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While works on pronominal anaphora resolution are well established, and there have been considerable works on the definite noun phrase anaphora, Associative Anaphora which by an entity can be referred to by a definite referring expression without previously being mentioned in the text. It is realized in text as an (definite)NP in Korean, and its referent is implicitly associated with previously introduced NP. But this paper deals with the phenomenon known as Associative Anaphora in a critical perspective. Embedded into the variable categories developed in Kim Kwanghee(1997), the establishment of associative anaphora is unreasonable. Some reasons are as follows: First, so called associative NP, anaphora, is a constant entity not variable one. Therefore, associative NP is introduce new informations into a textual situation. It is the point of difference between co-referential anaphora which leads old informations and associative anaphora. Second, a associative NP must be supported by an accessible precedence NP. Problems are arise here. The lexical lists derived by association are different depending on speakers and hearers. In this case the context may offer several pairs of ‘NP-NP’ candidates for the role of antecedent and associative anaphora. So there may be no consistency. We reach the conclusion from these several observations that associative anaphora must be treated as associative inference or

This is a study of how some Korean words, such as “garam(가람)”, “namjin(남진)”, “gajang(가장)”, “kkeu()”, “gaol(가올)”, “gat(갓)”, “neogs(넋)”, were changed in their word-forms during the period from the 15 century to the 21 century. The study is based on the aspects of the changes in word-forms during this period : ① death of word-forms, ② split of word-forms, ③ change of word-forms, and ④ retention of word-forms. This study also shows how some words of the 15 century were changed in terms of phonemes and meanings. Word materials in the old Korean books were used for this analysis. As a result, in this paper, I conclude that the word-forms of “garam” and “namjin” disappeared in the 18 century and the 20 century each. The word-forms of “gajang” and “kkeu” split as the “gajang, kkaji” and the “kki, kke” each. The word-forms of “gaol” and “gat” changed as the “go-eul” and “ga” each. and The word-forms of “neogs” maintain until now.

In Korean syntax, the most important elements are not verbs/predicates but grammatical verbal endings. This means that argument structure is not sufficient to represent sentence pattern information. Each ending has its own person structure(=personality) according to its position in the whole ending system. We can call this personality the first basic ‘inflectional person’. Next, another person pattern is derived from the lexical meaning of verbs themselves. We can call this personality the second ‘verbal person’. Subjective verbs imply the 1st-2nd person, while descriptive verbs and action verbs imply 3rd person. Finally, the concrete person is marked by pronouns and nouns. We can call this personaltiy the third ‘pronoun person’. Basically, pronouns and nouns are characterized as ‘3rd person’, which implies ‘1/3, 2/3, 3/3’ person. Among the three person marking mechanisms, this paper focuses on the ‘inflectional person’. The subjunctive endings ‘-(neun)da, -(neu)nya, -ja, -(eu)ra, -(eu)ryeo’ are related to the 3rd person. The indicative endings ‘-ni?, -eo, -na?, -ji, -ge?’ are related to the 1st-2nd person. If the two classes of endings repeat or concur, there are restrictions; indicative endings must be preceded by subjunctive endings, for example ‘덥다 더워’, ‘*더워 덥다’ and 1st-2nd person endings must be preceded by 3rd person endings, for example ‘잘 했군 잘 했어’, ‘*잘 했어 잘 했군’.

This study is to face up the present status of the study on the place name of Gangwon Province based on the result of the research done and to show a desirable approach. The product of Gangwon Province’s place name research is a little poor in comparison with that of other locals. I suggest four followings in order to revitalize the research of the place name of Gangwon Province. Firstly, through a interdisciplinary consortium the related scholars have to lay ‘professional place name researchers infrastructure’ and form a network of the place name study. Secondly, the local government constantly and politically have to support and rain ‘professional place name researchers’ and systematically cultivate this kind of human resources. Thirdly, the trained professionals will responsible for the inspection, collection and arrangement of the existed literal materials in the Gangwon Province including eighteen cities and counties in the area, old maps, place name-related source books, and a local historic materials. The materials of the local place name surveyed by the professional researchers will be inspected and conformed by exchanging local residents opinions. Also they make efforts to have the materials of the place name to affect government’s plans. Lastly, so as to distribute the materials to the related scholars and the public, not to be buried, we actively should take care of the promotion and marketing strategies.

