Earticle

Objective: This study examined the effects of McKenzie & Williams exercise and pelvic floor muscle exercise after applying conservative physical therapy to chronic low back pain patients. The patients were evaluated for their pain intensity, muscle strength, and muscle endurance. Method: Sixty-eight outpatients were divided into a McKenzie & Williams exercise group and a pelvic floor muscle exercise group. Each group performed its own exercise 30 minutes per day, three times per week, for 8 weeks. Pain intensity was measured by the McGill Pain Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Index. Muscle strength and endurance were also measured. Measurements were made at baseline, and again at four weeks and eight weeks after the intervention. Results: The McGill Pain Questionnaire scores, Oswestry Disability Index scores, muscle strength, and muscle endurance for each group showed significant changes at baseline, and at four and eight weeks after the intervention (p<.05). Significant differences were also evident between the two groups for these four measurements (p<.05). Conclusion: Pelvic floor muscle exercise is more effective than McKenzie & Williams exercise for reducing pain intensity and increasing muscle strength and endurance in chronic low back pain patients.

The purpose of this study was to present an exercise prescription for the stage of change in exercise behavior, prevention of the metabolic syndrome and promotion of health in male college students. The subjects in this experiment were 182 male college students who takes an instruction of physical education class. Collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, and Post Hoc (p<0.05) was used for post-inspection if there were significant differences among the stages in exercise behavior. Blood sugar reduction through regular exercise in the maintenance stage of living behavior was highly related to reduction of belly by decrease in body fat and abdominal obesity by improvement of Insulin sensitivity. Therefore, change in the stage of living behavior reduces body composition, serum lipid, and blood pressure factors in the maintenance stage, and having regular lifestyle should be applied to exercise prescription as an improvement program of behavioral intervention on the change in metabolic syndrom markers.

The study examined the influence of muscle strength and bone mineral density response to various subsequence of aerobic and resistance training. Twelve college aged females participated in aerobic training after resistance training(RA: resistance-aerobic training) and resistance training after aerobic training(AR: aerobic-resistance training) which were organized with aerobic exercise(treadmill running at 70∼80% of HRR for 40min) and resistance exercise(core, lowe body, upper body at 40∼60% of 1RM). Muscle strength was measured leg extension and flextion peak torque of right and left knees by isokinetic equipment. Both RA and AR showed that muscle strength of knees extension and flextion in both right(p<0.000, p<0.000, respectively) and left knee(p<0.000, p<0.000, respectively) increased significantly after 4 weeks compare to before training. However, No significant interaction effects were between RA and AR groups. Bone mineral density of lumbar, femur and whole body had no significant interaction effect by 4 weeks training sequence, RA and AR exercise. These results indicated that RA and AR training types during 4 weeks were insufficient to change muscle strength and bone mineral density. In future, it is needed long-term studies on effects of two training sequence.

Objective: This study analyzes the effect of physical therapist’s transfer angle on trunk muscle activities and heart rates. Method: This study was conducted from June to August 2011. Forty-five male and female physical therapists working at R or S hospital in Gyeonggi-do were randomly and equally divided into three groups. They transferred patients at angles of 45˚, 90˚, and 135˚. Trunk muscle activities and heart rates were measured with an electromyogram(QEMG-4, Laxtha, Korea) and a wireless electrocardiogram(Q-Tel RMS, Quinton, USA) respectively. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare muscle activities and heart rates and a paired t-test was used to compare heart rates at rest and during transfer. Results: Trunk muscle activities increased as patient transfer angles increased (p<.05). Heart rates were significantly different among the three groups prior to the work, after the work, at rest, and during the work (p<.05) but changes in heart rates in accordance with patient transfer angles were not significantly different (p>.05). Conclusion: Increased patient transfer angles led to incerase trunk muscle activity, so transfer work at a low angle is effective.

