 담화 맥락은 사회적 거리와 상호작용 목적에 따라 공적, 사적-초면, 사적-친분 담화로 유형화하였으며 <더 피플>, <덱스의 냉터뷰>, <핑계고>를 분석 대상으로 삼았다. 대화 분석 방법론을 통해 비선호 응답 인접쌍을 추출한 뒤 세 가지 차원에서 비교 분석을 진행하였다. 분석 결과, 비선호 응답은 맥락에 따라 뚜렷한 전략적 차이를 보였다. 공적 맥락의 화자는 객관적 근거와 분석가적 정체성을 통해 전문적 권위 확보와 협력적 거리두기에 주력하였다. 반면, 사적 맥락에서는 개인적 경험과 공유 서사를 지식의 근거로 삼되, 초면일 때는 취약성 노출을 통한 진정성을, 친분 관계에서는 모의 비공손을 통한 공동체적 정체성을 구축하며 적극적 연대 전략을 취했다. 본 연구는 화자가 비선호 응답을 통해 능동적으로 담화의 주도권을 확보하거나 친밀감을 형성하는 실질적 전략을 사용함을 입증하였다. 이는 규범적 공손성 논의를 넘어 실제 한국어 대화의 상호작용 기능을 구체화했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study analyzed the interactive functions of Korean dispreferred responses based on spoken language data from YouTube talk shows. Given that dispreferred responses employ strategic mechanisms that coordinate knowledge, identity, and social relations, we examined contextual variations. Discourse contexts were categorized into public, private first-encounter, and private intimacy discourses, based on social distance and interaction purpose. The data were drawn from the YouTube talk shows “The People”, “Dex’s Cold Interview”, and “Pinggyego”. Using conversation analysis, adjacency pairs with dispreferred responses were extracted, coded, and comparatively analyzed across three dimensions. The results revealed distinct context-dependent strategic differences in dispreferred responses. In public contexts, speakers focused on securing professional authority and maintaining a collaborative distance through objective evidence and analytic identity. Conversely, in private contexts, they used personal experiences and shared narratives as the basis of knowledge. However, in first-time encounters, they demonstrated authenticity through exposure to vulnerability, and in intimate relationships, they employed an active solidarity strategy by constructing an mutual identity through simulated informality. Furthermore, speakers actively used dispreferred responses to secure discourse control and build intimacy. This study is significant because it moves beyond discussions of normative politeness and concretizes the interactional functions of actual Korean conversations.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the discourse function and examine the distinctive characteristics of morpho-syntactic, semantic, and discourse of ‘-(으)ㄹ 수 있다/없다’ which is being taught as an important grammatical item and high in frequency of use by performing diverse discourse functions in various contexts in the four language register. For this purpose, the distribution and detailed characteristics are analyzed in 4 million word corpus consisting of academic prose, newspaper, fiction, and spoken. The main results are as follows. First, the morphological form, the sentence ending form, and the constituent elements in complex component are different from each other by language register when constructing a specific discourse function. Second, various interpretive meanings are derived from the meaning of ‘possibility’ and ‘impossibility’ which is combined with various contextual information related to the characteristics of language register. Third, it is found that the characteristics shared by the field, mode, style of discourse influence the use including preference style by language register.

The purpose of this study is to examine the discourse function of Korean grammar items in an inductive way. Through this inductive approach, this study tries to summarize the discourse functions that are being handled at high frequency in the actual education field and cluster them. In this way, it is possible to understand what kind of discourse function is being actively used in Korean. The grammatical items in this paper are mainly subject to teaching in Korean educational grammar. This study refers to the Korean textbooks and the Korean grammar dictionary for education as materials to select them. Each grammatical item can have multiple meanings, which can be derived from the grammatical basic meaning, and these grammatical meanings make it possible to acquire distinctive functions in a specific discourse context. First, this study classifies the type of discourse function based on inductive analysis of individual grammatical items for Korean corpus. The grammatical items are 54 particles, 98 connective expressions, 189 final ending expressions, and 8 pre-final endings. Second, this study analyzes whether the discourse function of grammatical items in each category has different grammatical features. Third, this study classifies the grammatical items by discourse function and identifies specific grammatical items belonging to each group.

본고에서는 스페인어 제한적 관계절의 축소와 관련하여 제기되는 두 가지 의문점에 대 해 답을 제시하는 것을 목표로 삼는다. 첫째, 과거분사를 통한 축소는 쉽게 허용되는 반면에 현재 분사를 통한 축소는 허용되지 않는 이유를 규명하고자 하였다. 둘째, 스페인어와 달리 영어에서 는 현재분사를 통한 축소가 쉽게 허용되는 이유를 규명하고자 하였다. 첫째 문제와 관련하여 관 계절의 주된 기능이 선행사를 수식하는 것이므로 관계절을 축소시키게 되면 남아있는 부분에 의 해 선행사가 수식될 수 있어야 하는데 과거분사는 형용사적 특성을 지니고 있어서 선행사를 수식 할 수 있는 반면에 현재분사는 형용사적 특성을 지니고 있지 않아 선행사를 수식할 수 없다. 이런 이유 때문에 대조가 발생한다고 주장하였다. 둘째 문제와 관련하여 영어에서는 현재분사가 명사 를 수식하는 것이 흔하다는 사실을 근거로 영어의 현재분사는 형용사적 특성도 지니고 있고 따라 서 영어에서는 현재분사를 통한 축소가 허용된다고 주장하였다. 이에 추가하여 본고에서는 두 언 어에서 현재진행형이 가리킬 수 있는 시제 의미 범위에 있어서의 차이도 관계절 축소에 있어 두 언어 간의 대조를 유발하는 또 다른 요인이 됨을 주장하였다. 즉, 현재진행형이 가리킬 수 있는 시제 의미의 범위가 상대적으로 넓은 영어에서는 관계절의 축소가 비교적 자유롭고 반대로 현재 진행형이 가리킬 수 있는 시제 의미의 범위가 좁은 스페인어에서는 현재분사를 통한 관계절의 축 소가 어렵게 된다고 주장하였다. 끝으로 이와 같은 주장을 뒷받침하기 위해 이탈리아어와 브라질 포르투갈어의 사례를 제시하였다.

Traditionally, discourse markers (DMs hereafter) were treated like ‘expletives’, ‘pause-fillers’ which do not contribute to the syntax of language. Wellknown DMs to Korean learners of Spanish are ‘pues’, ‘bueno’, ‘entonce’ that appear in the sentence initial position functioning as a signal of the beginning of the conversation, topic shift, or as a link to the preceding discourse. Among many previous studies on the Spanish DMs, I analyzed the position of DMs in a sentence and its semantic function based on Martin Zorraquino & Portoles (1999), Romera (2001), Sim, Young-sik (2012) and so on. Also, I elaborated the argument based on the comparison of Spanish DMs and Korean DMs. In chapter II, the terms and definitions associated with DMs are listed, and Chapter III examines the classification of DMs according to its function. In chapter IV, I analyzed the diverse location of DMs in a sentence. In chapter V, Spanish ‘entonces’ was analyzed which appears in both written and spoken languages, and in formal and informal languages. ‘Entonces’ in the sentence initial and medial position has a function of semantic consequence, however, in sentence final position, it functioned as a sentence ender particle. Based on the result, I suggested to add a new function of DMs which can be named as ‘sentence final marker’.