Earticle

Single nucleotide difference discrimination is important for field of genotyping including Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). Several technical approaches were applied for discriminating single nucleotide difference discrimination, ligation based technologies were broadly used which use DNA ligase and target specific probe set. Ligation based technology genotype the single nucleotide with ligation efficiency difference between perfectly matched probe and mismatched probe. If 3’' end of left probe oligo (LPO) hybridize perfectly with target site, LPO ligated with 5’' end of right probe oligo nucleotide (RPO). But in the case of mismatch between 3’' end of LPO and target site, ligation between LPO and RPO is still occurred in some case because of high reaction rate of DNA ligase, so it does not gives accurate information about genomic information of target site. We used commercially available alternative nucleobase such as 5’'-nitroindole, iso dC, iso dG in 5’' end of RPO to solve the problem by decreasing reaction rate of DNA ligase. By this approach, various matches and mismatch between 3’' end of LPO and target site was discriminated.

Putrescine, also known as 1,4-diaminobutane, is an important nitrogen-containing platform chemical with numerous applications in industry. Particularly, putrescine is currently polycondensed with adipic acid to synthesize nylon-4,6 (Stanyl®, DSM), a superior engineering plastic because of its high melting point and mechanical strength as well as excellent solvent resistance. Current production of putrescine on industrial scale relies mainly on chemical synthesis from petrochemicals under harsh conditions. From an environmental point of view, the chemical synthesis route is undesirable.Here we show a sustainable bio-based process for putrescine production using metabolically engineered strain of Escherichia coli. The final engineered E. coli strain was able to produce 1.68 g L-1 of putrescine with a yield of 0.168 g per g glucose in a batch cultivation. Furthermore, high cell density cultivation allowed production of 24.2 g L-1 of putrescine within 32 hour. The strategy reported here should be useful for the bio-based production of putrescine from renewable resources, and also for the development of strains capable of producing other diamines, which are important as nitrogen-containing platform chemicals. [This work was supported by the Korean Systems Biology Research Project (20100002164) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) through the National Research Foundation of Korea. Further support by the World Class University Program (R32-2008-000-10142-0) through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the MEST is appreciated.]

Constraints-based flux analysis including flux balance analysis (FBA) of a genome-scale metabolic allows calculation of intracellular metabolic fluxes by optimizing an objective function and has found numerous applications in the field of systems biology and biotechnology. However, the FBA simulation without additional information has some problems such the inaccurate prediction of internal metabolic fluxes and existence of multiple solutions for an optimal objective value (e.g., growth rate) because of redundancy of reactions in genome-scale metabolic model. Here, we report a strategy for accurate prediction of metabolic fluxes based on FBA combined with grouping reaction constraints that restrict the achievable flux ranges of grouped reactions by genomic context analyses and flux-converging pattern analyses. FBA of Escherichia coli genome-scale metabolic model was carried out to validate the strategy under several different genotypic and environmental conditions. The predicted flux values by applying the constraints were in good agreement with the experimentally measured fluxes. [This work was supported by the Korean Systems Biology Research Project (20100002164) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) through the National Research Foundation of Korea. Further support by the World Class University Program (R32-2008-000-10142-0) through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the MEST is appreciated.]

Fumaric and malic acids commonly used chemicals and are closely associated with our everyday-life. A Gram-negative facultative capnophilic rumen bacterium, Mannheimia succiniciproducens, produces mainly succinic acid using anaplerotic pathway under anaerobic condition. M.succiniciproducens can’'t produce malate and fumarate in wild type strain. But M.succiniciproducens has a strong point for production of fumarate and malate production because it has strong anaplerotic pathway under CO2 condition. Recently, our group published papers about developing the high succinate production strain by gene knock-out. Based on this strain, The fumarate and malate production strain were constructed. Especially, When Fumarate reductase which converts fumarate to succinate was knock-out, this strain produce amount of malate and fumarate and do not produce succinate. The results provide useful information for the rational metabolic engineering by optimizing metabolic fluxes to improve fumarate and malate production in having a strong anaplerotic pathway strain such as rumen bacteria. [This work was supported by the Korean Systems Biology Research Project (20100002164) of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) through the National Research Foundation of Korea. Further support by the World Class University Program (R32-2008-000-10142-0) through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the MEST is appreciated.]