The purpose of this study was to effects of combined training on body composition indexes and appetite control hormone in obese middle aged women. The subjects of this study were total 34 persons(control group: 9, overweight group: 8, obesity group: 9, severe obesity group: 8). Subjects in 4 groups performed their assigned combined training 50∼60min/day, 3∼4day/week for 12weeks. In measurements index, body composition elements were determined body weight, percent body fat, body mass index(BMI), and waist hip ratio(WHR). And appetite control hormone factors were determined leptin, ghrelin, GLP-Ⅰ, and insulin. Data obtained at pre and post test were compared among four groups test utilizing two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The results of this present study were as follows: In body composition factors, body weight, %body fat, BMI, and WHR had significant decreased between pre and post 12weeks combined training program in all groups. In appetite control hormone factors, leptin, ghrelin, GLP-Ⅰ, insulin had significant decreased between pre and post 12weeks combined training program in all groups. It was concluded that middle aged women were improved by combined training program was more effective for enhancing daily living fitness, weight loss and hormone control.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise training on body composition, lipid profile and cardiovascular fitness in obese middle-aged women. The subjects who participated on this study were 20 obese middle-aged women (body fat is over 30%). They were divided into 2 groups: control group (n＝10) and resistance exercise trained group (n＝10). Resistance exercise trained group was performed for 12 weeks (5 days/week) of resistance exercise training. Blood samples were collected before and after the 12 week period. The results were as followed : 1) The % body fat in the resistance exercise trained group was much lower than that in the control group (p<.01). 2) The total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) level in the resistance exercise trained group was much lower than that in the control group (p<.01). 3) There was a statistically significant difference between resistance exercise trained group and the control group in cardiovascular fitness. These data suggest that resistance exercise training represents a practical strategy for ameliorating aberrant lipid profiles and % body fat in obese middle-aged women.

The purpose of this study is to identify effects of amateur marathon races on general hematologic factors. The subjects were those who experienced at least five marathon races and finished the race within five hours, and a total 30 finished the race. As for methodology, the authors collected the blood of the subjects one hour before the starting and immediately after the finishing the race, and the blood was centrifuged for analysis. As a result, the AST and the ALT showed significant increase after the race when compared to the measurements before the race(p<.001). While the ALP showed significant increase after the race when compared to the measurements before the race(p<.05), the r-GTP didn’t show significant changes. Both T-bilirubin and D-bilirubin showed significant increase after the race when compared to the measurements before the race.(p<.001).The TC, the LDL, and the HDL showed significant increase after the race when compared to the measurements before the race(p<.05, p<.001, p<.05), while the TG showed significant decrease after the race when compared to the measurements before the race(p<.01). The BUN, creatinine, and uric acid showed significant increase after the race when compared to the measurements before the race(p<.001). While Ca and K did not show significant differences before and after the race, Na and Cl showed significant increase after the race when compared to the measurements before the race(p<.001, p<.05). The CK and the LDH showed significant increase after the race when compared to the measurements before the race(p<.001), while the hs-CRP didn’t show significant differences before and after the race. When the hours to finish the race were shorter, the CK(R2=-.574) and the LDH(R2=-.368), the indicators of muscle injury, showed significant correlation to each other(p<.01, p<.05). In conclusion, the subjects showed increased skeletal muscle injury by temporary exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis, and the indicators of muscle injury were higher as the hours to finish the race were shorter. Also, partial endovascular hemolysis was expected by consistent foot strike but hyponatremia did not occur immediately after the marathon race.

We investigated the effects of exercise types on the BrdU-labeled cells number of the subventricular zone(SVZ) and the level of nerve growth factor(NGF) protein of striatum in the adult rats over a period of 8 weeks. We divided 24 male SD rats into 3 groups: (1) a control group(CON, n＝8), (2) a swimming exercise group(SWE, n＝8), (3) a treadmill exercise group(TRE, n＝8). The SWE and TRE were made to perform their respective exercise type for 5 days per week over a period of 8 weeks. The BrdU-labeled cells number and NGF level increased significantly in the SWE and TRE, compard to the CON(p<.001, p<.01). Specially, a significant increase of BrdU-labeled cell number of SVZ were observed in the SWE. These results show that regular exercise across a period of 8 weeks increased the BrdU-labeled cells number of SVZ and also increased the level of NGF of striatum in the adult rats.

