Earticle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the each treatment type(icing, massage) on heart rate, blood lactate and RPE(Rating of Perceived Exertion) after rope exercise. In this study, The subjects participating were 15 male university wrestling player. They participated in test of measuring for heart rate, blood lactate, RPE at rest time, rest time after each 2minute rope exercise 3rounds and recovery 5min, 10min. Blood lactate was measured by YSI-1500 Blood Lactate analyzer and Heart rate was measured by POLAR Heart rate analyzer, Recovery theory were Icing recovery, massage recovery, non-recovery treatment group. The data were analyzed by performing one-way repeated analysis of variance(ANOVA) using spss 14.0 computer program. As a result, All Fatigue test methods was showed to significantly difference each icing recovery, massage recovery, non-recovery treatment group(P<.05). non-treatment method was showed more positive recovery value than other treatment methods.

The aim of this study was the evaluation of step types on one-two straight in boxing. For this study, 8 male boxers of K University were participated in the experiment. The two phases that composed of three events on one-two straight motion were analyzed on vertical force of GRF. The seven infrared cameras (Qualisys MCU-240) were used to acquire raw data, and then the Matlab6.5 was used to process data. The sampling rates of a camera were 240Hz and the coordinate data were filtered using a moving average method filtering with 25frames after calculation. The conclusions were as follows: First, correlation between the height of right heel and linear velocity of left ankle was not statistically significant. Second, there were two types on one-two straight in Boxing. Third, time finishing vertical displacement of type A had longer than type B. And the GRF of type A decreases after 0.125 seconds but the GRF of type B decreases at the same time with beginning. Fourth, as for GRF with respect to types, step patterns of type B wad smoother than those of type A because GRF rate in relation time of type A larger than type B. In the future, it is desirable that we will study neuromuscular variables and coordination between lower and upper limbs in boxing.

In order to survey bungee jump users’ satisfaction on the actual conditions of the consumers, this study conducted a survey of bungee jump users. First of all, it carried out frequency analysis among descriptive statistics and Oneway-ANOVA to know consumer satisfaction of bungee jump facilities and their actual conditions. The actual condition of bungee jump users shows they mostly stay one night and two days and they join together with friends, relatives, and group members. They obtain the source of information from acquaintances or by themselves. In terms of accommodation types, there are an inn, a motel, and a hotel. However, visiting frequency is only one and this means it is hard to lead long-term participation. The analysis of consumer satisfaction according to characteristics variables of bungee jump participants’ actual conditions shows that in terms of a stay schedule, consumer satisfaction of participants with a one-day trip or a one-night and two-nights trip is significantly low in the facilityㆍservice. In particular, participants with a one-day and two-night trip show lowest satisfaction. With regards to companion types, friendsㆍrelatives & group and family members have highest facilityㆍservice satisfaction and psychological satisfaction. In addition, the satisfaction according to the source of information shows that the use of bungee jump by an expert agency and an acquaintance’s suggestions, and oneself has highest facilityㆍservice satisfaction and psychological satisfaction, which shows a significantly difference.

The aim of this study was the evaluation of step types on one-two straight in boxing. For this study, 8 male boxers of K University were participated in the experiment. The two phases that composed of three events on one-two straight motion were analyzed on vertical force of GRF. The seven infrared cameras (Qualisys MCU-240) were used to acquire raw data, and then the Matlab6.5 was used to process data. The sampling rates of a camera were 240Hz and the coordinate data were filtered using a moving average method filtering with 25frames after calculation. The conclusions were as follows: First, correlation between the height of right heel and linear velocity of left ankle was not statistically significant. Second, there were two types on one-two straight in Boxing. Third, time finishing vertical displacement of type A had longer than type B. And the GRF of type A decreases after 0.125 seconds but the GRF of type B decreases at the same time with beginning. Fourth, as for GRF with respect to types, step patterns of type B wad smoother than those of type A because GRF rate in relation time of type A larger than type B. In the future, it is desirable that we will study neuromuscular variables and coordination between lower and upper limbs in boxing.