The bottleneck issue in both current and future biofuel production platforms is economic viability. The implementation of biorefineries could be applied as a potential solution for this problem. Glycerol rich streams are generated as waste product during biodiesel and bioethanol production. Development of glycerol based fermentation process can highly improve the economic viability of biofuel industry. In the present work, studies related to bio butanol production by glycerol fermentation were undertaken. Chemical mutagenesis of C.pasteurianum cells were performed to obtain a hyper butanol producing mutant strainMBEL_GLY2. Under the optimized condition of operational parameters ,MBEL_GLY2 strain could produce an average of1 7.8±0.32g/l butanol. Corresponding average butanol yield was found to be 0.30±0.01g/g. The maximum butanol productivity obtained during present study was found to be 0.43±0.04g/l/h. Acetone, acetate and butyrate were not detected in the fermentation broth while ethanol was produced in trace quantities. PDO was never produced as major product. An average of 27.4±0.27g/l total solvent(Butanol, Ethanol and PDO) was produced under optimized conditions. A maximum butanol selectivity of 0.65±0.02g butanol per g of total solvent was obtained. These are the highest reported results so far, in terms of butanol titer, yield, productivity and selectivity, obtained by batch fermentation of glycerol using C.pasteurianum. [This work was supported by the Advenced Biomass R&D Center (ABC) of Korea Grant funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0029799). Further supports by GS Caltex, BioFuelChem, and the World Class University Program (R32-2008-000-10142-0) through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the MEST are appreciated.]

A less frequently employed Escherichia coli strain W, yet possessing useful metabolic characteristics such as less acetic acid production and high L-valine tolerance, was metabolically engineered for the production of L-valine. The engineered E. coli W (ΔlacI Δ ilvA) strain overexpressing the ilvBNmut, ilvCED, ygaZH and lrp genes was able to produce an impressively high concentration of 60.7 g/L L-valine by fed-batch culture in 29.5 h, resulting in a high volumetric productivity of 2.06 g/L/h. The results obtained in this study suggest that E. coli W can be a good alternative to Corynebacterium glutamicum and E. coli K-12, which have so far been the most efficient L-valine producer. Furthermore, it is expected that various bioproducts including other amino acids might be more efficiently produced by this revisited platform strain of E. coli.[This work was supported by the Advenced Biomass R&D Center (ABC) of Korea Grant funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0029799). Further supports by the World Class University Program (R32-2008-000-10142-0) of the MEST were appreciated.]

Rodents respond to a chronic high fat diet (HFD) in two ways; some readily become obese (obesity-prone, OP), and others do not (obesity-resistant, OR). In the present study, 2-DE combined with MALDI-TOF-MS was carried out for identification of differentially expressed liver proteins in OP and OR rats fed a HFD, in an attempt to discover marker proteins involved in susceptibility and/or resistance to obesity in rat liver. 2-DE analysis demonstrated that 40 spots from 380 visualized spots were differentially regulated between the groups. Among these spots, 12 spots were differentially expressed proteins between OP and OR rats, reaching statistical significance. Of these, 5 proteins have already been linked to obesity; however, 7 proteins involved in obesity susceptibility or resistance were identified for the first time in this study. Combined results of proteomic analysis with Western blot analysis revealed that reduced lipogenesis and increased fat oxidation were achieved in the livers of obesity-resistant rats. In conclusion, this proteomic study is an important advance over the previous steps required for identification of OP and OR rats, and should prove valuable in the search for the pathogenesis of obesity in humans.

This study was carried out to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts from Myagropsis myagroides (MMEE) and Sargassum sagamianum (SSEE), brown seaweeds distributed along the coast of Korea. It was confirmed that the nitric oxide (NO) secretion was considerably diminished when 1-100 μg/mL of MMEE were added to LPS-induced murine macrophages. In addition, SSEE at 10-100 μg/mL abated the NO secretion. The TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β secretion of macrophages treated with MMEE and SSEE significantly decreased compared with the positive control. Especially, the lowest TNF-α and IL-6 sectetion were shown in macrophages treated with MMEE and SSEE at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, it was verified that MMEE and SSEE didn’ have toxicity in murin macrophages. In conclusion, it is considered that MMEE and SSEE can suppress inflammation by modulating NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β secretion.

Here we report the anti-proliferation effect of chitooligosaccharides (COS) in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. COS 1~3 kDa exhibited the highest anti-proliferative effects in HT-29 cells assessed by MTT and CCK-8 assays. Low molecular weight COS 1~3 kDa showed the highest anti cancer activity among all COS, resulting from apoptosis. Apoptosis was determined by cell morphology and electrophoresis of DNA fragmentations assays. Furthermore, COS 1~3 kDa induced a significant proliferative inhibition and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner on HT-29 cells. Treatment of cells with COS 1~3 kDa also induced the increase in caspase activity, PARP cleavage, and pro-apoptotic protein and the decrease in anti-apoptotic protein. In addition, inflammatory protein were down-regulated by COS 1~3 kDa. Hence, these results indicated that the potential inhibitory effect of COS 1~3 kDa against growth of HT-29 cells might be associated with induction of apoptosis through p53 and NF-κB dependent pathway.

