Earticle

While text difficulty is one of the critical considerations in developing and selecting materials for interpreter training, its assessment is a challenging task due to the complexities involved in analyzing a large number of text characteristics. The recent developments in automated text analysis methods and tools are expected to alleviate the burden of individual teachers and students assessing source text difficulty by aiding their decision making process with the immediate provision of data on the objective and quantifiable text dimensions. This study presents three cases of applying automated assessment of source text difficulty based on the five Text Easability Principal Component Scores provided by Coh-Metrix, a widely-used automated tool for multilevel analyses of text characteristics. For the purpose of the study, source texts used for interpreter training in Korea and China were sampled to conduct text difficulty assessment with Coh-Metrix measures and its visualization tool. The study discusses the potential benefits of automated analysis of multidimensional text difficulty for selecting the appropriate materials for effective interpreter training.

『佛說大報父母恩重經(諺解)』 는 16세기 중반 이후 20세기 초반까지 44종의 이본 간행이 확인된다. 이 중 16세기는 현전하는 『불설대보부모은중경(언해)』 가 간행된 가장 이른 시기이며, 50년간 44종 중 12종이 집중적으로 간행되던 시기이기도 하다. 본 연 구에서는 『불설대보부모은중경(언해)􋺸의 16세기 이본 중 1583년 槐山小馬寺에서 간행한 『佛說大報父母恩重經(諺解)』 의 저본과 특징을 고찰하였다. 그 결과 소마사에서 간행된 『불설대보부모은중경(언해)』 는 張銀守라는 인물이 간행 사업에 많은 관여를 하였으며, 저본은 1545년 오응성 발문이 수록된 전주본으로 여겨 진다. 해당 문헌은 圖像에서 처마, 佛壇등에서 다른 판본과 구분되는 특징이 확인되 는 반면, 한문과 언해문에서 탈획과 이체자로 대체되는 등의 현상이 확인된다. 차후 『불설대보부모은중경(언해)』 전반에 걸친 이본간 관계를 확인할 필요가 있다.

It is possible to find out 44 kinds of variant texts published from the mid-16th century to the early 20th century, for the 『Bulseoldaebobumoeunjunggyeong (Korean annotation of Chinese classics)』. The 16th century was the earliest period in which 『Bulseoldaebobumoeunjunggyeong(Korean annotation of Chinese classics)』 was published and 12 kinds were intensively published among 44 kinds, for 50 years. This study considered the sources text and the characteristics of the 『Bulseoldaebobumoeunjunggyeong( Korean annotation of Chinese classics)』 published in Soma Temple on Goisan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do in 1583, among variant texts of it, published in the 16th century. The findings show that Jang Eunsu(張銀守) greatly engaged in the publication project of the 『Bulseoldaebobumoeunjunggyeong(Korean annotation of Chinese classics)』, and the source text of it is recognized as the Jeonju version in which an epilogue, which was written by O Eungseong in 1545, is recorded. Although the characteristics of eaves, Buddhist altars, etc, which are distinguished from other versions, are found from the literature, it is also found that Chinese characters and Eonhaemun are replaced with missing strokes and variant Chinese characters. It is necessary to verify the relationship among the whole variant texts of 『Bulseoldaebobumoeun- junggyeong(Korean annotation of Chinese classics)』 in the future.

This study analysed and compared source texts used in professional interpreter training programs in Korea and China, two of Asia’s major interpretation markets, by applying the methodology of corpus linguistics and automatic text evaluation. The findings identified the general textual characteristics of materials used for professional interpreter training and highlighted the similarities and differences between the source texts used in Korea (K-corpus) and China (C-corpus), which may provide a reference for interpreter instructors in selecting and adapting training materials. STs in both study corpora were similar in sentence length with a large discrepancy in text length. Both study corpora showed strong characteristics of written text, with the share of nouns topping their POS frequency lists. Keyword analysis revealed that content related to Korea and China appeared prominently in each corresponding corpus, but disparate trends were found in the topical focus of each corpus. The examination of text coverage of vocabulary lists indicated that the K-corpus was concentrated around the means while STs in the C-corpus contained varying proportions of low-frequency words. The K-corpus was also found to have a significantly lower TTR than the C-corpus, suggesting that its lexical variation may be less dynamic compared with the C-corpus.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how important translator’s background knowledge is in the process of English-Korean translations. This study revealed that background knowledge had a great influence on the degree of understanding a source text and the way of changing the source text into a target text in terms of expressions. According to two-time questionnaire analyses, student translators recognized the importance of background knowledge in translation which allowed them to understand a source text better and make a translation more confidently. The results of the comparative analysis of translation errors and the questionnaire responses indicate the significance of background knowledge in the translation process.