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental information for examining the relationship between participating recreational sports and lifestyle and health promotion behavior of elementary school teachers. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, teachers of elementary school in seoul were selected as population. Through multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling, 248 teachers were selected as research subjects. According to the research questions, reliability verification, confirmatory factor analysis, standard multiple regression analysis and path analysis were conducted using SPSS 14.0 and AMOS 7.0 for data analysis. The conclusions are as follows: First, It was revealed that lifestyle of elementary school teachers partially varied from the level of their participating the recreational sports. Second, It was found that health promotion behavior of elementary school teachers partially varied from the level of their participating the recreational sports. Third, It was revealed that the lifestyle of recreational sports participants partially affect on their health promotion behavior. Finally, for the cause and effect relationship between participating recreational sports ,and Lifestyle and health promotion behavior, participating level more effect on lifestyle than health care action.

This study examined effects of anaerobic power changes in university Judoists followed by warm-up and stretching before maximal exercise. Judoists participated in this study performed four types of stretching and warm-up methods (A: stretching, B: Judo warm-up, C: bicycle ergometer, D: stretching+warm-up) 2 times per week for 2 weeks (4 times total). When applied B method, peak anaerobic power and mean power were significantly higher than A and D method (p<0.05); however, there was no significant difference in B and C method. According to blood lactate concentrate changes after stretching and warm-up, anaerobic power test did not show significant difference among warm-up methods. Based upon study results, we conclude that warm-up before competition may enhance athletic performance such as anaerobic power related to skill revelation and defense. Also, it seems that performing warm-up may be effectively used to recover muscle fatigue after maximal exercise in Judoists.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of surface coefficient of restitution on vertical ground reaction force, joint angular velocity and muscle activity during landing with ankle, knee and hip joint angle limitation. 10 men were recruited as a subjects but only one person was excluded due to personal reason therefore a total of 9 men participated in this measurement. The participants were performed 30cm height drop landing on three different surface with randomized control and cross-over design. All subjects were performed four weeks drop landing to limit the joint angle during landing. Three-dimensional motion analysis equipment and surface EMG was used to measure ground reaction force, joint angles, joint angular velocity and muscle activity of lower limb. Collected data were statically analyzed by repeated one-way analysis of variance and alpha was set at .05. As a results, there were no significant difference between ground reaction force and joint angular velocity but there were significant difference in muscle activity and on wood had highest activity level than others. Based on the results of this study, further study needs to kinematic analysis and hormonal responses about a variety of surface coefficient and drop landing height followed by jump.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between level of goal of taekwondo practice and Physical Self-Efficacy. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire in which level of goal as identified bv Duda and Nicholls(1989), translated by Bun(1993) and amended and supplemented by Sung(1995), Physical Self-Efficacy as amended and supplemented by Hong(1996). 250 subjects were selected from the primary school students whom training in taekwondo hall in seoul by the stratified cluster sampling method. Among these selected subjects, 246 responded, and data analyses consisted of employing descriptive statistics, χ²(Chi-square), one-way ANOVA using SPSS/PC＋ version 12.0. The following results were obtained: First, Level of goal of taekwondo practice and Physical Self-Efficacy differ statistically and significantly according to socio-demographic variables of primary school students. Second, Physical Self-Efficacy differs statistically and significantly according to level of goal of taekwondo practice of primary school students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic factors from phases of stoop in shoot 1/2 in high bar. Four members of the Korea national gymnastic team participated in this study. To collect the data of the characteristic of stoop in shoot 1/2 in high bar, we used seven infrared cameras (Proreflex MCU 240: Qualisys, Sweden). We utilized Qualisys Track Manager program to collect the raw data and Visual3D (C-Motion, Inc, USA) to calculate the variables. The results were as follows: First, non-dominant gymnasts represented longer horizontal and shorter vertical displacement than dominant gymnasts, and because non-dominant gymnasts increased body-rotation during down swing and whip swing, they represented low landing vertical displacements with them forward throwing at release. Second, dominant gymnasts represented lower horizontal and more rapid vertical velocities at release, and dominant gymnasts' rapid vertical velocities caused them to increase vertical body-velocities. That was able to erect hand-standing. Third, non-dominants' body-rotation increasing during swing increased their shoulder angels at release and then that increased their moments of inertia. As dominant gymnasts maximized hip joint flexion during down swing and whip swing, they had their body whipped downward at high bar and concentrated on body-rotation rather than vertical transitional motion.

