Earticle

In the 1950s, ‘stow-away’ by Koreans was began to be recognized as a migration phenomenon that could infiltrate communism into Japanese society. This study examined how Koreans' ‘stow-away’ had intersected with the Cold War focusing on the petitions for the release of Korean ‘stowaways.’ As a result of the analysis, it was found that for the release of the ‘stowaways,’ officials from an anti-communist ethnic organization(Mindan) played roles as the petitioners, in addition to family and relatives. And they ‘proved’ that the ‘stowaways’ were not persons with a dangerous ‘thought.’ However, this ‘prove’ was not always valid, and it went through the process of ‘interpretation’ by GHQ/SCAP based on police investigations, etc. The history of the ‘stowaways’ as well as the petitioners was ‘interpreted’ in terms of relevance to communism, which was not without its arbitrary aspects, but ultimately had a great influence on whether or not the ‘stowaways’ were released.

The purpose of this study is to examine the diversity of perceptions about repatriation from the perspective of a local community by examining the specific situation of the Korean diaspora's repatriation and the impact of their repatriation on Busan during the post-liberation period. During the post-liberation period unique perception on repatriation and repatriates was formed in Busan, a gateway of repatriation. Since August 1945, more than 2 million Korean diaspora had repatriated to Busan from Japan, mainland China, and Taiwan in a short period of time. From the perspective of the local community of Busan, this meant a large influx of population, and various social problems derived from this movement had an effect on the gaze on repatriation and repatriates. Representative social problems arising from the influx of repatriates were housing shortages, unemployment and infectious disease. In local community of Busan, as confronting and responding to these problems, a ambivalent awareness of the repatriated Korean diaspora was created. Regarding the shortage of housing and unemployment, sympathy turned to the repatriates, although repatriation brought social confusion. However, in the face of the spread of the infectious disease, negative perceptions, in particular anxiety and fear, became more intense, and interestingly, it was prominent toward repatriates from a specific region. Like this when analyzed at the local level, the repatriation of the Korean diaspora was not a legitimate issue as a national task, and gazes on it showed complex aspects due to various social factors.

Unique perception on repatriation and repatriates was formed in sea region which functioned as a gateway of repatriation. And immediately after liberation of Korea, Busan was such a space. Since August 1945, more than 2 million Korean diaspora had repatriated to Busan from Japan, mainland China, and Taiwan in a short period of time. From the perspective of the local community of Busan, this meant a large influx of population, and various social problems derived from this had an effect on the gaze on repatriation and repatriates. Representative social problems were unemployment and infectious diseases, and confronting and responding to these problems, a ambivalent awareness of the repatriated Korean diaspora was created. In other words, when analyzed at the local level, the repatriation of the Korean diaspora was not a legitimate issue as a national task, and gazes on it showed complex aspects due to various social factors.

The Korean-American writer's "Pachinko" can be seen as an attempt by Korean-Americans to understand Korean residents in Japan, which served as an opportunity to see our past and present again. This novel is a four-generation chronicle of the novel. The writer wanted to paint their lives from the perspective of Transnational within the frame of Korean migration, although the historical background is different. The author, who lives in the United States as an immigrant, tells the story of how they go through their lives without revealing their dissatisfaction with social inequalities against their country or ethnic Koreans in Japan. Therefore, no father's violence, ethnic conflict and social discrimination in Korean-Japanese literature are seen. However, the author begins the first verse of the novel, "History has failed us, but no matter," and ironically shows how much the life of a Korean-Japanese who left Joseon and settled in Japan has been influenced by the nation and the people. Through works such as Lee Min-jin's "Pachinko," the constant search for the identity of Korean immigrants in Trans National will be further expanded in understanding and research on Korean residents, and we hope for a win-win future among Korean residents.

In this study the labor world of Korean diaspora in the modern times was examined by analyzing the dock workers in the port of Moji, Kyushu. Moji Port was one of the destinations for Koreans who came to Japan to find work. The Kitakyushu area, which includes the port of Moji, was a major producer of coal, which was indispensable for the development of modern Japanese industry. And the port of Moji was a hub for the transport of coal produced, and as a result it needed a lot of dock workers. The Korean, who had no advanced skills and knowledge, was highly engaged in dock labor, especially in charge of coal shipping and unloading. Their wages were lower than those of Japanese workers or Korean workers in other industries, and labor conditions were poor. The task ahead is to develop an overview of the study and seek the more general implications on the Korean diaspora studies and migration studies.