This study aims to discover and objectify the current practice of selecting and assessing the difficulty of source texts(STs) used ininterpreter education. A small-scale survey with 13 interpreting teachersin the Korean-English department was conducted. The questionnaireused in the survey comprised questions on sources of STs, formats,text types, selection criteria and personal experiences related to STselection. The results showed that a typical ST would come from theInternet, via reading of a written text, and that formal speeches andeditorials were the most frequently used text types. Student levels andflow of logic were considered the most important criteria in selectingSTs, but majority of the participants had experience where their choiceof ST was ineffective due to failed judgment of ST difficulty level. Asfor factors deemed to affect ST difficulty, target language expressionranked top in AB interpreting and flow of logic in BA.

Kim, Sung-ok. 2012. A Study on English to Korean Translation Based on Rhetorical Structure Theory. Journal of Linguistic Studies 17(3), 1-24. The purpose of this paper is to show that translating involves conveying not only vocabularies or thematic progression in the source text but its hierarchical structure connected through implicit relations termed relational propositions. Based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (henceforth RST), which addresses text organization by means of relational propositions, and explains coherence by a hierarchical structure of texts, this paper analyzes and compares the rhetorical structures of both English texts and their Korean translations in order to discuss incoherence in the target texts. (Daegu University of Foreign Studies)

Onomatopoeia is a difficult constituent in translation because it has different characteristics which prevent source and target text readers from communicating each other. Most of target text readers are unable to have knowledge to understand connotations of the exotic onomatopoeia elements in the source text. Accordingly the translator has to be a mediator to bridge the gap in understanding onomatopoeic expressions and help the target text readers to share the equivalent connotations of them. The purpose of this paper is to examine the translation problems in translating Korean poetry texts into English ones by focusing on onomatopoeic expressions which appear in the translation process. This paper has shown that the poetic phrases of Korean related to onomatopoeic expressions are translated into those of English by various strategies, for example, paraphrase, substitution and omission which have active and diverse compensation mechanisms.

La traduction suppose deux langues (source et cible) et cultures (source et cible) distinctes. A ce titre, il apparaît difficile voire même impossible pour le texte cible de se libérer d’une certaine forme d’interférence de la part de texte source. Toutefois, l’existence d’erreurs ou d’interférences provenant de ST peut très probablement avoir pour résultat une texte cible inacceptable ou non recommandable qui, alternativement, ne peut fonctionner correctement pour les lecteurs cibles dans une situation précise. Par conséquent, lors de l’étape de révision du texte cible, il pourrait s’avérer nécessaire d’examiner le texte cible sans se référer au texte source et de corriger les erreurs identifiées. Cette étude adopte une approche « indépendante du texte source / orientée vers le texte cible », et examine, au moment de la révision, les différents moyens d’améliorer le texte cible indépendamment du texte source. Cette approche offre la possibilité au traducteur de réviser un texte cible à partir de la situation cible proche et, de manière idéale, d’éliminer ou tout du moins, espérons-le, de minimiser l’influence négative du texte source. Il a été démontré par exemple que le traducteur peut obtenir un rendu plus naturel en supprimant le jargon de traduction, plus compréhensible ou lisible en ajoutant, réduisant, supprimant ou substituant une information, et un texte source fonctionnellement plus efficace en faisant les ajustements nécessaires en conformité avec les normes et conventions relatives à chaque spécificité culturelle et type de texte. Ceci exemplifie la cible linguistique appropriée, le lectorat visé, et les approches sur les types appropriés de texte, respectivement, tous dans une plus large approche linguistique fonctionnelle.

