Earticle

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to compare general characteristic of high school girls according to menarchealage and to investigate the factors associated with the menarcheal age of high school girls. Methods:This study utilized the data of the 2013 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). The sampleincluded 18,077 high school girls who experienced menarche. The questionnaires used for this study assessedmenacheal age, grade, place of residence, family affluence, height, weight, diet pattern, physical activity, sleepduration, and stress level. Data was analyzed using the complex sample analysis (x2-test, ANOVA and multipleregression analysis). Results: Higher BMI, frequent vegetable consumption, short sleep duration, and higherstress level were associated with an earlier menarcheal age among high school girls. Conclusion: The findingsof this study indicate intervention strategies to control the timing of menarche.

Purpose: The object of this study was to compare the educational effect about self-efficacy and the quality of chest compressions of Hands-only CPR and Basic CPR. Methods: It's a nonequivalent control group pre -post repeated quasi-experiment study conducted with entire fifth grade students belong to one school in H city. The study participants are 68 persons, and data were collected from December 2, 2013 to February 7, 2014. Self-efficacy was measured by 10 items, and the quality of chest compressions was measured by 5 variables which are average compression depth(mm), average rate (n/min), average count per minutes (n), abnormal placement (n), compression accuracy (%). Results: Self-efficacy of the experimental group and control group showed no significant difference but showed significant difference over time and was the highest at posttest 1 (immediately after education), the lowest at pretest (before education), middle at posttest 2 (8weeks after education) (p<.001). Experimental group was significantly higher than control group in average rate per minute. At posttest 1, experimental group was 130.0±9.38 times, control group was 95.1±11.82 times. At posttest2, experimental group was 124.0±14.89 times, control group was 90.8±14.89 times.(p<.001). Average rate (n/min) was significantly declined at control group in the quality of chest compressions over time (t=-2.400, p=.022). Average count per minute and compression accuracy were declined significantly so it were not maintained to posttest2. Conclusion: We need continuous CPR education because self-efficacy of CPR getting lower significantly over time. Hands-only CPR can‘t be seen as a way to increase the CPR ability of elementary school students having difficulty to perform artificial breathing. And, because the effect of education is not maintained 8wks after training, the technique centered repeated training is needed and a method which can increase compression accuracy is also needed.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the factors affecting on depression among female middle school students. Methods: A survey was conducted on 217 first and second grade female middle school students in C city. Participants' general characteristics, home environment, level of depression, paternal, maternal, peer attachment, school adjustment were measured by self-reporting questionnaire. With SPSS 18.0 program, measured variables were analyzed and compared using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé post hoc test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Results: The level of depression among female middle school students were higher among students with lower economic status, second in birth order, and second grade in school. The level of depression was negatively associated with the level of paternal attachment (r=-.522), maternal attachment (r=-.487), peer attachment (r=-.376), relationship with teachers in school adjustment (r=-.274), relationship with friends in school adjustment (r=-.378), classroom behavior (r=-.450), school regulation (r=-.267). About 42% of depression among female middle school students were explained by paternal attachment, relationship with friends in school adjustment, and classroom behavior. Conclusion: Paternal attachment was identified as the most influencing factor on depression among female middle school students. Encouraging paternal involvement in the process of school adjustment might be a useful intervention to decrease depression among middle school girls.