Enzymatically depolymerized alginate oligomers have been reported to exhibit several bioactivities on the growth of plant roots, bifidobacteria, human cell and immune cells. Recently, several species of alginatedegrading microorganisms were found. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of marine microorganism isolated from Sargassum thunbergii and its alginate- degrading activity. In the result of 16S RNA sequence and physioligical profiling, the strain belonged to Vibrio crassostreae strain. The optimal temperature, pH and NaCl concentration for growth were found at 30℃, pH 9.0 and 2%, respectively. Alginate-degrading activities was measured at the different concentrations by using Vibrio crassostreae strain PKA 1002 under the optimal condition.

In this study, eight kinds of phenolic acid conjugated COSs were prepared by amide coupling reaction and conjugated onto COSs. The structures were confirmed by UV spectrum and 1H-NMR. The antioxidant properties of the Caffeic acid conjugated COS (CFA-COS) were evaluated using several in vitro models. CFA-COS, showed 81.6% scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 89.8% nitroxide scavenging activity at 400 μg/mL. CFA-COS was also showed higher reducing power compared to others. Furthermore, the results obtain from this study showed the double bond of cinnamic acid derivatives probably participates in stabilizing the radical by resonance. The electron withdrawing carboxylic group has been negative influence on the proton donating ability of the phenolic ring. In addition, the catechol structure substantially increased the antioxidant activity of the COS derivatives by two electron or hydrogen which were donated to free radical. Catechol was converted to quinon compounds by oxidation. Moreover, the increasing in methoxyl groups of phenolic ring structure substantially increased the electron or hydrogen donating activity of the compounds by further stabilizing the phenoxyl radicals. An overall view indicate that there had a aromatic substitution and the order effectiveness within class (benzoic and cinnamic) was 3,4-dihydroxyl (PTA and CFA) >3-hydroxyl-4,5- dimethoxy (SRA and SNA) >3-hydroxy-4-methoxy (VNA and FRA) >p-hydroxy (HBA, PCA). Furthermore, the CFA-COS also exhibited good cytocompatibility and effectively inhibited the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in time- and dose-dependent manner in Chang liver cells.

This study was to investigate the improvement of biological activities of Saposhnikovia divaricata through ultrasonification extraction process. Saposhnikovia divaricata was extracted at 60°C and 130 KHz for 30 min. The extraction yield was 26.1% (v/v) which was higher than that from convenational extraction using water at 100°C for 12 hours. All of extracts at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml showed relatively low cytotoxicity on human normal kidney cell (HEK293) in range of 15∼ｦ25%. The inhibition ratios of several cancer cell lines such as human lung cancer cell A549, human gastric cancer cell AGS and human hepatocarcinoma cell Hep3B were measured using the sulforhodamine-B assay. The ultrasonification extracts of Saposhnikovia divaricata showed the highest cancer cell (A549, AGS, Hep3B) growth inhibition ratio as 77.3%, 79,1% and 75.9%, respectively. The immune B and T cell growth was improved by the ultrasonification extracts of Saposhnikovia divaricata up to 1.2×104 cells/mL and 1.0×104 cells/mL, respectively. The extract prepared also greatly increased the secretion of both IL-6 and TNF-α from ultrasonification process. This results can conclude that ultrasonification process effectively released active biomaterials which could important role in enhancing immune activity in the body.

This study is aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Cordycepin-increased Cordyceps militaris(CM) strain on the triglyceride metabolism in orotic acid (OA)-fed rats was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=6) based on five dietary categories: Normal, OA control, OA plus Paecilomyces japonica (PJ)(3%,w/w), OA plus Cordyceps militaris (CM)(3%,w/w), OA plus Cordycepin- increased CM(3%,w/w). The activities of liver marker enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the levels of lipid peroxidation were increased when OA was treated but these parameters were significantly decreased by Cordycepin-increased CM. OA treatment exhibited decrease in serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and free fatty acids and these were also decreased by Cordycepin-increased CM. The current study observed significant elevations of the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels. However, among the OA, Cordycepin-increased CM was significantly lowered in the TBARS levels of hepatic homogenate. OA resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of plasma and hepatic glutathione, but these reductions were significantly increased by Cordycepin-increased CM. Accordingly, Cordycepin-increased CM bean ideal can did ate for the hepatoprotective effect in animal model.