The present study aims to suggest effective song translation strategies in consideration of singability. In particular, it focuses on songs whose lyrics have unfavorable factors for source text-oriented translation, and argues for different translation strategies according to ST features. To this end this study takes a two-phase approach. In the first phase some factors in the lyrics are identified that act as unfavorable conditions for ST-oriented translation. After such identification, two songs that are deemed to include these factors are selected and then translated by students in class. The student discussions that followed the translation indicated that the factors identified by the authors were also shared by the students.Then the authors selected and translated two songs into different modes-one ST­oriented version and the other music­oriented―and surveyed students in the College of English in order to find their preference. The results showed that music-oriented translation is necessary for the translation of songs which have unfavorable conditions for ST-oriented translations.

The aim of this essay is to reflect on a particular form of violence, that caused by the short circuit between faith and religious ethics, between the liberating dimension of the experience of God's love and the need to derive from it a practical ethic that promotes human coexistence and is an expression of that love. In the Christian experience—but also in Judaism and Islam—it is possible for a reversal to take place whereby ethics ends up preceding and judging faith. This is a form of moralism, very similar to religious fundamentalism, made possible by the reversal between the purpose of faith (to live the experience of God's love to the full) and the ways and expressions that should express and realize it in practical life. This reversal occurs when moral action is an end in itself and has lost the criteria of judgment through which moral discernment is achieved. Through the interpretative story of the Decalogue (Ex 20:1-17), the thesis argued in this essay is that moralistic rigor enacts a true form of violence both against the religious tradition it claims to protect and against the believing community, preventing or limiting its dialogue with the challenges of the present that would allow it to keep the experience of faith alive.

This study aims to understand the foreign language learner’s internal process while they are translating. To figure out invisible internal process of the learner, Key logging during translation process, short interview after translating and behavioral observation were used. For considering behavioral characteristics for internal process, Pause, Deletion, Moving and Mistranslation were chosen. In particular, Pause was chosen to work as criterion when analyzing other behaviors. By analyzing those behaviors, three internal processes were found: (1)Deliberatiing on words or phrases following the pauses, (2)Considering ill-matched words or phrases between source text and target text, (3)Continuous checks on what writers had written down. Deliberations were generally found before the long-term pause. Learners were deliberating what to write on next phrases, due to their scarce knowledge of grammatical collocation of the target language. Considering ill-matched words or phrases between source text and target text shows variety of behaviors such as moving, deletion after the long-term pauses. According to the learners’ interview and researcher’s observation, it was arisen when the learners are fail to find the acceptable expressions in target language. Continuous checks on what learners had written down were generally found after the translation was finished. Entire part of target text was examined in this type of process. Thus, long period of pause was required for reading source text and target text, also deletion and moving was required for correcting mistranslated words or phrases. It infers that learners’ behaviors are combined to suggest certain meanings of internal process. Thus, these behaviors do not suggest solid internal process. With more elaborated analysis, this study would help understanding mental process while translation.

In translation into Korean analysis of the source text plays very important role. Analysing text structure and extracting correct meaning are preliminary steps to go to the restructuring stage. This paper reviews scholars' studies on the concept of text structure analysis and methods. Then ways to enable students to analyse text structure in classrooms are presented. Second part of the paper is on the application of text structure analysis. Source text was analysed based on inter-relations between paragraphs and sentences, thematic procedure and lexical connection. Lastly translation of 3 students of the source text were compared from the point of source text structure analysis.

In the educational field, instructors who understand source texts assess faithfulness (accuracy) and readability while looking at translations in the mirror of source texts. In the other fields, however, clients or readers who cannot comprehend source texts are likely to assess readability only. This paper investigates how ST knowledge influences translation assessment. For a purpose of research, assessment experimental groups are divided into ST knowledgeable group and ST un-knowledgeable group. Both groups are assigned to conduct quantitative evaluation (100 points) and qualitative feedback. Evaluation subjects are eight source texts and their translations. Two source texts are collected from four languages each and every source text has five different target texts. In the analysis of quantitative evaluation, TTs ranked the lowest are concurred between the two groups, while TTs ranked the highest differ. Feedback analysis confirms that ST knowledgeable group places accuracy ahead of readability, while ST un-knowledgeable group puts emphasis on readability. STs whose translation assessments were in stark contrast between the two groups are all three and fall into a genre requiring accuracy.

