Earticle

헤겔철학의 궁극적 대상은 절대자 혹은 진리다. 그리고 진리, 참된 것이란, 부분적인 것이나 추상적인 것이 아니라 전체요, 구체적인 것이다. 대상을 추상적, 부분적으로 고립시켜서 고찰하는 사유방식을 헤겔은 반성 (Reflexion)이라고 부르고, 대상을 전체적이고 구체적으로 고찰하는 사유방식을 사변 (Spekulation)이라고 부른다. 변증법적인 사유방식은 반성적 사유 (지성)로부터 시작하여 매개과정을 통하여 사변적 사유 (이성)에로 고양된다. 절대자가 파악될 수 있는 것은 바로 이러한 사변적 사유를 통해서라고 헤겔은 말한다. 그러나 사변적 사유를 통해 드러나는 대상을 구성하는 각 요소들 간의 관계는 모순관계가 아니라, 단지 어떤 한 부분이 다른 부분과 ‘다르다’는 관계 혹은 부정태의 관계일 뿐이다. 본 논문은 우리의 두 가지 사유방식인 반성과 사변이 과연 무엇이고, 이에 대한 헤겔의 이해에는 어떤 문제점이 있는지를 고찰한다.

The ultimate object of Hegel’s philosophy is the Absolute or truth. The true or truth is not partial or abstract, but the whole and concrete (“Das Wahre ist das Ganze.”) It is called Reflexion to apprehend a object in isolation abstractly, partially. And it is called Speculation, by which a object is concretely and totally apprehended. Dialectical method of thinking is proceeded from the reflectional thinking (Verstand), through mediation, and elevated to the speculative thinking (Vernunft). Hegel insists that only through such a speculative thinking the Absolute can be grasped. Speculative thinking is of course necessary in order to grasp a object, not partially but totally. This way of thinking is namely not to take the position of ‘Entweder～Oder’, but to take the perspective of ‘Sowohl～als auch’. However, we must not confuse the relation between the element in this ‘Sowohl～als auch’ with a relation of contradiction. They are never in a contradictional relation, but simly in a relation of negation. Contradiction or Antinomy never occurs in a thing or between things, besides in beliefs or claims.

본 논문은 고등학교 『윤리와 사상』교과서에서 성리학과 실학이 ‘사변 대 실용’, ‘이론 대 현실’이라는 대립 구도로 서술되는 경향을 비 판하고, 성리학이 지닌 실천 철학적 성격을 재조명하고자 한다. 성리학 은 단순한 관념 체계가 아니라 수기치인(修己治人)을 통한 대동사회 (大同社會) 구현을 지향한 실천적 학문이며, 실학 또한 성리학의 윤리 적 기반을 계승한 연속적 흐름으로 이해되어야 한다.

This paper critiques the tendency of high school ethics textbooks to present Neo-Confucianism and Silhak in a binary opposition of "speculation vs. practicality" or "theory vs. reality." It seeks to reexamine the practical philosophical character of Neo-Confucianism. Rather than a mere abstract system of thought, Neo-Confucianism was a practical philosophy aimed at realizing a Great Unity society (大同社會) through self-cultivation and governance (修己治人). Likewise, Silhak should be understood as a continuous development that inherited the ethical foundation of Neo-Confucianism.

中华人民共和国保险法规定保险诈骗在第二十七条:未发生保险事故， 被保险人或者受益人谎称发生了保险事故，向保险人提出赔偿或者给付 保险金请求的，保险人有权解除合同，并不退还保险费。投保人、被保险人故意制造保险事故的， 保险人有权解除合同，不承担赔偿或者给付 保险金的责任；除本法第四十三条规定外，不退还保险费。保险事故发 生后，投保人、被保险人或者受益人以伪造、变造的有关证明、资料或 者其他证据，编造虚假的事故原因或者夸大损失程度的，保险人对其虚 报的部分不承担赔偿或者给付保险金的责任。投保人、被保险人或者受 益人有前三款规定行为之一，致使保险人支付保险金或者支出费用的， 应当退回或者赔偿。中华人民共和国刑法规定保险诈骗罪在第一百九十 八条:有下列情形之一，进行保险诈骗活动，数额较大的，处五年以下有 期徒刑或者拘役，并处一万元以上十万元以下罚金；数额巨大或者有其 他严重情节的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处二万元以上二十万 元以下罚金；数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有 期徒刑，并处二万元以上二十万元以下罚金或者没收财产： (一) 投保人故意虚构保险标的，骗取保险金的； (二) 投保人、被保险人或者受益人对发生的保险事故编造虚假的原因 或者夸大损失的程度，骗取保险金的 (三) 投保人、被保险人或者受益人编造未曾发生的保险事故，骗取保险金的； (四) 投保人、被保险人故意造成财产损失的保险事故，骗取保险金的； (五) 投保人、受益人故意造成被保险人死亡、伤残或者疾病，骗取保险金的。 并罚的规定处罚。 单位犯第一款罪的，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和 其他直接责任人员，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；数额巨大或者有其 他严重情节的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑；数额特别巨大或者有其 他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有期徒刑。 保险事故的鉴定人、证明人、财产评估人故意提供虚假的证明文件， 为他人诈骗提供条件的，以保险诈骗的共犯论处。