The purpose of this study was to thick description on the Phenomenological Approach of the Tennis Doubles Game of Club Participant(Focused on Mental, Partnership, strategies). In order to achieve this purpose, qualitative case study was conducted for 2 participant(main-player & sub-player) who was drawn from members of tennis club in Cheongju, North Chungcheong Province. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, analyzed using Spradley’s(1980) Domain and Taxonomic analysis method. During data collection and analysis, data were continuously verified for reliability, validity and ethics. On the basis of the result analysed, the conclusions were drawn to fight against with myself, to fight against with partner, to fight against with my opponent(centered service, fore and back stroke, volley, lobbing, smashing strategies). Also tennis club participants prefer to service and volley play strategies and decrease unforced errors.

In this study we try to research of an investigation of satisfaction factors in Power Pilates Men Group. We came to following conclusions through analyzing 8 people which of 18 or more months participate to power pilates exercise by using in-depth interview participant observation. The study analyzed the results of the investigation of satisfaction factors as follows. There are categorized three exercise satisfaction factors. First physical exercise satisfaction factors include diet, exercise rehabilitation, physical development and appearance improvement. Second, psychological exercise satisfaction factors include anti-stress, accomplishment, relationship with teacher and differentiation with other exercise. Third, environmental exercise satisfaction factors include customized program and personal space.

This study aims to compare isokinetic muscle strength of quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles, major muscles around knee joints, and examine their differences in normal people in accordance with their body mass index. A total of 102 normal subjects in their 20s were divided into a normal group and an overweight and obesity group based on the WHO BMI classifications for Asians and their body compositions were measured from January 3 to August 31 2011 using a body composition analyzer. Absolute muscle strength, bilateral muscle strength deficit, and flexor/extensor strength ratio, and muscle strength relative to body weight of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles were measured with isokinetic equipment and compared. Absolute muscle strength of knee-extensors and knee-flexors was significant (p<.05) but relative muscle strength, bilateral muscle strength deficit, and flexor/extensor strength ratio were not significant between the ordinary group and the overweight and obesity group, both of which consisted of males and females in their 20s, in accordance with their body mass indexes at an angular velocity of 60 °/sec Absolute isokinetic strength of quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles had positive relation with increase in body mass index in males and females in their 20s.

This study was to examine the effect of perceived corporate identification and team identification on corporate image and brand equity of pro-volleyball audience. The subjects of this study were 255 audience of 3 games at the hyundae capital skyworker’s homeground from december 1 to 31 in 2011-2012 NH pro-volleyball game, and were collected to be sampling method. The methods of the statistical analysis used in this study was the multiple regression analysis by using SPSS 14.0. As the results of the analysis, the findings of this study were as follows ; First, the corporate identification had positive influence on product image, social service image and enterprise characteristic image of the subordinate factor of corporate image, but had no influence on social service image, enterprise characteristic image. and the team identification had positive influence on social service image, enterprise characteristic image of the subordinate factor of corporate image, but had no influence on product image. Second, the corporate identification had positive influence on brand image, brand attachment of the subordinate factor of brand equity, but had no influence on brand recognition. and the team identification had positive influence on brand recognition, brand attachment of the subordinate factor of brand equity, but had no influence on brand image.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of 8 weeks of grip strength training on 1 wood and 7 iron shot in KPGA golfers’. Ten KPGA pro golfer who were randomly assigned two groups: experimental group (n=5, 33.40±2.17 yrs, 177.20±5.26 cm, 77.00±6.44 kg, 24.50±1.39 kgㆍm-2) and control group (n=5, 33.80±2.17 yrs, 178.00±2.55 cm, 76.28±3.09 kg, 24.09±1.25 kgㆍm-2). A 8-weeks grip strength training program consisted of three phases; warm-up, main exercise, and cool-down, was applied to the exercise group. Before and After the program, 1 wood and 7 iron shot’s driving distance, direction, ball speed, face angle, and take off angle was measured. SPSS verion 12.0 was used for data analyzed by One-way ANOVA with repeated measure. For all analyses, p<.05 was considered statistically significant. As a result, 8 weeks grip strength training had significant differences between(B) and within(W) groups and B×W on driving distance, ball direction, ball speed and take off angle in 1 wood and 7 iron shot except club face angle(p<.05), respectively. Consequently, 8 weeks of grip strength training were influenced in 1 wood and 7 iron shot to KPGA golfers. The authors are convinced that the grip strength training can be one of an effective training method for improve golfer’s performance.