Purpose: This study investigated the impact of sense of humor and music on the self-confidence of elementary students with general characteristics. The research found differences between the impact of each participants’ sense of humor and sense of music on self-confidence. Methods: The participants of this study comprised 265 children who were 3rd to 6th grade elementary students who lived in Seoul, Gyeonggi- do and Gangwon- do. The participants reported their sense of humor sense, sense of music and self- confidence on three separate questionnaires. The data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics and t-test, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The results showed an increase in self-confidence related to the higher income status, young aged mothers and birth order. Moreover, academic achievement was shown to relate to a high sense of humor and music, and self-confidence. The elementary students with a sense of humor and music and self- confidence showed a significant positive correlation with each other. Conclusion: The above results of this study can be utilized as a source in the development of programs applying sense of humor and music to improve the self- confidence of elementary school students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide implications for National Curriculum design for elementary and secondary school, by analyzing social indices of students' real life based on Oliva's three types of demand for education. Three types of demand are physical, social-psychological and educational demand. Methods: This study mainly analyzed recent research data and existing studies relevant to social indices to show students' real life. Results: Three types of social indices about educational demand showed that students have many difficulties in much learning time, lacking in sleeping time and physical activities, much stress and suicide attempt. It is supposed that learning and academic achievement is the main factor to make such kind of stress. Conclusion: Health & safety education, self-esteem inspiring education, reduction of learning burden, physical activities etc are needed to be more reflected in National Curriculum design in the future.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate effectiveness in foreign Health Promoting School through a systematic review. Methods: To perform a systematic literature survey, the researcher searched two database (PubMed and Springer Link) for literature relevant to 'health promoting schools' (published up to April 2013 from 2004). The key words used for the search were "effectiveness", "evaluation" and "health promoting school". five evaluations in this review were selected in the peer reviewed. Results: 1. The areas of standardized assessments were dealing with school health policy, physical environment, psycho social environment, community participation, Literacy on health, personal hygienic skills, academic achievement, self reported health status, and mental health. 2. There was evidence that the health promoting school has some positive influence on various domains of assessment. Conclusion: This systematic review provides evidence concerning the effectiveness of the health promoting school.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of physical activity on smoking experience and smoking intensity in Korean high school students. Methods: This cross sectional study used secondary data from the 2013 Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey. A total of 35,905 high school students were included in the study. Logistic regression was used for analysis of the influence of moderate and vigorous physical activity on smoking experience in a month and smoking intensity. Results: Adolescents with low (Adjusted OR: 1.242, 95% CI: 1.075~1.436) and moderate level (Adjusted OR: 1.094, 95% CI: 1.005~1.189) of moderate physical activity had more smoking experience than reference group, high level of physical activity. Also, smoking experience was more prevalent adolescents with low (Adjusted OR: 1.191, 95% CI: 1.064~1.333) and moderate level (Adjusted OR: 1.134, 95% CI: 1.039~1.237) of vigorous physical activity. Heavy smoking was more prevalent among adolescents who had low level of vigorous physical activity (Adjusted OR: 1.912, 95% CI: 1.347~2.712). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, physical activity has significant influence on smoking experience and smoking intensity. Therefore, physical activity should be included smoking cessation and smoking prevention program for High School Students.

Purpose: This survey was to investigate the differences in smartphone addiction symptoms by the level of addiction among college students in S. Korea. Methods: Two hundred and thirteen university students survey data was collected from December 5th to 9th of 2011 using Smartphone Addiction Scale. 25.3% (n=54) of total respondents were categorized as highly addicted and 28.17% (n=60) were as non-addicted group. Results: There were significant differences in total addiction symptom scores, daily life disorders, loss of self control, pathological concentration, and compulsive symptoms between two groups. There were significantly differences in total addiction symptoms, daily life disorders, loss of self control, pathological concentration, and compulsive symptoms between two groups. Highly addicted group were significantly higher in total addiction symptom scores (3.26 times), daily life disorders (4.96 times), loss of self control (3.07 times), pathological concentration (3.07 times), and compulsive symptoms (2.86 times) compared to non-addicted one. Highly addicted group had significantly higher daily usages of smartphone and were more satisfied with smartphone than non-addicted group. The purpose to use was related to academic works rather than games or entertainment. However satisfaction on academic achievement was very low. Conclusion: The smartphone addicted symptoms related to academic works were significantly high in highly addicted college students so that it disturbed their daily life and psycho-social health in general. It is clear that the highly addicted college students need urgent distinctive interventions such as creative academic guides.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the mediation of self-esteem between body image and depression among female university students. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey design. We collected 193 female university students. They was completed a self reported questionnaire including demographic characteristics, body image, self-esteem and depression. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires and analyzed with the SPSS 20.0 Program. Results: The mean age was 21.3 years old. Over 58% of subjects hoped for plastic surgery, and 78.8% had experienced weight loss control. There were a positive correlation between body image and self-esteem (r=.60, p<.001), and negative correlations between body image and depression (r= -.47, p<.001), self-esteem and depression (r=-.50, p<.001). Self-esteem had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between body image and depression of female university students. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, depression management program focusing on body image management and self-esteem improvement are recommended to control depression in female university students.