Brown & Levinson(1987) contend that conversation is ruled by theparticipants' desire to maintain each others face, and present politeness strategies which are universally applicable to all languages. This paper aims to identify what linguistic devices Korean native speakers use and how they differ according to the social position of and the solidarity with the hearers in Korean refusals. Foreigner Korean language studying own house refuse how and must request how, also it is not easy to know the appropriate cold region in situation that it talks how. The refusal anger line request or proposal of the counterpart, against the promise back is the great disaster act which shows the intention of refusal. Generally against the intention or a demand of the counterpart when refusing to, the honor damage accompanied all. This paper aims to identify what linguistic devices Korean native speakers use and how they differ according to the social position of and the solidarity with the hearers in Korean refusals. This study aims at studying how sociocultural behaviors can solve conflicts through verbal actions called the speech act of refusal. The speech act of refusal is observed when there is a conflict between speakers in case they cannot make their intention or desire satisfied. this study tried to categorize the methods to solve the conflicts based on two factors which need to be considered in such situations. The speech act of refusal can be differently expressed depending on which of them is considered as a priority in the complicated situation. Refusal expression the language act which does not respond in request or proposal of the counterpart is and doctor being understood which trade name for is not harmonious a possibility of getting up the misunderstand and the discord which are serious more there is. The korean language teacher sleeps studying consequently and from the hazard which teaches a natural refusal expression confronts to the quality of refusal expression of the Korean language which is a studying voluntary mother tongue and a neck slogan and the price of land it is necessary.

This article aims to examine the grammatical meaning of double passive, whose use is increasing, in light of cognitive linguistics. Generally, double passive is considered redundant or wrong. But sometimes, it cannot be replaced by other verb expressions. Double passive voice is used to remove ambiguity or emphasize passive voice. In some cases, when passive suffix is added to verb, the verb becomes causative and passive meaning disappears. Yet, when ‘eo-ji-da’ is added to passive suffix, the verb has a diversified meaning. Sometimes, in that case, verb only with passive suffice may be regarded grammatically wrong. Also, double passive is used in order to emphasize passive voice:, to show the trace, forcibility or intentionality of agent. Especially, when passive suffix is added to verb and the verb becomes intransitive, double passive is used to reinforce passive meaning by showing the trace of agent. Those double passives are formed when a speaker attempts to engage himself/herself in the context in interpreting it, i.e. cognitive subje ctification.

The aim of this study is to explore the images of Mokpo expressed by dramas. In the history of Korean dramas, many dramas set Jella-Nam Do for dramatic spaces, but only a few dramas dealt with Mokpo directly and Kim Woo-jin's <LeeYoungyeo>. Park Hwa Sung's <Redeem Spring․Lost Spring>, Cha Beom-seok's <OhkDan-Eo!> are the case. The time lines of the three plays were connected from the middle of the 1920's to the beginning of the 1950's. With these plays, this paper analyzed the changes of Mopko from Japan's colonial rule to the Korean war. The result of the analysis is as follows: First, in <LeeYoung-yeo> Mokpo through the 1920's was illuminated as an exogenous impact and developed city and a space full of pervasive brute force of modern capital, and <LeeYoung-yeo> was the first play dealing with Mokpo concretely. Second, in <Redeem Spring․ Lost Spring> Mokpo through the 1930's was illuminated as a modern city of commercial and economic activities and was a criticized community full of the stream of decadence. Third, In <OhkDan-Eo!> Mokpo showed a choked city image from liberation of Japan's colonial rule and the disorders of American's fixed period and displayed a little inabilities to develope a spontaneous city. According to actual records, contemporary Mokpo showed a pseudo-urbanization, a sharp increase of population compared to its size. Fourth and last, the aim of the plays analysed above and the aim of the actual records showed a good similar-contiguous relationship, and the hotly contested mind of the three writers to describe the contemporary reality.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the literary works and achievement of a poet, Ryoo, Keun Jo who has been developing his own poetic world for a long time but has been ignored for several reasons in the literary world. He is a poet who has broaden his own poetic world consistently and constructed it taking precautions against becoming stereotyped or falling into mannerism. In spite of the fact that he has been writing for long, to readers, his name is still unfamiliar because of his poetry based upon the category of lyric poetry. Recognition of and introspection on the persistency and strongness put down roots in the soil of life are his poetic spirit and method which he pursues comparatively consistently from the early stage to the late stage. Such poetic spirit and method do not let his poetry be retrospective or reactionary when he deals with the past such as childhood and home as poetic object, and his poetry be skeptical or cynical when he deals with the present such as city and civilization as poetic object. In other words, he inspires poetic tension into his poetry. In this respect, the poetic world of Ryoo, Keun Jo is where he fight hard for the recovery of human nature.