The purpose of this study is to find the degree of adherence for adolescents in school sports club through the effect of a flow experience on enjoyment and exercise adherence and the relation of flow experience, enjoyment and exercise adherence. The study objects that are adolescents and are constant participants in school sport clubs in the region of Gyeonggi Province. Through the convenience sample collection method, I included the object persons who are 199 members in the final analysis. As for the disposal of collected data, I have used SPSS/PC 14.0 statistics package program for Windows. Major Statistic methods are frequency analysis, explorator factor analysis, cronbach’s α coefficient, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis. I certificated individual hypotheses after confirming the certification of the degree of model fitness by passing by the data.

The purpose of this study was to offer basic information useful for developing differentiated marketing strategies and effective business strategies by providing with facilities and services meeting a variety of customer needs through an importance-satisfaction analysis on selection attributes of a public sports center. For data analysis, frequency analysis, reliability analysis, and dual comparison analysis were conducted. The results were shown as follows. First, in importance, found in priority order were fees, discount policy, showers, shuttles, proximity to public transportation, parking space, program lesson time, program diversity, program composition, instructor professionalism, instructor responsibility, instructor kindness, instructor reliability, sporting equipment, cleanliness, and instructor decent appearance. In satisfaction, found in priority order were parking space, fees, program lesson time, instructor kindness, instructor reliability, instructor professionalism, instructor decent appearance, cleanliness, instructor responsibility, program composition, program diversity, discount policy, proximity to public transportation, shuttles, sporting equipment, and showers. and the analysis of IPA matrix, 4 selection attributes of showers, discount policy, shuttles, and proximity to public transportation were situated in the quadrant Ⅰ. In the quadrant Ⅱ high both in importance and satisfaction, fees, parking space, and program lesson time were found and in the quadrant Ⅲ, 7 selection attributes of program composition, instructor professionalism, instructor responsibility, instructor kindness, cleanliness, instructor reliability, and instructor decent appearance were located. In the quadrant Ⅳ low in importance and high in satisfaction, sporting equipment and program diversity were found.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the attack patterns according to the weight in male elementary taekwondo tournament. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, in the taekwondo competition of the 39th National Sports Festival, held in 2010 male athletes who participated in the semifinals of the 11 weight categories and 33 finalists were selected to match the video image analysis. The dependent variables such as frequency of body kick, side kick, and back kick were measured to find the statistical significance differences among three groups. The results showed that the light weight division players had higher frequencies in body turn kick and side kick while the heavy weight division players had more accurate rate in face turn kick, ax kick, and body turn kick. The results also revealed that elementary taekwondo players preferred to use higher weighted points skills such as face turn kick, ax kick, and back kick.

This research has 21 male undergraduates students with no experience in weight training conduct 5 weeks Creatine intake and weight training and then examine the effects of the exercise on thigh circumferences, Creatine, Creatinine, Ck in blood. The tests are divided into a group of 9 conducting Creatine intake and weight training (Cr.-G), a Placebo group of 5(Pla.-G), and a Control group of 7(Con.-G) and are prescribed to conduct 1 week exercise adaptive training and 5 weeks main exercise to measure the changes of thigh circumferences, Creatine, Creatinine, Ck in blood before the exercise and after 5 weeks exercise with an analyzer. They are made to take 20g Creatine(5g×4times) in the morning, afternoon, evening and before sleep 4 times a week in the first one week and 10g(5gx2times) before and after the exercise in the 2nd to 5th week with 250ml water, and Pla.-G is made to take starch flour in the same manner. Exercise treatment is conducted according to the weight training program as 70% of 1-RM, 12 sessions, 3 sets from the first till the third week and 75% of 1-RM, 10 sessions, 3 sets from the fourth till the fifth week. The result of this paper can be summed up as below. 1. Thigh circumferences: Although left and right thighs all showed higher increase in Cr.-G than Pla.-G and Con.-G, and also the left and right thighs indicated more significant increase in Cr.-G than Pla.-G(P<.05). However, there was no interaction. 2. Creatine, Creatinine, Ck: Although Creatine showed significant increase between Cr.-G and Pla.-G, and Cr.-G and Con.-G(p<.05), there was no interaction. Creatinine indicated significant increase between Cr.-G and Pla.-G(p<.05), and also there was interaction in Cr. Intake and before and after 5-weeks weight training(p<.05). Ck showed significant reduction between Cr.-G and Pla.-G, and Cr.-G and Con.-G(p<.05), but there was no interaction.