This study examines trading activity for gold futures contracts in twelve countries. Because of the severe lack of liquidity, in nine of the gold futures markets, we assess them as dysfunctional markets. In the regression analysis, we analyze what factors significantly affect gold futures trade. The regression analysis is performed for liquid markets in three countries: COMEX, USA; SFE, China; and TOCOM, Japan. In the result of this paper, the demand for speculation on gold is shown as a common factor to boost gold futures trades in all markets. The hedge demand for the depreciation of the dollar motivates investors only in SFE, and in the same market exchange rate risk has a negligible impact on trades. On the other hand, exchange rate risk discourages investors in TOCOM to trade gold futures. The investigation which is focused on exchange rate risk shows that investors, only in a market where the variation of exchange rate triggers positive larger variances in gold futures prices, seem to be reluctant to trade gold futures during the period with highly volatile exchange rate. Lastly, we conclude that success of a gold futures market is up to the extent of exposure to exchange rate risk as well as the amount of speculation or hedging.

This study examines trading activity for gold futures contracts in twelve countries. For severe lack of liquidity, we assess nine gold futures markets as dysfunctional markets. In the regression analysis, which factors significantly affect gold futures trades are examined. The regression is performed for liquid markets in three countries: COMEX, US; SFE, China; and TOCOM, Japan. In the result, the demand for speculation on gold is shown as a common factor to boost gold futures trades in all markets. The hedge demand for the dollar depreciation motivates investors only in SFE, and exchange rate risk has a mere impact on trades in this market. In the other hand, exchange rate risk discourages investors in TOCOM to trades gold futures. The investigation focused on exchange rate risk shows that the bigger the variance of gold futures return due to the variation of exchange rate is, the more reluctant investors are to trade gold futures during the period with high volatile exchange rate. Thus, we conclude that success of a gold futures market is up to the extent of exposure to exchange rate risk as well as the intensity of demands for speculation or hedge.

This study focuses on estimating the effectiveness and categorization of real estate policy in korea. To achieve this goal, the goal achievement evaluation is used to address an important question: What are the categories of Korean real estate policies? As such, the goal of this study is to understand the mechanics of Korean real estate policies, and propose the relevant standards for policy makers for analyzing the effectiveness of previous polices.This study examined effectiveness and categorization. According to our results, the goals of polices can be categorized into the following: vitalization of housing market policy(Ⅰ), mass supply policy(Ⅱ), living stability policy and the stability of house price or the control of real estate speculation(Ⅲ). These goals have been executed by 6 policy instruments : application and installment sale(1), tax and fund(2), reconstruction or redevelopment program(3), land supply program(4), housing units construction(5), Speculation Area(6).In the goal achievement evaluation, 3 categories of policy goals have been achieved in almost all outcome indexes. Korean real estate policies have been searched by various goals and instruments.

Microprocessors are becoming increasingly vulnerable to soft errors due to the current trends of semiconductor technology scaling. Traditional redundant multi-threading architectures provide perfect fault tolerance by re-executing all the computations. However, such a full re-execution technique significantly increases the verification workload on the processor resources, resulting in severe performance degradation. This paper presents a pro-active verification management approach to mitigate the verification workload to increase its performance with a minimal effect on overall reliability. An anomaly-speculation-based filter checker is proposed to guide a verification priority before the re-execution process starts. This technique is accomplished by exploiting a value similarity property, which is defined by a frequent occurrence of partially identical values. Based on the biased distribution of similarity distance measure, this paper investigates further application to exploit similar values for soft error tolerance with anomaly speculation. Extensive measurements prove that the majority of instructions produce values, which are different from the previous result value, only in a few bits. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme accelerates the processor to be 180% faster than traditional fully-fault-tolerant processor with a minimal impact on overall soft error rate.