This manuscript is to study the natural images of Lee Dong-joo's traditional poems together with origins of his poetic spirit, which I think is an essential part of our efforts to understand the identity of Korean contemporary poems. I think that trying to search into aesthetic consciousness of our poetic sentiments will help us a lot in understanding the roots of Korean contemporary poems under the ever-desolating modern life caused by the effects of industrial dehumanization with warm human love and affection getting deprived of our daily life. To the poet, Lee Dong-joo, nature itself is the source of vitality in human life. He regards human life itself as part of Mother Nature and he expresses all kinds of emotions, such as joy, anger, sorrow and pleasure by resorting to the nature. In other words, the fusion of the poet into the objects which come to the mental abyss of the author, whatever it may be a loss or longing for the home, may reunite itself into the nature while bringing the dark side of his own life to amalgamate in harmonious oneness with nature. To make it a roundabout expression, poetic ego doesn't stop under the pressure of heavy pains in a real life, but it reveals its direction to seek after any exodus or change apart from it. Therefore, his poetic object would come to accumulate its depth of love in a positive atmosphere rather than a negative one. Even the trivial things in the nature, such as one piece of withered grass, pebbles, tree roots and so forth would become the exit to purify his turbid mind and also become the object of hope upgrading his life into a higher level. This aspect has much to do with life problems of the poet, Lee Dong-joo. We can find one record saying that he suffered from the downfall of his own family during early childhood and this could mean outer circumstances of his childhood had any effect upon his poetic world. As one might put it another way, any depressed complexes out of empty loss of mind had been projected outwardly. This shows its deep relationship with Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. Psychological development process of S. Freud shows there is a projection or expansion of one's personal emotions or experiences into his or her history of psychological development process and therefore, in this respect we could say that heartburning, grudge or despair in poems of Lee Dong-joo might be due to this kind of mental characteristics. As such, Lee Dong-joo purified problems of life through a natural consciousness and opened a channel of empathy and sympathy between the poet and readers beyond the distance of limited time and space. He lead us into the way for harmony and compatibility uniting inner conflicts or agonies in a human mind with the nature or he provided the space in which we can solve impracticable and negative things by uniting them with the nature. We could say that this is a kind of consolation generated out of the combination with the object world. Since the nature like the sky, clouds, the earth, flowers are being used as a celestial symbol or image, they become, though invisible, magnificent objects for the poet to depend upon and it refreshes the tired spirit of the author taking the role of a redeemer. Therefore, the dreams the poet longed for didn't die away but it is still alive and furthermore his tragic outlook on the world takes the positive role of generating the vitality forces, dissolving the pains and reuniting it with the positive forces rising above the world of life and death. As this, the nature to the poet, Lee Dong-joo does not exist independently of human consciousness, but it comes to him in the unity and oneness of human beings and natural objects and its common sense of solidarity appears as a resolute will to appease and smooth down the desolated harsh realties in life. Lee Dong-joo's nature is not an object by which one would express anger or escape from the harsh reality, but it comes as one of symbolic silent languages uniting the nature and the mind into oneness under the atmosphere in which one contemplates all the worldly desires in a far detached manner.

What is the modern Korean society and how can its imagined geography be mapped? The purpose of this paper is to compare and consider the novels which are published by contemporary two young writers at nearly the same time. Then we have to notice that a character called YouHee appears in these two novels. The name, Youhee, rouses paly : Youhee [juhi] and play [juhi] are homophone in Korean. If the play is dealt with as the main story in novels, the novels no longer stay in realism. While in her novels, Jeong, E-hyon describes the world of the citizens who belong to the inside of the system, in her novels, Park, Joo-young wants to show the similarity between her novels and the world of monks in that the monks and she are enslaved by passion for transcending the system and reaching the world of sacredness. While the former is filled with Public morals and sneer, the latter is filled with attraction of books. In this world like colossal shopping malls, the former pursues trivial rationality but the latter denies all the worlds except the world of books.

Kim, Kirim’s view point as an onlooker, distinguished in his poetry, could be said to be attributable to the point that he was not able to secure the appropriate distance between outside world visible and his inner world. This situation resulted from his inner world being overwhelmed by his strong desire for modern civilization rather than his physical experience in an actual life. For this reason, most of essential characters appearing on his poems lack individuality. In addition, placing much expectation on rationalism and spirit of science, Kimkirim expressed images of a poem in a scheme of dichotomy on the principle of selection or rejection. Of course, it is difficult to deny that the spirit of time Kimkirim mentioned had been raised as a way of aesthetic resistance to get over discrepancy of his times. However, he refused the individuality of a poet by overemphasizing the universal time spirit and furthermore, went one step further to establish the audience of a poemas a passive being to be educated by a poet. Eventually, Kimkirim made apparent his strong desire to incorporate his audience into his own world rather than form common links with the audience through a poem.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the self-consciousness and growth of woman-subject in the Hwajeonga and modern feminine poetry. Hwajeonga are written with a group play background, and often women expressed various troubles of their lives by Hwajeonga in the 18-19th century. Hwajeonga shows the women’s suffering in the relations with man and woman, husband and wife, father and daughter, son and mother. So we looked around that a woman improved her lot independently in the suffering. Therefore Hwajeonga is very important on the upper-class women's lives in the latter part of the Choseon period. And this study has tried to inspect the feminism in modern feminine poems of Seung Hee Kim, Seung Ja Choi, Hye Soon Kim, and Jeong Nan Kim for specific tendencies, and to illuminate its intents. Thus this study is identify part of feministic perspective, consciousness and cultural code implied in feminine poems from the 18-19th century to modern.