The purpose of this study was to present an exercise prescription for prevention of the metabolic syndrome and promotion of health in elderly females having metabolic troubles through a nutritional education and (prescription of) a combined exercise (intensity). The Subjects in this experiment were 72 elderly females from an obesity center within C public health center in Seoul, and they were divided into two groups. The experimental group was organized by 40 people who agreed and wanted to participate in a nutritional education and a combined exercise, and the control group was organized by 32 people who didn’t. The experimental group showed significant differences in weight, body mass index(BMI), body fat percentage, and belly(p<0.05) when compared with the control group. There were differences in TC(p<0.05), HDLC(p<0.05), LDLC(p<0.001), TG (c<0.05), SBP(p<0.01), and DBP(p<0.05) between the control group and the experimental group. In conclusion, a combined exercise program improves body composition, serum lipid, and factors affecting blood pressure in elderly women, and performing 60 minutes of exercise 4 times per week at the intensity of 40∼60%HRmax is effective for metabolic syndrome.

The purpose of this study is to investigate cardiovascular factors, heart events, and training habits of runners with EIH. The subjects were runners who had at least two-year experience in marathon and at least five times of completion, and they were divided into group of normal blood pressure in resting and <200㎜Hg in maximal volition period in exercise stress test (group A), group of 200-219㎜Hg (group B), and group of ≥220㎜Hg (group C). The results of this study are as follows. As for cardiovascular factors, there were no differences among the groups in RHR, MHR, RDBP, MDBP, VO2max, and MT, while RSBP was significantly higher in group B and C than group A (p<.001). As for heart events, there were no differences among the groups in myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia occurrence, 4.1% and 1.7%, respectively. As for training habits, there were no differences among the groups in training frequency, but training intensity was significantly higher in group C than group A and training hours was significantly higher in group C than group A and B. Significant correlation was shown between MSBP and training intensity (r＝0.15, p＝0.019) and between MSBP and training hours (r＝0.30, p＝.000), respectively.However, there were no differences among the groups in exercise career, number of completion, and completion records. In Conclusion, Training intensity and training hours were significantly higher in EIH runners with significant correlations with maximal blood pressure. Confirmation on the correlations should be verified through additional examinations of echocardiography, arterial stiffness, and endothelial function. Also, the subjects generally showed severe myocardial ischemia and arrhythmia, needing periodic exercise stress test for preventing sudden death.

This study conducted a 12-week taekwon gymnastics program with 24 middle-aged women and compared and analysed its effect on health-related fitness and blood lipid. Finally the following results were obtained. First, after the application of taekwon gymnastics to the exercise group, a significant decrease was found in the body composition of middle-aged women: group*period of measurement for weight(p<.01); period of measurement for BMI(p<.01); and period of measurement(p<.001) and group*period of measurement(p<.001) for % body fat, indicating positive results Second, after the application of taekwon gymnastics to the exercise group, positive results were found in changes of health-related fitness of middle-aged women: period of measurement(p<.05) and group*period of measurement(p<.01) for muscle strength; period of measurement for muscle endurance(p<.01); period of measurement(p<.001) and group*period of measurement(p<.01) for flexibility; and period of measurement(p<.001) for cardiovascular endurance. Finally, after the application of taekwon gymnastics to the exercise group, positive results were found in changes of blood lipid of middle-aged women: group(p<.05) and group*period of measurement for TC(p<.05); group*period of measurement(p<.05) for TG(p<.05); and period of measurement(p<.01) and group*period of measurement(p<.01) for LDL-C. No significant difference was shown in HDL-C. On the other hand, the control group had no significant difference. Based on the findings, a taekwon gymnastics program was effective in decreasing weight, BMI, and % body fat in middle-aged women and also good for reducing blood lipid which can cause cardiovascular diseases. When further research develops various taekwon gymnastics programs suitable for subjects and age and encourage ongoing participation in exercise, much greater effect is expected to prevent and treat rapid aging and all kinds of adult diseases which occur in the middle age. It is considered that these results will contribute to providing basic materials for exercise programs which can vitalize middle-aged women’s life.