This study is meaningful as an exploratory attempt to understand the diversity of life of Zainichi(Koreans in Japan) beyond the framework of modern nation-states by paying attention to a new region, specifically Fukuoka in Kyushu. Researches on Zainichi focused on the region emerged with the recognition of limitations that their detailed lives could not be understand if we just analyzed the motherland and the host country. However, there is another limitation that only certain areas, including Osaka and Kawasaki, have been studied so far. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the area of Fukuoka, which was previously unnoticed, but has a significant meaning in the history of Zainichi, and looked at how their communities have been formed and developed. As a large city adjacent to Shimonoseki where was the starting and arrival place of the Bugwan Liner, Fukuoka provided jobs and became a place of life from the early stages of the influx of the Zainichi into Japan. In the modern times Fukuoka's Zainichi community largerly depended on the mining, which is the local backbone industry. Meanwhile, after Japan's defeat in World War II, Fukuoka went through a process of forming and developing a characteristic community in another sense. As the transportation network linking the Korea Strait was restored around Fukuoka, the region entangled the return to the Korean Peninsula and stays in Japan. As a result, Zainichi formed a self-sustaining residential area downstream of the river that flows into the port. Afterward this area became a city problem in Fukuoka and in the process of solving the problem Zainichi began to live in a special space called the ‘Danchi’ and formed their community. Throughout modern and contemporary times, Fukuoka served as the nodule point of the transportation network between the Korean Peninsula and Japan and as the center of population movement. And these characteristics are clearly differentiated from other regions, and continuing to study the Zainichi community in Fukuoka area in the future is significant in expanding and deepening the content of Zainichi study.

이 논문은 재일한인의 ‘다문화공생 수용’에 관한 갈등 양상을 심층면접 결과를 바탕으로 분석하였다. 분 석결과, 첫째, 8명은 지역 구성원으로 인정받고 있다고 인식한 반면 5명은 일본사회가 이방인으로 취급하여 차별받고 있다고 생각하였다. 둘째, 재일한인들은 일본정부의 외국이주민 정책에 대해 진정성 있는 이민정 책이 아닌 것으로 평가하였다. 셋째, 4명은 혐한시위의 원인에 대해 4명은 극우세력의 한국문화에 대한 반감 으로 인식한 반면 6명은 한·일의 역사적 갈등에서 시위의 원인을 찾았다. 넷째, 7명은 지역 주민이 아닌 관계 로 일본정부가 참정권을 주지 않는다고 생각한 반면 3명은 재일한인들의 정치세력화를 차단하려고 참정권 을 주지 않는 것으로 인식하고 있다. 일본의 다문화공생 정책은 일본인과 외국 국적자 사이에서 갈등을 양산하고 차별을 조장하는 동화주의 에 기반 한 정책이다. 갈등해소를 위한 시사점은 첫째, 일본인과 외국인 간 ‘마음의 벽’을 넘어 상호간 소통적 융합을 위한 노력과 의식 개혁이 요구된다. 둘째, 일본사회는 재일한인에 대한 편견과 차별을 버리고 포용하 는 태도를 지향해야 한다. 셋째, 특정 민족과 국가에 대한 혐오는 반인권적 행위이다. 일본의 혐한시위는 사 회적 갈등을 조장하고 있었다. 한·일의 국가와 국민들의 우호적인 관계 형성을 위해서도 지양되어야 한다.

This paper analyzed the conflict patterns of Korean-Japanese on the acceptance of multicultural coexistence based on the results of in-depth interviews. As a result, First, eight people felt that they were recognized as local members, while five thought that Japanese society discriminated and treated them as aliens. Second, Korean-Japanese evaluated the Japanese immigration policy as not a true immigration policy. Thirdly, four people perceived the cause of the protests as the antipathy to the Korean culture of the extreme right force, while six found the cause of the protest in the historical conflict between Korea and Japan. Fourth, seven people thought that the Japanese government did not give the right to vote because they were not residents, while three people thought the reason was to block the political power of Korean-Japanese. The Japanese government's policy on multicultural coexistence is based on assimilationism, which produces conflicts and promotes discrimination between Japanese and foreign nationals. The implications for resolving the conflict are as follows: First, it is necessary to transcend the wall of mind between Japanese and foreigners, to make efforts for communication convergence and consciousness reform. Second, Japanese society should aim at tolerating by avoiding prejudice and discrimination against Korean-Japanese. Third, loathing against certain nations and countries is an act of anti-human rights. Hate speech in Japan against Koreans are encouraging social conflicts. It should be avoided to build friendly relationship between both countries and their people.

