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Purpose : This study explores the interaction between smoking and exercise by comparing the effects of different aerobic exercise intensities on lung function in smokers. It aims to identify lung function differences and offer personalized exercise recommendations for health promotion. Methods : For this experiment, 34 adult men and women were randomly assigned to high-intensity and low-intensity aerobic groups. Both groups completed three cycles of aerobic exercise per week for four weeks. Respiratory function was assessed by measuring forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume/forced vital capacity (FEV-1/FVC%), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) twice before and after the experiment. Aerobic exercise was performed on stationary bicycles with eight difficulty levels. Result : This study showed that the FVC, FEV1, and PEF values in the high-intensity aerobic group and the FVC values in the low-intensity aerobic group increased significantly after 4 weeks of cycling exercise. There were also statistically significant differences when comparing the mean increases in FVC and FEV1 values between the groups. Conclusion : The study found that in smokers, cycling exercise led to a greater increase in respiratory function in the high-intensity aerobic group compared to the low-intensity group. This suggests that smoking hinders respiratory improvement and that high-intensity aerobic exercise is more effective. Therefore, for patients with smoking-related respiratory diseases, incorporating high-intensity aerobic exercise and smoking cessation is crucial in respiratory therapy and programs aimed at enhancing lung function.

Purpose: This study aimed to provide basic clinical data by analyzing the impact of passive stretching exercise and Mckenzie exercises for improving postures on the neck alignment and pain. Method: The all subjects were participated voluntary and we divided into two groups (10 people to Mckenzie exercises group, 10 people for passive stretching exercise group). The effects on neck alignment were measured with craniovertevral angle(CVA), forward head distance(FHD) and neck pain were measured with neck disability index(NDI). 3 times a week for 4 weeks, and when all the interventions were completed after 4 weeks, neck alignment and pain were re-measured in the same way as the pre-test. Result: The comparison of changes in neck alignment and pain within the Mckenzie exercises and passive stretching exercise groups showed no statistically significant differences in the CVA, FHD, NDI. However both types of stretching exercises were effective in improving neck alignment and reducing pain within each group before and after the intervention. Conclusion: Therefore, it is believed that observation training should be used in clinical practice to improve forward head posture and relief pain in neck disability patients.

Purpose : This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions for primary dysmenorrhea and explore their potential as non-pharmacological alternatives to conventional pain management. Methods: A literature review was conducted on 40 studies retrieved from databases including RISS, KISS, DBPIA, and Google Scholar. Studies were categorized by research design (controlled trials, uncontrolled studies, and case studies) and intervention type, including aerobic exercise, stretching, electrical stimulation, kinesiology taping, and others. Key information such as sample size, outcome measures, and results were analyzed and compared. Results : Most studies reported that physical therapy interventions, especially aerobic exercise, stretching, and taping, significantly reduced menstrual pain. Conclusion : Physical therapy-based approaches were generally effective in alleviating symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea. Among them, aerobic exercise, stretching, and kinesiology taping were the most practical and accessible interventions. Despite these promising findings, inconsistencies in study design and outcome measurement highlight the need for more standardized and objective research to support clinical application.

Background : Ideokinesis aids body alignment, yet empirical research is lacking compa red to sports performance studies. This review analyzes its concept, history, and applic ations to provide evidence for standardization. Methods : This study reviewed literature regarding the definition, history (Todd to Fr anklin), principles, and neurophysiological mechanisms of Ideokinesis. Results : Ideokinesis improves posture via visualization based on the ideomotor principle, in ducing neutral alignment without voluntary muscle control. Studies confirm motor imagery a ctivates the motor cortex like actual movement, promoting neuroplasticity and learning. Conclusion : Ideokinesis is a valid somatic approach for alignment. However, integrated approaches are recommended due to individual imagery differences. Future research requi res rigorous methodologies, including larger RCTs, to strengthen clinical evidence.

Purpose : This study aimed to review the effects of various interventions for patients with low back pain (LBP) on balance and pain, and to analyze research design characteristics and assessment tool usage. The goal was to provide foundational data for developing effective, multilayered clinical assessment and intervention strategies. Methods : A total of 41 domestic clinical studies published between 2015 and 2024 were reviewed. Literature was identified through electronic databases and manual searches using keywords such as ‘Low Back Pain,’ ‘Balance,’ and ‘Physical Therapy.’ Studies were analyzed based on research design (controlled/ uncontrolled, randomized/non-randomized), participant characteristics (sample size, gender, symptom duration), intervention type (exercise therapy, manual therapy, sensory stimulation, other therapies, or multimodal approaches), and assessment methods (use and type of subjective/objective tools). Results : Of the 41 studies, 34 (83%) were controlled trials, with 32 of those (95%) being randomized. Most studies involved 30–39 participants (21 studies, 51%) and focused on chronic LBP (30 studies, 73%). Exercise therapy was the most common intervention (22 studies, 54%), followed by multimodal therapy (9 studies, 22%). Both subjective and objective assessment tools were used in 88% of the studies. Common objective tools included Biorescue and Tetrax (6 studies each), while the ODI (24 studies) and VAS (20 studies) were the most used subjective tools. Most studies used three assessment tools (15 studies, 37%) and reported statistically significant improvements in over 50% of measured outcomes. Conclusion : Both subjective and objective assessments are essential for evaluating LBP interventions. Future research should establish standardized guidelines for tool selection, timing, and integration to support effective treatment planning and enhance functional outcomes in clinical practice.