Massinger is a contemporary writer of Shakespeare but he has not received as much attention as Shakespeare has. But Eliot, one of the most prominent modernists in the 20th century, evaluates Massinger in his essay, “Philip Massinger” written in 1921. Above all, he points out that English criticism mainly focused on critic's own thoughts or opinions, and demands that it should have objective eyes or attitudes. About Massinger, Eliot points lack of a suitable image and a concise simile. He suggests that a poet or an artist choose a suitable or an exact image, in other words, harmony between a feeling and an object. Thus he tells that a poet's emotion or feeling shouldn't be revealed in his or her works. Certainly Massinger doesn't reveal his own personality in his works. Eliot praises Massinger's precise and hard syntax. Especially Massinger's works are compared with those of Marvel and Johnson. Based on this, Eliot finally diagnoses that if Massinger had had more intellectual courage, the current of English literature immediately after him might have taken a different courses.

Recently, online platforms based on the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) market, which enables to make transaction between individuals, have been the main players in the Internet market. Above all, the P2P rental market known as the sharing economy that allocates the extra resources of individuals to those who need them is a hot topic in academia. There are the conflicting opinions about the sharing economy. On one hand, it is argued that the creation of a surplus by using individual unutilized resources can increase an allocative efficiency of the economy. On the other hand, some researchers criticize that the fact that anyone with durable goods can do their own business causes overheats the market of durable goods. Airbnb, which is represented by the sharing economy in the accommodation market, also failed to avoid the criticism. Complaints about local residents have been continuously raised that Airbnb is disrupting the housing market by raising rents and housing prices. Cities around the world recognized the issue and have begun to introduce regulations on short-term rental to prevent the overheated housing market from Airbnb. Thus, this paper estimates the impact of Airbnb's entry on house prices including the underlying mechanisms that drive up the value of ownership of durable goods. We then identify which type of houses causes market overheats. In addition, we quantify the general effect of short-term rental policies in the U.S.. We construct a panel data structure to test empirical models. We estimated the penetration of Airbnb as a cumulative measure of Airbnb listing supply by using Airbnb's crawled snapshot from Insideairbnb at a specific time. The data related to the housing market was obtained from Zillow, which specializes in residential property transaction. We added the data that control the heterogeneous characteristics of zipcode from Census Bureau: education and income level, unemployment rate, total population, and housing status. We find that the entry of Airbnb leads to an increase in house prices with difference-indifference (DID) estimates. Further, we do additional analysis to identify underlying mechanisms in terms of the demand and supply of housing. In consequence, the entry of Airbnb decreases the supply of housing owing to homeowners holding their properties. In contrast, it increases the number of housing sales indicating the demand of the property increases. Thus, Airbnb makes the housing market to a market favorable to sellers that are more likely to raise house prices. To explore which type of houses increases in house prices, we decompose the house price index based on the number of bedrooms. We use each house price index (one, two, three and four bedrooms) as dependent variable of separate models. As a result, Airbnb listings are positively associated with house prices with one and two bedrooms while negatively associated with house prices with more than three bedrooms. To uncover the asymmetric effects, we focus on owner-occupied units that indicate the purpose of housing consumption: high owneroccupancy rate is related to the housing demand for consumption whereas low owner-occupancy rate is related to the housing demand for investment. If Airbnb enhances the incentive to invest the residential properties, the housing demand for investment would have led to Airbnb listings. We find that the housing demand for investment with one and two bedrooms generate Airbnb listings, whereas that with two and three bedrooms is not associated with the newly registered Airbnb listings. The results are consistent with the previous analysis that Airbnb listings only increase in the prices of houses with one and two bedrooms. Finally, we quantify the general effect of short-term rental policies against Airbnb. We review policies related to short-term rental of 20 major cities in the U.S. in time-ordered sequence and focus on the first regulation or policy that was conscious of Airbnb. It covers requirements of taxes, certificate and license, limitations of property type, days a year, and districts that are available at short-term rental business. We collect the date of the first announcement of policies in 10 cities from Google Search. We then create regulation as the binary variable whether a policy is declared or not in a given zipcode. We then consider an interaction term between the number of Airbnb listings and regulation. In consequence, we find that short-term rental polices attenuate the effect of Airbnb on house prices.