본 연구는 미국 캘리포니아주에 거주하고 있는 한인여성들의 창업사례를 살펴보고 창업결정 요인을 분석하였다. 한인여성창업자들은 독립적이고 강인한 기업가정신을 가지고 있었고, 고학 력이면서 관련 경험을 토대로 창업하고 있었다. 이들에게는 인적 네트워크가 매우 중요한 역할 을 하고 있었다. 살펴본 사례는 셀프 고용 등 소규모의 업체들이 대부분이었지만 점차 그 규모 가 확대되고 있었다. 또한 과거 여성관련 서비스산업에 편중되었던 사업 분야가 금융, 의료, 지 식서비스 등으로 확대되고 있고, 한국에 대한 좋은 이미지는 이들 사업에 긍정적인 영향을 미치 고 있었다. 이들은 배우자의 도움 없이 내부적으로 자금을 조달하고 있었는데, 이는 자금조달이 나 관련 경험 등 배우자에 의존적이라는 기존의 연구결과와는 상반된 결과이다. 사례자 모두 법 적 신분을 유지하고 있었지만 창업에 필수적인 요소는 아니었으며, 언어구사능력은 대체로 의사 소통이 가능한 수준 이상이었다. 이처럼 살펴본 미국 캘리포니아주의 한인여성창업은 기업가정 신을 바탕으로 다양한 분야에서 전문적으로 일어나고 있었으며, 육아문제 등 젠더(gender)관련 요인은 여전히 갈등문제로 존재하고 있었다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 시사점을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the determinants of entrepreneurship of startups operated by Korean women who reside in the State of California, United States. Korean women founders possess independent and strong entrepreneurial mind-sets, and begin their startups based on the relevant experience along with their high academic backgrounds. Networking via other people is playing an important role for their business. While most of the companies are small-scale and self employed, they are gradually expanding. In addition, the business areas that the Korean women focus are expanding in financial, medical, and knowledge services, and the recent good image of Korean wave is having a positive impact on their businesses. They have financed their businesses without the help of their spouses, contrary to previous research findings that have reported dependencies in terms of finance and experience from their spouses. Legal status is not an essential factor for the Korean women founders, and their language skills are sufficient enough to communicate. The results of this paper show that Korean women's entrepreneurship has been expanding into various fields of professional expertise, but gender factor such as child-care still exists as a major problem. We discuss the implications along with the limitations and future research directions.

재일한인의 형성은 한국의 일제 식민지시대와 같은 특수한 역사적 사실과 매우 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에, 국내 디아스포라 연구에서 특별한 위치에 있을 것으로 예상된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 디아스포라 관련 국내 학술 논문을 대상으로 기술통계 분석과 키워드 네트워크 분석(keyword network analysis)을 통해 재일한인 디아스포라 연구동향과 지식구조를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 KCI(Korea Citation Index) 데이터베이스에 수록되어 있는 디아스포라 관련 논문 1,367건의 서지데이타를 수집하였다. 논문의 생산추이, 연구 분야, 발행기관 등은 기술통계분석을 통해 파악하였다. 그리고 디아스포라 관점의 재일한인분야의 연구동향 및 지식구조를 파악하기 위해 수집된 논문의 저자 키워드를 추출하여 이들의 동시출현정보를 사용하여 키워드 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. 본 논문에서 사용한 분석도구는 SPSS v23, KrKwic, UCINET 6이다. 추가로 디아스포라 관점에서 다룬 재일한인분야 최근 연구 특성과 동향을 살펴보기 위해 발행시기별 분석도 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과로 도출된 디아스포라 관점에서 다룬 재일한인분야 연구동향 및 지식구조는 해당 분야 연구자들에게 기존 연구들에 대한 통찰적인 분석과 조망을 제공할 것이고 나아가 이 분야의 미래 연구 주제 발굴에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

The study of Korean-Japanese is expected to be in a special situation in the study of diaspora in Korea because the formation process of Korean-Japanese is very closely related to the special historical facts such as the Japanese colonial period. Therefore, this study was to find out the knowledge structures and research trends of the field of Korean-Japanese diaspora by using descriptive statistical analysis and keyword network analysis with Korean articles. For this purpose, 1,367 diaspora related papers in KCI (Korea Citation Index) database were collected. The article production, research field, publishing organization, and so on were identified through descriptive statistics analysis method. In order to understand the research trends and knowledge structure of Korean-Japanese diaspora in Korea, we extracted the author keywords of the collected articles and conducted keyword network analysis through the co-occurrence information of these. The analysis tools used in this study were SPSS v23, KrKwic, and UCINET 6. In addition, we analyzed the period of publication of the article in order to examine recent research characteristics and trends in the field of Korean-Japanese diaspora. The research trends and knowledge structures of Korean-Japanese diaspora field that are derived as a result of this study will provide insightful analysis and perspective on the existing studies to the researchers in the field and can help to find future research topics in this field.