This study compared two different intensities of resistance exercise for inflammatory factors(TNF-α, IL-6, CRP), and creatine kinase activity concentration in the blood. Thirty-four sedentary women were randomly assigned to one of the three group: low intensity exercise training group(LIET), high intensity exercise training group(HIET), and a control group that did not perform the exercise training. Blood samples were obtained from the an antecubital vein in the morning after a 12-h overnight fast before and immediately, 24hour after exercise. After 12-weeks exercise training identical blood samples were extracted. The exercise were performed 3day/week for 60 minute. Both CRP and CK increased markedly after immediately exercise and recovery period with a significantly greater increase in the HIET group of pre training compared to other group or treatment. But after 12-weeks exercise training this different change did not show and the high intensity training programs induced a lower CRP and CK values compared to pre training values. Our results suggest that the intensity of resistance training does affect the magnitude of CRP, but does not effect the markers of muscle damage.

This study conducted a 12-week Taekwondo Poomsae Training with twenty-six old obese women of 65 . We over(exercise group 13, control group 13) and compared and analyzed its effects on body composition, hs-CRP, TNF-α and Adiponectin. Finally, the following results were obtained. First, after the application of the Taekwondo Poomsae Training to the exercise group, old obese women had a significant decrease in body composition(weight, p<.001 and % body fat, p<.001), suggesting a positive result. Second, after the application of the Taekwondo We suggest Poomsae Training to the exercise group, old obese women had positive results in hs-CRP(p<.001), TNF-α(p<.01) and adiponectin(p<.001). Based on this results, the Taekwondo Poomsae Training might be effective to reduce weight and % body fat to prevent metabolic syndrome in old obese women. In particular, it proves itself a useful exercise program to reduce a TNF-α level which is initial inflammation markers of blood vessel and a risk of onset of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, weight loss after the Taekwondo Poomsae Training led to increased adiponectin, which suggests its possibility to inhibit inflammatory manifestation in obese patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of six weeks Tae-bo exercise and combined exercise on body composition, serum lipids, growth mediators and adipocytokine in obese middle aged women. Thus, this study divided research participants into two different groups and carried out Tae-bo exercise program (n＝6) and combined exercise program for 60 minutes a day, 5 times a week for 6 weeks. During the exercise period, body weight (p＝.021), BMI (p＝.009) and body fat (p＝.003) significantly decreased through both the Tae-bo exercise program and the combined exercise program. As for the serum lipid components such as TG and TC, this study found no statistically significant difference found in the participants after conducting the Tae-bo exercise program and the combined exercise program, but there was a tendence of decrease found in the components, while HDL-Chol showed a tendency of increase. As for LDL-Chol, there was a significant difference found in the Tae-bo exercise program group by the exercise period. During the exercise period, adiponectin (p＝.010), GH (p＝.009) and IGF-1 (p＝.023) significantly increased through both the Tae-bo exercise program and the combined exercise program. Furthermore, IL-6 (p＝.018) significantly decreased, but there was no difference found between the two groups. As for TNF-α, there was no statistically significant difference found, but it showed a tendency of decrease. With all the results of this study, it was found that a Tae-bo exercise program is effective in improving middle-aged obese women’s weight management and obesity index as much as other combined exercise programs, and this study also found out that it has positive effect on their growth mediators and adipocytokine as well.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the hemodynamic responses based on exercise intensities in patients with cardiovascular disease when exercise was conducted on treadmill and cycle erogometer by turns. The subjects of this study underwent internal procedure due to acute coronary syndrome. As for methodology, exercise intensities of HRR 60% and HRR 85% were obtained through treadmill exercise stress test. The hemodynamic responses were observed during treadmill exercise (A), treadmill and bike exercise (B), bike exercise (C), and treadmill and bike exercise (D). The results of this study showed that, when treadmill and bike exercises were separately conducted at HRR 60% and HRR 85%, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and RPP were significantly increased during bike exercise (p<.001). As for RPP based on the exercise order at HRR 60%, C was significantly higher than A and B (p<.05). As for RPE, C was significantly higher than A and B (p<.05) and D was significantly higher than B (p<.001). As for RPP based on the exercise order at HRR 85%, C was significantly higher than A and B (p<.05) and D was significantly higher than B (p<.05). AS for RPE, C and D were significantly higher than A and B (p<.001). In conclusion, higher RPP and RPE were observed during bike exercise same exercise intensity regardless of the order of exercise. Thus, when exercise intensity is applied to bike exercise, caution may be needed when reaching HRR 85% and it may be appropriate to observed RPE of “somewhat hard.”