이 연구에서는 추측을 나타내는 한국어와 일본어 부사를 대상으로 문말의 어떠한 표현과 공기관계를 맺고 있으며, 그 차이점은 무엇인가에 대해 분석하였다. 분석의 대상으로 한 부사는 일본어의 ‘たぶん’, ‘どうやら’, ‘もしかすると’와 이에 대응하는 한국어의 ‘아마(도)’, ‘아무래도’, ‘어쩌면’이다. 분석을 통해 도출한 한일 부사어의 차이점은 다음과 같다. 먼저, 일본어의 부사는 ‘ダロウ’가 나타내는 ‘추량’, ‘ヨウダ／ラシイ／シソウダ’가 나타내는 ‘증거성’, ‘カモシレナイ’가 나타내는 ‘가능성’이라는 문말형식의 의미범주에 따른 공기 양상이 두드러진다는 특징이 있다. 특정 형식과의 공기가 강하고 타 형식과의 공기는 어울리지 않는다는 점에서 부사에 따른 공기 양상이 ‘상보적’인 관계에 있다고 할 수 있다. 다음으로, 한국어의 부사도 특정 형식과의 공기관계가 현저하게 나타나지만, 일본어의 부사에 비해 그 정도가 낮고, 우언적 표현과 공기하는 비율이 높다. 일본어 부사에 비해 ‘추량’, ‘증거성’, ‘가능성’이라는 의미범주와의 공기 양상이 두드러지지 않고 서로 ‘연속적’인 관계에 있다고 할 수 있다. 즉 넓은 의미의 ‘추측’이라는 점에서 사태가 실현되는 개연성의 차이를 나타낸다고 할 수 있다.

This study analyzed which expression of a sentence-end Korean and Japanese adverbs for expressing speculation have a co-occurrence relationship and what the difference is. The objects of analysis are Japanese adverbs ‘tabun’, ‘douyara, and ‘moshikasuruto’, and the corresponding Korean adverbs ‘ama(do) (probably)’, ‘amuraedo(seems like･anyway)’, and ‘eojjeomyeon(maybe)’ respectively. The differences between Korean and Japanese adverbs derived from the analysis are as follows: Japanese adverbs are characterized by a remarkable co-occurrence with the semantic categories of sentence-end forms such as ‘conjecture’ indicated by ‘darou’, ‘evidentiality’ indicated by ‘youda／rashii／-shisouda’, and ‘possibility’ indicated by ‘kamoshirenai’. They have a strong co-occurrence with a particular form while having an inconsistent relationship with other forms. In that sense, it can be said that co-occurrences according to adverbs have ‘complementary’ relationships. Korean adverbs also have a strong co-occurrence with a particular form. However, they have a relatively low co-occurrence compared to Japanese adverbs, and instead have a strong co-occurrence with allegorical expression. Moreover, they don’t have as much remarkable co-occurrence with semantic categories such as ‘surmise’, ‘evidentiality’ and ‘possibility’ as Japanese adverbs, but they have a ‘continuous’ relationship to each other. This means that they represent the difference in probability that the situation is realized in the broad sense of ‘speculation’.

This paper explores the impact of multidimensional uncertainty on people’s incentives to acquire information using the Kyle model of informed trading. In a single period Kyle model, the informed trader is worse off if he acquires information (called non-fundamental information) about the level of noise trading. This is due to the fact that the informed trader, by betting against noise traders, reduces the variance of the total noise related trading; he gains from such a bet, but loses part of profits from fundamental trading. If there is a speculator who trades only on non-fundamental information, the informed trader is better off acquiring information that is dominated by the speculator’s whereas acquiring non-fundamental information that is not dominated could make the informed trader worse off than without such information. Moreover, the informed trader is much better off sharing such dominated information with the speculator after acquiring it. When there are two traders who have fundamental information, the less informed trader has stronger incentives to acquire non-fundamental information. We also show that non-fundamental information provides a better return if the noise trading has a bigger variance than the asset value. The overall picture emerging from this exercise is that traders who focus on fundamentals do not have strong incentives to acquire non-fundamental information.

본 연구는 투기과열지구 지정의 정책변동을 킹던의 다중흐름모형(Multiple streams Framework: MSF) 을 적용하여 그 흐름을 분석하고자 하였다. 특히, 노무현 정부의 투기과열지구 지정을 다중흐름모형 을 통해 분석했을 경우 정책결정과정에 영향을 미친 요인은 무엇인가? 또한, 한국 부동산 시장에 관련하여 투기과열지구 지정의 역할과 영향력은 어떠했고 이러한 정부의 부동산 규제는 이후 부동 산 시장에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는가? 의 연구문제를 설정하여 검정하고자 하였다. 분석결과, 정권의 교체 같은 국가적 분위기와 여론의 변화 등을 포함한 정치의 흐름 안에서는 김대중 정부 시절 투기 과열 관련 규제와 지역주의 완화를 위한 노무현 정부시절 투기과열 규제를 위한 다양한 정치적인 특성들이 영향을 준 것으로 확인할 수 있다. 전문성을 가진 집단 정책공동체에 따른 정책의 흐름에 서는 수도권 집중 억제 정책이 나타나게 되었고 이 과정에서 다양한 수도권 규제정책이 시행되는 것을 통해 확인해 볼 수 있다. 2003년 노무현 대통령의 참여정부 공식 출범으로 인하여 주택종합계 획이 발표되면서 정부의 강력한 투기 억제 정책이 발생하게 된다.