대한민국 최초의 공식이민으로 형성된 브라질 한인사회가 2013년 2월 12일 이민 50주년을 맞았을 때, 필자는 “세계 이민 역사상 가장 짧은 기간에 경제적으로 가장 성공한 이민 집단”이라고 정의한 바 있다. 하지만 2013년 후반기부터 브라질 한인사회의 모습은 완전히 바뀌었다. 2008년 미국발 세계 재정위기가 브라질 경기에 악영향을 미치면서, 2016년 8월 31일 질마 호세피 대통령이 탄핵되었다. 신자유주의 경제체제의 어두운 측면에서 촉발된 브라질의 경제․정치적 위기는 브라질인들의 해외이주를 증가시켰는데, 최근 브라질 한인들 역시 구성원의 5분의 1에 해당하는 1만 명이 한국으로의 귀국을 선택했다. 따라서 본 논문에서 필자는 브라질의 경기침체 현상이 가시화된 이후, 최근 5년 동안 브라질 한인사회가 이 어려움을 어떻게 극복하고 있는지 그리고 문제의 해결을 위해서 어떠한 노력을 하는지를 관찰해보며 그것에 대한 대안을 제시해보았다. 가장 중요한 사실은 2013년까지 브라질 한인사회의 경제적 중심지였던 코리아타운 ‘봉헤치루’(Bom Retiro)에서 브라스(Brás)로 이동했을 정도로 한인사회의 경제적 기반이 무너진 것이다. 브라질 한인사회는 코리아타운 ‘봉헤치루’(Bom Retiro)를 지켜내기 위해서, 문화마케팅에 전념하고 있다. 그 결과 브라질 ｢한인회｣는 봉헤치루를 한류의 전파기지로 삼고자, 최근 입구에 한인의 상징으로 “우리”를 건립했다.

When the Korean community in Brazil, whose ancestry traces back to the first official emigration group of the Republic of Korea, commemorated the 50th anniversary of the 12th of February, 2013, I named it “the economically most successful immigrant group over the shortest period of time in the history of migration.” Since then, however, the Korean community in Brazil has gone through significant changes. As the global financial crisis in 2008 affected the Brazilian economy, President Dilma Rousseff was impeached on August 31, 2016. The economic and political crisis in Brazil, triggered by the negative aspects of the neoliberal economic system, caused Brazilians to move abroad. The situation also affected the Korean community in Brazil: 10,000 Korean immigrants, one fifth of the Korean population in Brazil, chose to return to Korea. This article aims to investigate what kind of efforts has been made in the Korean community to overcome the situation, since the economic recession was observed in Brazil, and to suggest some alternatives for future attempts. As the economic base of the Korean community in Brazil has collapsed, the Korean community in Brazil is dedicated to cultural marketing in order to defend its own domain, which caused the Association of Korean Immigrants to decide to construct “Uri” as a symbol of the Korean community in Brazil, at the entrance of Bom Retiro.

이 연구는 재일한인의 한반도 통일 인식을 조사하였다. 첫째, 통일에 대한 관심, 남북한의 통일, 평화적 통일, 주변 4강의 협력, 통일은 재일한인 사회의 대립 해소에 기여, 동아시아 평화에 기여 등에서 과반수를 상회했으며, 통일 참여는 50%에 근접했다. 반면에 재일한인 개인의 통일 이익, 남북한 공동선언의 이행, 남북한의 일방적 통일, 중립화 통일은 10명 중 4명 미만이 동의하였다. 둘째, 통일이 어려운 이유로 남북의 상호 적대와 불신, 분단극복을 위한 신뢰성 회복, 통일 한반도의 중요 가치는 인권, 통일을 반대하는 1순위 국가는 중국을 선택하였다. 셋째, 2명 중 1명은 통일이 가능하며, 관심이 가장 낮은 집단은 일본 귀화자, 통일에서 재일한인의 큰 어려움은 동포들의 관심 부족, 통일을 위한 동포들의 통일의지의 고취를 선택하였다. 통일운동에 가장 적극적인 단체는 조총련이며, 단체 통일운동의 확산이 어려운 이유는 홍보부족에 따른 무관심이었다. 통일운동의 활성화를 위해 첫째, 통일의지의 결집, 둘째, 통일환경의 조성, 셋째, 지속적인 통일 홍보와 교육이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of Korean-Japaneses on the reunification of the Korean peninsula. The findings of the study were as follows: First, more than half of the Korean-Japaneses investigated were interested in national reunification, and agreed with the reunification of the South and the North, the necessity of peaceful reunification and collaboration from the four neighboring powers, the contribution of reunification to the conflicts resolution of the Korean-Japanese society and its contribution to peace in East Asia. Nearly 50 percent agreed to participate in national reunification. In contrast, less than four out of the 10 respondents agreed with the contribution of reunification to the interests of individual Korean-Japaneses, the necessity of the fulfillment of the joint declaration of the two Koreas, one-sided reunification by one of the two and neutralized reunification. Second, one out of the two believed that reunification was possible to achieve. Naturalized Japanese citizens were regarded as a group that had the least interest in reunification. The lack of interest from Korean-Japaneses was looked upon as the biggest difficulty that they faced in terms of reunification, and bolstering Korean-Japaneses’ will to reunify was most stressed as a way to achieve reunification. Jochongryeon, which is the pro-Pyeongyang federation of Korean residents in Japan, was viewed as a group that was most active in reunification movements, and indifference that was attributed to the lack of promotion efforts was cited as the reason that made it hard to spread collective reunification campaigns. The first thing that is necessary for the revitalization of reunification movements is strengthening people’s will to reunify and making them come together. The second is creating the kind of environments that can accelerate reunification. The third is sustained promotion on the necessity of reunification and related education.

