Earticle

MPEG-4 LASeR as a standard was established for expressing rich media within a mobile environment. It is difficult to describe 3D nodes of MPEG-4BIFS, however, because LASeR can view only 2D graphics. To play MPEG-4 3D scenes within a mobile environment, this study demonstrated a method of creating 3D nodes with LASeR. First, the values of the attributes of BIFS 3D graphic nodes were calculated. Their 3D coordinates were converted into 2D coordinates, and then coordinate transformation was applied. At the close of the play, 3D scenes were created through LASeR 2D graphic nodes using 2D coordinate values. This made it possible to play MPEG-4 3D geometry objects within a mobile environment.

Multimedia applications present new challenges to the current networking technology. One of them is Quality of Service (QoS) requirement. Due to the increasing dynamics of traffic introduced by multimedia applications, dynamic and flexible QoS (Quality of Service) control is needed to ensure both QoS satisfaction and resource efficiency. Because integrated service networks are designed to support a wide range of traffic classes, which have different service requirements, developing metrics to evaluate them is complex. Optical networks provides Quality of Service (QoS), guarantees are also resilient to failures. Supporting QoS connections requires the existence of routing mechanisms that computes the QoS paths, where these paths satisfy the QoS constraints. Resilience to failures, on the other hand, is achieved by providing, each primary QoS path, a set of alternative QoS paths, upon a failure of either a link or a node. We aim at to minimize the total bandwidth reserved on the backup edges. The above objectives, coupled with the need to minimize the global use of network resources, imply that the cost of both the primary path and the restoration topology should be a major consideration of the routing process. It turns out that the widely used approach of disjoint primary, restoration paths is not an optimal strategy. Hence, the proposed Multimedia Traffic Routing Algorithm for Optical Networks with improved call blocking Characteristics construct a topology, and this topology protects a portion of the primary QoS path. This approach guarantees to find a topology with optimal cost which satisfies the QoS constraints.

This paper presents a new programmable radio frequency (RF) system for a System-on-Chip (SoC) transceiver. A 5-GHz low noise amplifier (LNA) is integrated with an on-chip programmable RF circuits using 0.18μm SiGe technology. Proposed system is very useful for concurrent RF ICs in a complete RF system environment. The programmable circuit helps it to provide DC output voltages, hence, making the RF system chain automatic. The programmable RF system automatically adjusts performance of an LNA with the processor in the SoC when it goes out of the normal range of operation. It also compensates abnormal operation due to the unusual PVT (Process, Voltage and Thermal) variations in RF circuits.

Although the developments of multimedia technology and internet networks have contributed to immense improvements in the standard of learning as well as distance learning in developed world, the developing world is still not in position to take advantage of these improvements because of limited spread of these technologies, lack of proper management and infrastructure problems. Unless we succeed in solving these problems to enable people of developing countries to take advantages of these technologies for distance learning the vast majority of the world population will be lagging behind. In this paper we take stock of the current situation and suggest some future directions in the resolution of these problems. We recommend the use of mobile and multimedia technology to reach this vast population of under-developed countries to impart quality learning in an effective way.

In a vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), the veracity of a message requires authentication of the source vehicle. In this work, a technique for mutual authentication of a vehicle and road side unit (RSU) that preserves the privacy of the vehicle is proposed. The technique relies on the traffic authorities and assumes a hierarchical structure comprising a central trusted authority (TA) with state level trusted authorities (STA) and city level trusted authorities (CTA). Vehicles and RSU have public - private key pairs and each vehicle - CTA and RSU – CTA share a symmetric key. An RSU can be malicious and a vehicle can be malicious and a vehicle can communicate with a CTA only via an RSU and vice-versa. This requires message exchange in the RSU mediated communication between vehicles and CTAs to be confidential. The process is bandwidth efficient and needs only one request-reply message pair between vehicle and the (RSU- CTA-STA-TA) infrastructure. The time taken is in the order of milliseconds which constitutes only a small portion of the stay time of a vehicle within an RSU region.