This study was conducted with two research questions. First, what factors influenced the process of policy decision on the designation of “overheated speculation zones” by the Roh administration? Second, what were the roles and effects of the policy and regulations in the real estate market in South Korea? The results of the analysis using the multiple streams framework (MSF) are as follows. The real estate market in South Korea has been affected by various political characteristics of the regulations in relation to overheated speculation zones during the Kim Dae-Jung administration and those of policy measures to mitigate regionalism during the Roh administration. For instance, the Housing Comprehensive Plan announced by the Roh administration in 2003 included strong policies to control speculation in emerging housing markets. It is found that the policies made during the periods when multiple political streams intersected played a key role in connecting housing problems with solutions in South Korea.

Blockchain technology has been adopted to various fields. Gaming industry is one of prominent industries which apply Blockchain technology. Still, people are worried about speculative aspect of Blockchain-based games. This paper examines the effects of speculative and enjoyable aspects on users’ playing behavior in Blockchain-based games. For this, we developed a web crawler and collected data from Cryptokitties, one of very first and successful Blockchainbased games. Fixed panel regression was conducted to test our hypothesis. The result shows that the external aspects of the game are negatively related to item selling, and the internal aspects of the game are positively related to item selling in the Blockchain-based game. This result implies that playing Blockchain-based games is mixed behavior with enjoyable and speculative aspects. Therefore, it is hard to say users play Blockchain-based games is just for fun or a speculation.

교실연극에서 관찰되는 연극적 탈경계화의 강화 배경과 그 양상을 살펴보고자 한다. 학생들이 서사 속 허구적 인물로서의 행위자, 그 행위를 보는 관찰자로서의 역할을 맡는 교실연극은 전문 배우가 연행하 는 극장연극과 연극성을 공유하면서도 몇 가지 차이점을 보인다. 첫째, 교실연극은 교과 교육의 일부로 수행되기 때문에 준비 기간이 단기적이다. 대본의 창작, 리허설, 장치 설치가 거의 동시에 진행된다. 둘 째, 배우를 수행하는 학생들은 대부분 배우로서의 사전 훈련이 전무한 상태로 비전문적이다. 여기에 연 습 시간의 부족까지 더해져서 연기적 수행력은 떨어지게 된다. 셋째, 극장으로 사용되는 교실은 다기능 적이며 개방적이어서 극적 공간으로서의 안정성이 떨어진다. 교실은 학생들의 일상 공간이기 때문에 극 적 공간이 현실 공간의 간섭을 수시로 받게 된다. 이러한 요소들이 서로 복합적으로 간섭하면서 연극적 탈경계화의 특성을 강화시키게 된다. 서사의 허구 와 교실의 일상 구분을 혼돈스럽게 하며, 연기를 하는 행위자와 그것을 보는 관찰자의 구별을 모호하게 한다. 연기어(演技語)와 일상어의 지위가 혼재되며, 배우와 관객의 관계는 교실 속 교우 관계와 뒤섞인 다. 교실연극의 관객은 연극을 수업 중의 특별한 활동으로 여기면서 극중 배우를 낯선 활동을 하는 친구 정도로 인식하기도 한다. 또 교실의 실제적 사건이 연극을 중단시키거나 변형시키기도 한다. 이런 특징 은 교실연극의 연극 기술적 완성도를 낮추기도 하지만, 연극적 탈경계화의 강화로 인한 현실과 허구, 행 위와 관찰, 주체와 객체의 적극적 교차는 학생들의 공감을 강화하고 체험을 다각화하면서 교과 내용을 감각적으로 수용하게 한다.

This research is to look into the phenomena of the fortified borderless characteristics in the classroom-theatre. Students play both roles as performers and spectators, which is a peculiarity of classroom-theatre. Another features differing the classroom-theatre from performances in the theatre are short-term preparation, and untrained amateur actors. Classroom-theatre is a part of the curriculum at school, and short amount of time is alloted. Consequentially writing a text, rehearsing, and setting a stage are processing at roughly the same time because of the time lack. This causes poor quality of acting in the performance and interrupts to concentrate on acting. The last feature focused is a unsettled space for the theatre. The stage in the classroom-theatre is the classroom itself. This means that there is no physical division between classroom as a stage and classroom as a living space. As a result, great and small real life events may often interrupt the performance. These traits are blended and strengthen the characteristics of the theatrical borderless in the classroom-theatre. The fiction of the play is mixed up with the reality of the classroom on account of the unstable theatre space. In addition, the border between performers and audience is blurred. The spectators feel performers as more friends rather than actors when these cannot keep focusing in acting. The fortified characteristics of theatrical borderless might lower the level of completion as a performance which is not crucial in the classroom-theatre. Active interference between fiction & reality, and between acting & spectating that is sprung from the borderless characteristics of classroom-theatre can promote to feel sympathy more deeply, which helps to learn the subject more sensuously.