재일한인분야의 연구는 재일한인 100주년이라는 역사적 가치와 함께 마이너리티에 대한 사회 전반의 관심 증가로 수적 증가와 함께 다각화되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 인문학을 포함한 사회과학, 예술체육학 등 전 연구 분야에서 수행된 재일한인 관련 국내 학술 논문을 대상으로 기술통계 분석과 키워드 네트워크 분석(keyword network analysis)을 통해 재일한인분야의 지식구조를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2000년 1월부터 2016년 12월까지 국내에서 발행되어 KCI(Korea Citation Index) 데이터베이스에 등록되어 있는 재일한인분야 논문 819편의 서지데이타가 수집되었다. 논문의 논문생산추이, 연구 분야, 발행기관, 그리고 주요 주제 키워드 등은 기술통계 분석방법을 통해 파악하였다. 또한 재일한인분야 연구 동향 및 지식구조를 파악하고자 수집된 논문의 저자 키워드를 추출하여 이들의 동시출현정보를 통해 키워드 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. 본 논문에서 사용한 분석도구는 Endnote x8, SPSS v23, KrKwic, UCINET 6, Netdraw이다. 추가로 재일한인분야의 최근 연구 특성과 동향을 살펴보기 위해 논문 발행 시기별 분석도 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과로 도출된 재일한인분야의 연구 동향 및 지식구조는 해당 분야 연구자들에게 기존 연구들에 대한 통찰적인 분석과 조망을 제공할 것이고 나아가 이 분야의 미래 연구 주제 발굴에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

The research in the field of Korean-Japanese has been increased and diversified as well with historical value about centennial of Korean-Japanese and growing interests in Minority across society. Therefore, this study was to find out the knowledge structure of the field of Korean-Japanese by using descriptive statistical analysis and keyword network analysis with Korean articles conducted in the whole research area such as social sciences, arts & sports, and humanities. For this study, the 819 articles in the field of Koran-Japanese which were published in January 2000 through December 2016 in Korea and stored in KCI(Korea Citation Index) database were collected. The article production, research field, publishing organization, and major topic keywords were identified through descriptive statistics analysis method. In order to figure out the research trends and knowledge structure of Korean-Japanese field, we extracted the author keywords of the collected articles and conducted the keyword network analysis through the co-occurrence information of them. The analysis tools used in this study were Endnote x8, SPSS v23, KrKwic, UCINET 6, and Netdraw. In addition, we analyzed the period of publication of the article in order to examine recent research characteristics and trends in the field of Korean-Japanese. The research trends and knowledge structures of the Korean-Japanese field derived as a result of this study will provide insightful analysis and perspective on the existing researches to the researchers in the field and can help to find future research topics in this field.

하나님의 선교의 대행자로서 한인 디아스포라 교회의 역할이 커지고 있다. 한인 디아스포라 교회가 전통적 교회를 넘어 선교적 교회로서의 역할을 수행할 수 있는 추동력은 목회자의 선교적 비전이며, 이 비전은 목회자가 선교적 활동에 적극적으로 참여하는 과정에서 형성된다. 올해 개최된 두바이목회축제는 한인 디아스포라 목회자들이 사명을 재발견하도록 준비된 실천공동체요 학습공동체다. 이 연구의 목적은 실천공동체로서 두바이목회축제를 탐색하고, 목회자들의 학습 경험을 통합적 연구방법을 적용하여 분석・해석하려는 것이다. 조사결과(N=74)에 따르면, 두바이목회축제는 ‘10~20년 간 사역한 40대 집단’에 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며, 연령 및 목회기간 간에 상호작용 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 실천공동체의 학습 차원들 간에는 매우 높은 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, ‘행함으로서의 학습’이 효과적일수록 다른 차원의 학습 또한 효과적일 것으로 나타났다. 또한 학습 경험에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 원인연쇄분석 결과에 따르면, ‘됨으로서의 학습’에 관련된 요소들이 학습을 주로 촉진시켰고, ‘행함으로서의 학습’에 관련된 요소들이 학습을 주로 방해한 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구가 일회적 축제의, 제한된 참여자를 대상으로 한 연구라는 점에서 연구결과를 일반화하기는 어렵다. 그러나 교회 위기와 개혁의 중심에 위치한 목회자 교육의 대안적 모델을 탐색하고, 한국교회를 넘어 세계교회의 갱신 및 협력을 위한 학습공동체 및 플랫폼 설계에 대해 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