본 연구는 바람직한 자료 사용 역량을 높이기 위한 교육의 일환으로 자료 통합적 글쓰기의 대표적 장르인 보고서를 중심으로 실제 외국인학부생의 자료 사용 양상을 살펴보고자 한 연구이다. 이 연구를 위해 A 대학교에서 2021년 1학기 <글쓰기> 교양과목을 수강한 고급 수준의 외국인 학부생 보고서 자료 27편을 대상으로 자료 사용 양상과 인용 방식의 오류를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 자료 통합적 글쓰기의 측면에서 전체 글에서 자료 이용이 차지하는 비율은 평균 31.38로 나타났는데, 상 집단의 보고서일수록 다양한 자료를 이용하였고, 그 사용 빈도도 높아졌다. 그리고 외국인 학부생이 사용한 인용 방식별 비율을 살펴보면, 직접인용보다 간접인용의 방식이 선호되었다. 그러나 이 결과는 ‘부적절한 간접인용’의 오류, 즉 직접인용에 가까운 간접인용 방식을 취하는 오류가 높은 빈도를 차지하였다는 점에서 외국인 학부생들이 직접인용의 방식을 절대적으로 선호한다고는 할 수 없다. 또한 부적절한 간접인용의 오류는 표절에 해당될 수 있으므로, 정확한 출처표시에 따른 인용이 이루어질 수 있도록 쓰기 윤리 교육을 강화될 필요가 있다.

This study aimed to analyze the use of source text in reports prepared by foreign undergraduate students in integrated writing courses. For this purpose, 27 reports, obtained from advanced-level foreign undergraduate students enrolled in the first semester of the liberal arts course (Writing) in 2021, were analyzed for citation errors. The results revealed that, on average, 31.38% of the text in the reports was found to be borrowed from the source text. The bigger the group, the more diverse were the reference materials used, and the frequency of use exhibited an increasing trend. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine whether the type of reference materials affected the quality of reports, but the results showed that the effect was not significant. Notably, regarding the ratio of citation styles used by foreign undergraduates, on average, indirect citations were preferred over direct citations. However, it cannot be inferred from the results that foreign undergraduate students preferred the direct citation style, as the error in citation can be attributed to ‘inappropriate indirect citation’, that is, the error of making an indirect citation in the form of a direct citation and the frequency of this error was high. Therefore, it was suggested that education pertaining to ethics in writing should be strengthened to help students correctly cite their source, since an inappropriate indirect citation can be indicative of plagiarism.

Teachers, in general, appraise students' interpreting performance by comparing coherence between source and target texts. However, most target audiences for interpretation are not given the source text for comparison. In this study, five evaluators in total assessed the interpretations of two texts by five graduate students of interpreting and translation, respectively. The evaluation involved two rounds of appraisal―without and then with source text comparison. The evaluators adopted two types of evaluation, i.e. quantitative type for scoring and descriptive type for highlighting good and bad. In the evaluations of interpreting performances for the two texts, the rankings of students changed after comparing their interpretations against the source text. This study intends to discuss the methods to assess interpreting performance by analyzing differences between evaluations with and without source text comparison.

This paper attempts to investigate the relationship between the source text difficulty and the quality of machine translation output. We examined the results of human evaluation of the Korean-English statutory translation by Google Translate and the source text difficulty measured in terms of lexical and terminological difficulty and syntactic complexity. The translations of two different statutes revealed varying correlation patterns examined in terms of fluency, accuracy, terminology and others. The results demonstrate that the two source texts’ syntactic complexity had a negative correlation with the machine translation quality evaluation. In other words, Google Translate was found to be weak at translating long and syntactically complex sentences. On the other hand, lexical and terminological difficulty did not have any correlation with the results of human evaluation despite the fact that statutes contain a lot of difficult words. Overall, the source text difficulty had a strong negative correlation with the human evaluation results, which was generally supported by the evaluators’ comments on fluency and accuracy errors.