이 연구의 목적은 2015 개정 초등 국어과 연극 단원 실행을 활성화하기 위해 교과서 내용 구성의 측면에 서의 개선 방안을 제공하는 데 있다. 연극 단원의 설정 취지와 교육연극의 순환적 연속체 개념을 준거로 국어과 연극 단원 교과서와 지도서 내용을 비판적으로 분석하였다. 분석 내용을 토대로 인천시 5∼6학 년 교사를 중심으로 초점 집단 인터뷰(FGI)를 시행하여 연극 단원 교과서 내용에 대해 집중적으로 탐구 하였다. 이 과정에서 도출된 쟁점을 해결하는 방향으로 교과서 개선 방안이 도출되었다. 첫째, 교사가 연 극 행위의 목적을 이해하고 적용하기 쉽도록 교과서 활동과 내용을 개편해야 한다. 둘째, 교과서 내용이 기존의 희곡 학습과는 달리 연극 단원의 취지를 살려 몸으로 행동하며 성찰하는 활동으로 구성되어야 한다. 셋째, 교사들이 연극은 전문적인 연기 수업이 아니라 우리의 삶과 친숙한 생활이라는 인식을 할 수 있도록 안내가 필요하다. 넷째, 연극 교육을 위한 적절한 성취기준이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to provide a plan to improve the composition of textbook contents in order to activate the implementation of the 2015 revised Korean language drama unit. Based on the purpose of the drama unit and the concept of a cyclical continuum of drama education, the contents of the textbooks and guidebooks for the Korean language drama unit were analyzed critically. Based on the analysis, the focus group interview (FGI) was conducted teachers who were teaching grades 5∼6 in 2019 to intensively explore the contents of the drama's textbook. A plan to improve textbooks was drawn up in a way that solving the issues drawn in this process. First, textbook activities and contents should be reorganized to make it easier for teachers to understand and apply the purpose of the acting in drama. Second, unlike traditional script learning, the textbook should consist of activities that act and reflect on the purpose of the drama unit. Third, we need guidance so that teachers can recognize that drama is not a professional acting class, but a life familiar to our lives. Fourth, appropriate achievement standards are required for drama education.

고전문학에서 우리말 시가와 한시는 떼려야 뗄 수 없는 관계이다. 삼국시대 이후 비약적으로 발전한 한시는 격조 있는 시문학으로 자리 잡았고, 이에 대하여 우리말 노래에 대한 갈증을 한자를 차용하여 향가라는 새로운 양식을 만들어 냄으로써 해소하였다. 이런 상황에서 한시-향가․향가-한시가 원텍스트와 2차텍스트(번역작)의 관계로 맺어진 작품들이 생성되었다. 이것은 당대에 향유되었던 장르의 상보적 관계 속에서 생겨난 현상으로, 역시(譯詩)와 역가(譯歌)가 시가문학의 지평에서 차지하고 있는 의의이기도 하다. 본고에서는 향가와 한시가 역시와 역가의 관계로 맺어진 세 텍스트를 설정하였다. 신라 향가인 월명사의 <도솔가(兜率歌)>와 이것을 한역한 일연의 한역시, 고려 때 균여의 향가 ｢보현시원가(普賢十願歌)｣와 최행귀의 한역시 ｢보현시원송(普賢十願頌)｣, 마지막으로 고려 예종의 한시와 역가 관계에 있는 <도이장가(悼二將歌)>가 그것이다. 이 세 텍스트는 각각 ‘신라-고려 초-고려 중기’라는 시기적 차이를 보이고 있는데, 이들 작품의 시대적 추이를 짚어보며, 각각이 지니고 있는 동시대의 문학관 내지는 번역관을 살펴보았다. <도솔가>의 7언 절구의 한역시는 변괴를 사라지게 하고자 했던 가의(歌意)를 좀 더 깊이 있게 읊었고, ｢보현시원가｣를 한역한 ｢보현시원송｣에는 최행귀가 국외로는 당나라 사람들에게 보현보살의 깊은 뜻을 알리고, 국내로는 우리나라 사람들이 가볍게 부르고 마는 노래가 되지 않기를 바라는 뚜렷한 의도와 목적 있었으며, 예종은 자신의 심정을 먼저 한시로 풀었지만, 남은 한을 풀지 못해 향가 <도이장가>를 짓게 되었음을 알 수 있다. 본고는 번역작품을 단순히 이중 언어를 사용했기 때문에 등장하게 되는 필연적인 결과로 이해하여 2차 텍스트의 가치를 절하하는 시각을 비판함과 동시에 각 작품이 번역되는 양상을 장르간 보완성을 다양한 측면에서 다뤄봄으로써 신라～고려시대 번역작품이 가지고 있는 의의를 밝히는 데에 그 목적이 있다.