The role of the Korean Diaspora Church as an agency of God’s mission is growing. A pastor’s missionary vision can be the driving force in transforming the Korean Diaspora Church from a traditional church to a missional one, which can be achieved by the pastor’s greater involvement in missionary activities. This year’s Dubai Ministry Festival was a community of practice and learning, with the goal of rediscovering the calling of Korean Diaspora pastors. The purpose of this study is to explore the Dubai Ministry Festival as a community of practice and analyze and interpret the learning experiences of pastors by applying integrated research methods. According to the survey results (N=74), the Dubai Ministry Festival was most effective for “the group of 10-20 years (ministry period) in the 40s (age)” and showed an interaction effect between the age and the ministry period in learning experiences. There was a very high level of correlation among the four components of learning in a community of practice, and the more effective “learning as doing” was, the more effective the learning of the other components was. In addition, according to the results of the causal chain analysis of factors influencing learning experiences, the factors related to “learning as becoming” mainly promoted learning, while the factors related to “learning as doing” interfered with learning. It is difficult to generalize the results of this study because it is a one-time festival with limited participants. However, it is suggested alternative models of education for pastors at the heart of the church crisis and reform, which could include creating a learning community and designing a platform for church renewal and collaboration.

이 연구의 목적은 일본인의 미국 진출과 리틀도쿄의 건설, 일계인 2세의 태평양전쟁 참전과 일계인 박물관의 건립에 관한 일련의 과정을 살펴보고 미국거주 일계인과 미국정부와의 관계, 민족감정보다는 이민자들로서 재미한인과 일계인의 협력관계 등을 고찰하는데 있다. 연구의 방법 및 자료수집은 2017년 2월 3일부터 약 2주간에 걸쳐 LA리틀도쿄와 하와이 일계인 집거지를 방문하여 수집한 자료와 현지에서 수행한 인터뷰조사 자료를 활용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일본인의 미국 진출은 19세기 중반부터 시작되었지만 1885년 관약이민이 본격화된 후 많은 일본인들이 하와이로 이주했다. 둘째, 1907년부터 미국에서 시작된 일본인 위협론과 배일이민법은 일본인들을 LA리틀도쿄로 집중시켰다. 셋째, 일본을 적대국으로 태평양전쟁에 참전한 일계인 2세 병사들은 “고 포 브로크(Go For Broke)”을 구호로 전쟁의 격전지를 골라 참전하여 많은 공을 세웠다. 이에 따라 일계인 2세병사들 대부분이 전쟁 후 미국정부로부터 훈장을 수여받았다. 넷째, 1980년 중반 이후 일계인 기업가들을 중심으로 리틀도쿄 주변에 일계인 박물관을 건립하려는 운동이 본격적으로 시작되었다. 다섯째, 한때 리틀도쿄는 일계인과 일본정부와의 단절을 상징하는 장소로 변질되기도 했지만 일계인과 재미한인과의 역사적 경험을 기억하는 장소로 기억되고 있다. 결론적으로 이 연구는 일계인 리틀도쿄의 건설, 재건, 유지가 일계인과 미국현지인뿐만 아니라 재미한인과의 관계 등 다양한 인종적 관계의 협력에 의해 이루어지고 있다는 점을 강조하고 있다. 향후연구에서는 미국사회에서 아시아 소수민족간의 다양한 협력사례들이 발굴되기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to look into the relationship between Japanese and American government, especially the relationship between Korean-American and Japanese-American, and focusing on the Japanese entering to the US, the construction of Little Tokyo, the construction of the Pacific War and museums. The research method was used to analyze the collected data and the interview survey data from the visit to LA Little Tokyo and the Hawaii for about two weeks from February 3, 2017. The results of the study are as follows. First, Japanese started coming to the United States in the middle of the 19th century. However, it is estimated that many Japanese immigrated to Hawaii in 1885 after the government-guaranteed emigration. Second, the Japanese people was applied by the Japanese exclusion Bill, which had applied in the United States since 1924, allowed the Japanese to concentrate on LA Little Tokyo. However, in 1941, with the Pacific War(World WarⅡ) with the United States, most of the Japanese workers were isolated from their homes and accepted into internment camps. Third, the 2nd generation soldiers who participated in the war with US forces during the Pacific War set up a lot in the battlefield. The US government changed the immigration policy of the people from Anti-Japanese to emancipation policy, reconstruction of Little Tokyo. Fourth, in order to succeed the experience of the Pacific War and the internment camps in response to the aging of the first generation of the Nikkejin, a movement for erecting a museum was started in earnest in the mid-1980s around Little Tokyo, centering on the politics, business and community leaders. At the center of the Korean-Japanese was the Colonel Kim Young-ok and the David Hyun in Village Plaza. Fifth, the Pacific War was transformed into a place where Little Tokyo was a symbol of disunion with Japan, but the museum was transformed into a place where Japanese people share their historical experiences. In conclusion, it is believed that the construction, reconstruction, and maintenance of such a Little Tokyo was accomplished by cooperation with various races such as the relationship with the Korean-Americans as well as with the American people. Among them, we must remember the contribution of the Korean-Americans to the building of a community, especially the 2nd generation Korean soldiers, Young-Ok Kim, who participated in the European battle, and David Hyun, who designed the Japanese Village Plaza.