This study was conducted with 22 obese middle-aged women with percent body fat of 30 or higher by dividing them into the exercise group(n＝12) and the control group(n＝10). The purpose was to examine the effects of walking and aquatic exercise conducted simultaneously with the exercise group for 12 weeks, 4 times per week(Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday) on health-related physical fitness and blood lipid. The effects of exercise were compared and analyzed and finally, the following conclusion was drawn. First, the walking and aquatic exercise program had positive effects on the change in health-related physical exercise in obese middle-aged women: Muscle strength(p<.01), muscular endurance(p<.001), flexibility(p<.01), cardio-respiratory endurance(p<.05), and body composition(weight, p<.001; % body fat(p<.001; lean body mass(p<.001), and BMI(p<.001)). Second, the walking and aquatic exercise program had positive effects on the change in blood lipid in obese middle-aged women(TG, p<.01; HDL-C; p<.05, LDL-C and p<.001). There was no significant difference in measurement period for TC and the control group had no significant difference. Based on this result, the walking and aquatic exercise program was found to decrease weight and body fat, improve health-related physical fitness, and influence blood lipid positively in obese middle-aged women. Accordingly, it can be recommended as an effective program for obese middle-aged women. Also, if exercise strength is gradually increased, more apparent effect may occur. Further study should make efforts to generalize study results by increasing study participants. Furthermore, since several other factors such as dietary life and life habits can work, it should be sufficiently considered to control the study subject.

This study aims to examine the effects of taping on lower leg joint in stroke patients’ on their static and dynamic balance and gait ability. Twenty-six stroke patients receiving physical therapy at A hospital located in Gyeonggi-do were divided equally into a taping on physical therapy and an ordinary physical therapy group. They exercised for 30 minutes each time, 3 times per week for 8 weeks, from June to August 2011. Romberg’s eye open and eye closed tests, limits of stability (LOS) , forwards and back test, timed up and go test(TUG) and 10-meter gait velocity test were performed to evaluate static balance, dynamic balance, and gait ability, respectively, prior to, 4 weeks after, and 8 weeks after the intervention. Differences within each group in relation to the lapse of time were compared with a repeated measure ANOVA. Differences between the two groups were compared with an independent t-test. Regarding comparison of differences within each group, all the tests resulted in significant changes in both groups after the intervention (p<.05). As for comparison of differences between the two groups, the taping on physical therapy group had significantly better test results than the ordinary physical therapy group in all measured items(p<.05). An after lower leg joint taping on stroke patients is more efficient and effective than ordinary physical therapy alone in improving their balance and gait ability.

본 연구는 복합운동의 강도에 따른 비만 및 피로관련변인, 유산소성 운동능력, 단백동화호르몬 농도의 차이를 규명하고자 하는 목적으로 수행되었다. 21명의 건강한 성인남성을 대조그룹(CTRL), 저강도운동그룹(LI), 중강도운동그룹(MI)으로 나누어 무선배정한 후 유산소성운동과 무산소성운동으로 구성된 복합운동을 12주간, 주 3회, 1회 300kcal를 소비하도록 적용하고 운동 전, 운동 6주 후, 운동 12주 후 측정변인들을 반복측정하였다. 체지방율과 WHR은 LI와 MI에서 운동 12주 후에 유의하게 감소하였으나, CTRL에서는 유의한 변화가 없었다. 최대산소섭취량과 젖산역치수준은 MI에서 운동 12주 후 유의하게 증가하였으나, LI에서는 유의한 변화가 없었다. 테스토스테론, 성장호르몬, IGF-Ⅰ농도는 모든 그룹에서 유의한 변화가 없었다. 5-HT 농도는 운동 6주 후부터 모든 그룹에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 암모니아농도는 CTRL에서 운동 12주 후 유의하게 증가하였으나, LI와 MI에서는 유의한 변화가 없었다. 젖산농도는 MI에서 운동 12주 후 유의하게 증가하였으나, CTRL과 LI에서는 유의한 변화가 없었다. 결론적으로 유산소성 운동능력의 유의한 증가를 위해서는 중강도 이상의 운동강도가 효과적이었으며, 피로유발 측면에서는 중강도의 운동이 부정적인 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 운동으로 인한 피로 예방과 체지방 감소 효과를 위한 장기적인 운동으로는 저강도의 운동이 추천된다.