In Korean classical literature, Korean poetry and Chinese poetry are closely related with each other. Chinese poetry which made rapid progress after the Three Kingdom Period became a refined literature of poetry. In those days people created a new style of poetry hyang-ga(鄕歌, old Korean folk songs) by borrowing words from Chinese characters, in order to quench their thirst on Korean poetry. Under these circumstances, Chinese poetry and hyang ga which are in the relation of the original text and translation were created and vice versa. This is a phenomenon which resulted from complementary features of genres. Further, it shows an importance which yeok-shi(譯詩, translated Chinese poetry) and yeok-ga.(譯歌, translated hayng-ga) have in literature of poetry. This research adopted as texts three hayng-ga and three Chinese poems which are in the relation of yeok-shi and yeok-ga: (1) Weol Myeong Sa's (月明寺) <Dosol ga(兜率歌)>, hyang-ga in the Shilla Dynasty, and Il-Yeon's(一然) Chinese poem translation of it, (2) Kyun-Yeo's(均如) ｢Bohyeonshiweonga(普賢十願歌)], hyang-ga in Koryo Dynasty, and Haeng-Guy Choi's ｢Bohyeonshiweonsong(普賢十願頌)｣, Chinese poem translation of it, and (3) a Chinese poem written by King Yeyjong in Goryo Dynasty and ｢Doijangga(悼二將歌)｣, his hyang-ga translation of it. The above three texts show the difference of the times the Shilla Dynasty, the early Goryo Dynasty and the middle of the Goryo Dynasty, respectively. This research looked into the temporal development of the three texts and examined viewpoints of literary and translation of the respective times which were drawn from these texts. These viewpoints are as follows. First, the Chinese poem translation chileonjeolgu (七言絶句, a quatrain with seven Chinese characters in each line) of hyag-ga <Dosol ga(兜率歌)> expressed more deeply a poetic turn of mind which tried to eliminate an extraordinary disaster. Second, Haeng-Guy Choi, who wrote ｢Bohyeonshiweonsong(普賢十願頌)｣, had an obvious intention and purpose to introduce bohyeonbosal's(普賢菩薩, Buddhist saint Bohyeon) profound meaning to Tang's people internationally and to hope that Korean people would not neglect the meaning domestically. Finally, King Yeyjong portrayed his feelings through the Chinese poem and then created ｢Doijangga(悼二將歌)｣ to resolve his deep resentment that he did not fully express himself in the Chinese poem. In conclusion, this research criticized viewpoints from which translated poems are understood as an inevitable consequence and devalued because two languages were simply used. Further, this research attempted to make clear the importance of translated poems of the Shilla Dynasty to the Goryo Dynasty by discussing each of the translations from various angles (e.g. supplementation of genre, etc.).

‘복고’와 ‘창신’은 서로 대립되는 개념이다. 그러나 이 두 개념은 중국의 역사에 서 고대로부터 상호 보완적인 관계로 반복되어 나타났다. 곧 중국사에서 정치와 제도면에서의 ‘창신’이란 그 내용면에서 늘 ‘복고’를 지향하는 것이었다. 또한 ‘복 고’를 통해 회복해야 할 대상은 언제나 삼대와 공자의 제도였다. 공자가 이상으로 삼았던 것 역시 삼대, 특히 주(周) 나라의 예제(禮制)였으니, ‘복고’의 실질적인 목 표는 바로 공자가 살았던 시기 주나라의 문물과 제도였다고 할 수 있다. 그렇다면 중국에서의 ‘창신’ 내지 ‘개혁’은 결국 고대의 이상적인 시기를 목표 로한 것이어서, 근대 이전의중국은 시야를 늘 미래가 아닌 과거에고정시켜 스스 로 발전하기 어려웠다는 근대 서구 열강의 주장이 옳았음을 입증하는 것인가? 이 논문은 이러한 문제의식에서 시작하였으며, 중국 역사에서의 ‘창신’이 ‘복고’의 가 치를 온전히 구현하지 못한 것이었음을 밝히는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다. 공자와 안원은 이러한 목적을 위한 분석에 적합한 사상가들이다. 두 사상가는 흔히 교육자로 정의된다는 공통점이 있다. 또한 ‘복고’의 기점에 위치한 공자와 ‘창신’의종착점에 가까운 안원을 비교함으로써, 중국의 역사에서주기적으로 반복 되는 ‘복고를 통한 창신’의 실상이 더욱 분명하게 드러나게 된다. 본문에서는 먼저 ‘복고’의 지향점인 공자의 교육관과 교육제도를 몇 가지 유형으로 분류하였다. 다음으로는 이에 대한 안원의 교육방침을 비교·고찰함으로써, 결국 대립적일 수밖에 없는 ‘복고’와 ‘창신’의 간격을 하나하나 확인해 보았다. 이상의 논증은, 그렇다면 ‘복고’가 과연 가치있는 것이고, 만약 진정성을 띤 ‘복고’가 실현된다면 이상적인 사회의 건설이 가능한가라는 문제와는 별개이다.