Diaspora has the characteristic of keeping collective memories and myths about the homeland, devoting to the security and prosperity of the motherland, and focusing on solidarity to maintain the relationship with the homeland. The purpose of this study is to analyze the homeland relations of the Osaka Korean Diaspora in Japan. The main results of this study are as follows. First, The perception of the homeland was slightly more intimate than 60%. Nearly 70% of people visited the site more than once. Second, As a result of using the mother tongue, 18.4% think that the mother tongue level is good. Especially, the Osaka Korean Diaspora using native language in conversation with family members was 1.94%. Third, The interest of the Korean culture of Osaka Korean Diaspora showed 3.66. The traditional culture of the homeland has succeeded more in food than holiday and marriage. Fourth, The Osaka Korean Diaspora is often in contact with drama, movie, and K-pop of homeland. On the other hand, it was relatively low in direct exchanges such as participation in politics and elections in the homeland. Finally, The homeland should provide opportunities for mother tongue learning and cultural experiences to the Osaka Korean Diaspora.

이 논문은 「꺼래이」 자세히 읽기를 통해 백신애의 문학적 성장 과정과1920~1930년대 러시아 연해주 지역 한인들의 삶을 이해하는 데 그 목적이있다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 백신애의 러시아 행 시기와 목적을 추적하는 데 근거가 될 수 있는 「나의 시베리아 방랑기」와 19세기 말 20세기 초러시아 극동 지역의 역사 자료들을 활용하고 있다. 현재까지 많은 연구들에서 백신애의 「꺼래이」가 지니는 문학적・역사적의의들에 대한 강조가 있어 왔지만, 이 작품에 대한 세부적이고 개별적인연구는 이루어지지 않았다. 그 동안 주목받아 왔음에도 독립적으로 이루어지지 않았던 「꺼래이」 연구를 위해 1934년 발표된 「O래이」와 개작되어 1937년 발표된 「꺼래이」를 자세히 분석하고 있는 것이 본 논문의 큰 특징이라고 할 수 있다. 「O래이」와 「꺼래이」는 러시아 연해주에서 포로가 된 조선 이주민들의 궁핍한 삶의 모습을 그리고 있는 소설로, 주제에 있어서는 큰 차이가 없으나, 시점을 비롯하여 작품 구성과 전개에서 차이가 나는 부분들이 상당수 존재하고 있다. 특히 혁명가, 민족주의자로서 순이와 여성으로서의 순이가 팽팽한긴장 관계를 유지하며 종결되고 있는 「꺼래이」(1937)의 마지막 장면은 백신애의 문학적 성장을 확인할 수 있는 이 작품의 클라이맥스라고 할 수 있다. 1920~1930년대 러시아 극동지역 조선인 이주민들의 삶을 이해하는 데소중한 자료로서의 가치도 지니는 이 작품에 대한 연구는 백신애 탄생 110 주년을 기다리고, 러시아 혁명 100주년, 한인 강제이주 80주년을 맞이하는이 시점에서 대단히 의미 있는 작업이라고 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this article is to understand a process of Baek Sinae’s literary growth and the lives of koreans in the Russian Maritime provinces from 1920s to 1930s through reading 「Kkeoraei」. And the author of this ariticle have used 「My Siberian Wanderer」which can help Baek Sinae’s purpose to trace the time and historical materials of Russian Far East region from the end of the 19th century to the early 20th century. Until now, many studies have emphasized the literary and historical significance of Baek Sinae’s 「Kkeoraei」, but it have not been conducted specially and individually. It is a great feature of this thesis that analyzed between the 「Kkeoraei」published in 1937 which had not been independently and adapted 「Kkeoraei」published in 1934. 「Kkeoraei」is a novel depicting as the deprived life of Korean immigrants who captured in Russia’s Maritime Province. In comparison ot two works(1934, 1937) there in no big difference of the theme, but there are some differences between the constitution and development of the works. In particular, the final scene of 「Kkeoraei」(1937) has been terminated with a tense tension between Sunui as a woman and a woman as a nationalist. This can be seen as a climax of this work that can confirm the literary growth of Back Sinae. The study of 「Kkeoraei」is worth as a valuable resource for understanding the lives of Korean immigrants form the russian Far East in the 1920s and 1930. Also, It is a very meaningful work waiting for Baek Sinae’s 110th anniversary of birth and 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution and 80th anniversary of Korean-forced migration.