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Korean No-Falls(Falls Prevention Complex exercise) exercise program and Tai Chi exercise program on elderly women. Forty five elderly women were randomly assigned to Three groups(Falls Prevention Complex exercise group, Tai Chi exercise group, control group). The exercise program group - Falls Prevention Complex exercise program and tai chi exercise program - performed three times a weeks for 12 weeks. Short Physical Performance Battery(SPPB), Timed Up & Go test(TUG), One-leg Standing(OLS) and Maximal Step Length test(MSL) were measured before and after tests. The results obtained are as follows; 1. There was a positive effects on Falls Prevention Complex exercise group and Tai Chi exercise group resulted from Nofalls exercise program. Especially, there was a significant higher score of chair stands in Falls Prevention Complex exercise group comparing to Tai Chi exercise group. 2. There was a positive effect of Timed Up & Go test in Falls Prevention Complex exercise group and Tai Chi exercise group but prolonged time in control group. 3. There was a positive effect of One-leg Standing in Falls Prevention Complex exercise group and Tai Chi exercise group. 4. There was a positive effect of Maximal Step Length test in Falls Prevention Complex exercise group and Tai Chi exercise group . Especially, Back and Forth step length was significantly longer in Falls Prevention Complex exercise group comparing to Tai Chi exercise group. In conclusion, It might be suggeted that Falls Prevention Complex exercise group and Tai Chi exercise group could be helpful for prevention of falls in elderly people.

The purpose of this investigation is that, the combination of resistance training exercise based on the way cortisol, IGF-1, testosterone and agonist of the iEMG, MEF changes, total momentum was to compare the effects. After the measurement of 1RM from 12 Physical Education Students in good health. Light to Heavy system and Heavy to Light system was conducted at random for them. Blood samples were collected throughout the pre and post. Result of the investment is that cortisol levels were higher in the LTH system, but IGF-1, testosterone, there was no significantly different. After the bench press, pectoralis major muscle, and triceps brachii’s iEMG were significantly higher in the LTH system. In the HTL system from a set of triceps brachii were significantly higher. The result of comparison about total momentum, the LTH system were significantly higher at 1st set, and the HTL system were higher at 2nd and 3rd set. In conclusion, the secretion of cortisol is depending on the degree of stress, in the case of IGF-1, the secretion is activated with low degree of stress. Started from a low-intensity momentum is more effective way.

이 연구는 운동후 필라테스와 마사지가 피로회복에 미치는 효과를 분석하기 위하여 한국체육대학교에 재학중인 대 학생중 마사지 수업에 참가한 남녀 36명을 연구대상으로 선정하여 이 연구를 수행하였다 운동 후 30분간의 휴식을 취 한 후 반복운동을 실시하고 휴식 중 10분간에 걸쳐 필라테스와 마사지의 회복방법을 실시하고 이것을 실시하지 않고 안정상태에서 회복한 경우와 비교 분석하였다. 피로회복의 지표로서 운동수행능력 및 혈중 젖산농도의 회복상태를 살 펴 보았다. 피검자는 각 회복수단에 관해서 18명씩 나누어실시한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 회복시 필라테스와 Massage를 실시한 결과 젖산의 회복에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 운동수행능력의 회복에는 긍정적인 효과를 보였다. 2. 젖산의 회복율과 운동수행능력의 회복율 사이에 유의한 상관관계는 인정되지 않았다. 3. 운동수행능력의 회복을 규정하는 것은 젖산이외의 다른 요인이 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 4. 젖산의 회복율과 작업능력의 회복율 사이에는 유의한 상관관계는 인정되지 않았다.