‘Restoration' and 'creation' are two different contradicting concepts. However, these two concepts have been argued about interchangeably from ancient times in Chinese history. Also, the subjects to be recovered through restoration were always three generations and Confucian institution. The actual goal of 'restoration' was in practice the culture and institutions of the very Chou dynasty where Confucius lived. If so, since 'creation' or 'reformation' in China is sought for ideal period of antiquity after all, is the argument of the Western powers proven right that the China before modernity could not develop by themselves because they fix their vision to the past instead of the future? This article was initiated from such consciousness of problem and has the purpose to clarify that in Chinese history, 'creation' could not fully implement the value of restoration. Confucius and Yan Yuan were appropriate ideologists for analysis to that end. The two are common in that they are defined as educators oftentimes. Also, a comparison of Confucius who is located at the starting point of 'restoration' and Yan Yuan who is near the terminal point of 'creation' will vividly illustrate the reality of 'creation through restoration' which is repeated periodically in Chinese history. First, the education perspectives and education systems of Confucius the goal of 'restoration' were classified into several types. Next, through comparative examination of the education policies of Yan Yuan for it, the gaps of 'restoration' and 'creation' that have no other way but contradiction were identified one by one. The above discussions are apart from the questions if on that condition 'restoration' is indeed something valuable, and if ideal society can be built once 'restoration' is realized.

이 논문은 2015 개정교육과정의 본격 시행과 더불어 새롭게 강조되고 있는 역량중심교육과정의 취지와 배경을 근거로 하여 그 구체적 실행의 방향성과 의미를 점검하고자 하였다. 특히, 2015 개정교육과정에 서 가장 눈에 띄는 변화들 중 하나인 ‘연극’교육의 강조에 주목하고, 이러한 변화에 대한 시대적 사회적 의미를 분석하고자 하였다, 이러한 연극교육 활성화의 대표적 예시로서 2018년부터 고등학교에 새로이 일반교과로서 신설되는 <연극>교과의 의미와 과제를 논의하였다. 또한 독립된 신설교과가 아닌 기존의 초등 5∼6학년 국어교과에 새로이 설치되는 ‘연극’단원이 자칫 전통적인 국어교과의 구성과 상충하거나 오해의 소지가 있음에 유념하여야 하며, 개정교육과정이 추구하는 방향성과 ‘연극’이라는 비교적 생소한 영역의 효과적인 접목을 위해서는 ‘연극’에 대한 개념적 재정립이 필요하다. 따라서 본고는 이러한 개정 교육과정의 취지와 변화에 가장 부합한다고 판단되는 ‘교육연극’의 주요 개념을 재정리하고, ‘교육연극’ 이 지닌 교육적 특성에 기반하여 개정 초등 5∼6학년 국어교과서에 신설 예정인‘연극’단원의 구성 및 방향성에 대한 몇 가지 제언으로 마무리하였다.

This article aims to examine the directions and meanings of the 2015 Revised National Curriculum, with the focus on its purposes and backgrounds of the newly emphasized Core Competencies. The article pays attention to the emphasis of Drama/Theatre Education in particular, which is one of the most notable changes in 2015 Revised National Curriculum. To examine the social and educational meaning of this changes has become one of the article's main points. As a representative example of this changes, the article discusses and analyzes the implications and challenges of the Drama/Theatre subject, a newly installed subject in high school curriculum from the year of 2018. To make an effective and productive connection between the relatively unfamiliar nature of Drama/Theatre and the new Revised National Curriculum's vision, it is necessary to reinstate the conceptual understanding of what Drama/Theatre is. This article, therefore, introduces some conceptual framework of Drama/Theatre Education and its major sub-genres, followed by discussing its major educational characteristics. Based on these arguments, the article concludes with suggestions in regards to developing the framework and directions of the newly installed Drama/Theatre unit in the Elementary Korean Education textbook for 5th and 6th graders.