본 연구는 미국에 이민한 한인들의 창업을 결정하는 요인이 무엇인지를 살펴보고 창업결정에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 통해 실제 해외 창업을 앞두고 있는 예비창업자들에게 도움이 되고자 하였다. 기존의 이민자 창업에 대한 연구는 주로 지리적이고 인구사회학적인 관점에서 이루어졌고 자영업에 편중되었지만 본 연구는 이민자 창업을 해외창업 형태로 간주하고 가장 유사한 개념인 본 글로벌 기업의 관점에서 살펴보았다. 본 글로벌 기업의 결정요인인 경영자 측면, 기업 내부요인, 외부환경요인으로 명제를 검증하고 법적 신분, 정부정책 변화 등 이민자라는 특수한 상황에서 겪을 수 있는 요인들을 추가로 검증하였다. 최근 미국은 트럼프 정부가 출범하고 반이민법 등 이민자들에게 불리한 행정명령이 시행되고 있어 한인들의 미국 창업에 대해 많은 우려가 나타나고 있다. 연구결과 창업자의 글로벌기업가정신, 합법적 신분 등은 필수적인 요소였으며, 업체의 전문성이나 차별화전략, 네트워크, 시장경쟁강도, 정부지원책들은 창업에 필수적이거나 큰 영향을 미치는 요소는 아니었다. 또한, 미국 정부의 반이민법 행정명령은 일부 불법체류자나 기업에게 해당할 뿐 일반적인 사항은 아니었다. 본 연구는 기존의 이민자 창업을 해외창업의 형태로 간주했다는 점, 정치적 위험이 있는 현 트럼프 정부에서 남 캘리포니아 지역 샌디에이고를 실제사례로 연구하였다는 점, 그리고 각기 다른 업종을 연구하여 예비창업자들에게 다양한 정보를 제공했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 그러나 한 지역만을 다뤘고, 케이스가 많지 않았다는 점, 객관적인 데이터 분석이 아닌 사례분석으로만 다뤘다는 점이 한계점으로 남고 향후 연구과제로 남는다.

This paper investigates factors that influence Korean immigrants’ start-up decisions. In the past research about immigrant start-ups and entrepreneurship has been done from geographical and demographic perspectives, and was mostly centered around self-employed small businesses. This paper considers immigrant start-up as entrepreneurship overseas, and analyzes the key factors of entrepreneurship in terms of entrepreneurial, internal, and external environmental factors. Recently, there’s been a lot of concern for Korean start-up’s in the United States due to Trump administration’s anti-immigration laws and administrative orders which do not favor immigrants. Research showed that there were concerns of difficulties in employment within self-employed business sector, and there were predictions of damage in business sectors near or reliant on Mexico. However, IT and BT related business sectors have little impact; instead there is a potential for growth in the future, allowing this research to conclude that there would be high success rate of start-ups within the IT and BT fields. This research has significance in considering existing immigrant start-up as over seas entrepreneurship, conducted case study around different types of business, and was conducted in San Diego, California which is under political risk due to the current Trump administration. However, this research remains as a future research project, due to the fact that this was conducted in a single location, and the fact that there could be more cases.

The purpose of this study is to look into the live ordeals of 4 Korean language teachers who have lived as the witnesses of the history of Hangeul education in Sakhalin of Russia. The experiences of Korean language teachers gained from this study were looked at in two parts: The first part consisted of the life of Korean teachers before the closing down of Chosun schools in 1963, and the second part consisted of the life of teachers who taught their mothers tongue which they attained in their twilight years after the year 1988. The life of Korean teachers before closing down of Chosun schools was arranged into “my parents are my first Hangeul teachers”, “plowing the field of Korean education on frozen soil”, “Korean education which lost without the chance of blooming”. As for the life of teachers who attained their mother tongue in their twilight years after 1988, they were composed of “the echoing sound of reading Hangeul after 25 years”, “the struggle for the competence strengthening of the teachers of the mother tongue”, “advocating ethnic pride through Korean education.” The experiences of Korean teachers in this study made it possible to escape from the paternalistic views of studies previously done on Sakhalin Koreans.

Due to uncertainty and deprivation of one’s identity and existence, an adoptee experiences “ambiguous loss.” An overseas Korean adoptee is multifariously inscribed with unresolved components such as “the birth and adoptive nations,” and “biological and adoptive parents.” Feelings of guilt and shame derive from the overseas adoption; hence, the notion itself stands as a national trauma. Mutual communication and therapeutic discourses between the birth nations and adoptees can be observed by reading their life stories such as I Didn’t Know Who I was, a collection of personal essays and poems composed by the Korean adoptees after their “Motherland Tour,” and other transnational adoptees’ narratives. In their candid confessions on adoption, the transracial and transcultural narratives converge on the ongoing controversial factors such as birth nation, adoptive country, birth parents, adoptive parents and adoption itself. In this paper, the recovery phases of one’s identity via his/her visit to the motherland shown in the adoptees’ life stories and testimonial narratives are observed; moreover, examination of dialogues or discourses between an individual and the nations and also between birth and adoptive nations take place, which lead up to empathetic healing for all. The healing or consoling process of the narrative therapy for adoptees and the nations involves democratic tolerance or acceptance of multiple identities, which transcends dualistic rigidity, assimilation, and ethnic reductionism. Through the exploration of the intricate labyrinth of birth and adoptive nations and adoptees, the paper further explores the understanding of the socio-cultural constructions of adoption, the anxiety of belonging, and the deeply rooted trauma known as “loss without closure.”