The comparative activities of aqueous, ethanol, and methanol extracts from Thuja orientalis leaf(TOL) and fruit(TOF) were tested by in vitro experimental models of linoleic acid peroxidation by α,α‘diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. In addition, the bio-active materials (phenolic compounds, flavonoeds, fatty acid and minerals) were measured. Total polyphenolics displayed the highest content in TOL methanol extracts (16.02%) and the lowest content was TOF water extract (6.11%). The highest flavonoid content in methanol extracts was produced by TOL (0.25%) and the lowest was water extract of TOF (0.03%). Major mineral contents (mg%) of TOL and TOF were Ca by 986.67 and 1011.67, K by 68.83 and 120.23, Mg by 15.97 and 11.83, respectively. The highest free radical scavenging activity showed in methanol extract by 92.84% at 0.1% additional level from TOF and in ethanol extract by 73.37% at 0.1% additional level from TOF. Free radical scavenging activity was stronger in TOL than that TOF. In antioxidative activities determined by thiocyanate and TBA methods against lipid peroxidation using linoleic acid, methanol extracts from TOL showed the highest antioxidative activity at all treatment concentrations. These results may provide the basic data to understand the biological activities of bio-active materials derived from TOL and TOF.

Lithospermum erythrorhizon, medicinal herb has been used as foods and cosmetics colourings for many years. In this studies, L. erythrorhizon was extracted by microwave extraction processes at 1300 W and 120 ℃ for 5 minutes. Its antioxidant activities were compare to three extracts from other processes : water extraction for 24 hours at 100 ℃ and 60 ℃, and 70% ethyl alcohol extraction for 24 hours at 60 ℃. The total phenol content of the extract from microwave extraction was measured as 10.12 μg/㎖ｦ, compared to 8.21, 8.17, 7.74 μg/㎖from water extraction at 100 ℃ and 60 ℃, and 70% ethyl alcohol extraction at 60 ℃, respectively. The extract from microwave extraction effectively inhibited SOD-like activity to 16.56%, which was higher than 11.41%, 10.28% and 8.25% from water extraction at 100 ℃ and 60 ℃, and 70% ethyl alcohol extraction at 60 ℃, respectively. The extract from microwave process also showed the strong reducing power as 3.09% optical density, compared to 2.7% from 70% ethyl alcohol extraction at 60 ℃. From the results, microwave extraction processes could enhance antioxidant activities of L. erythrorhizon by increasing the extraction yields of total phenol contents by intensifying input power at short periods of time.

Ceramides consist of a long-chain or sphingoid base linked to a fatty acid via an amide bond. It is well known that ceramides play an essential role in water retention and epidermal permeability barrier function of the skin. We examined the effect of glucosyl-ceramide extracted from soybean on UV-induced skin wrinkle formation and water content of the skin. The hairless mice were exposed to UV irradiation to induce wrinkle formation and soy ceramide were administered orally at 20mg/kg/day, 50mg/kg/day and 200mg/kg/day for 10 weeks, respectively. Water content of the skin and the depth and length of the wrinkle of each group of mice were measured. On the measurement of water content in the mice skin, the soy ceramide diet was shown to increase the water content in the skin compared with UV irradiated control group. In the aspect of anti-wrinkle activity, the skin wrinkle was significantly reduced in soy ceramide-fed mice group compared with UV-irradiated mice group.

Lutein is presently produced from marigold. Its market is divided into food colorant, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and animal and fish feed. But mass culture of marigold need large land area and it is easily influenced by season and climate. Microalgae have received enormous interests as one of the most promising alternative source of lutein since they can be cultivated in bioreactors and thus are a continuous and reliable source of the product. In this study, one of the species of microalga, Chlorella vulgaris is used that can be a primary food source by providing high nutrition quality. Statistical optimization of growth media was performed for a higher concentration of lutein by C. vulgaris heterotrophically cultivated. The effect of media composition on the lutein concentration of C. vulgaris was examined using fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD). The results show that lutein productivity increased in lutein-optimized media. Although speculative, this result may prove the potential of C. vulgaris as a lutein source.

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a membrane phospholipid that plays the roles in modulation of membrane fluidity and improvement of brain function. In our previous work, we revealed that PS accelerated the recovery rate of trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) following barrier disruption. In this study, oral administration of PS was carried out to investigate the anti-wrinkle effect of soy-derived phosphatidylserine (PS) on the skin of UV-irradiated hairless mice (200mg/kg/day, 50mg/kg/day, 20mg/kg/day for 10 weeks respectively). On the measurement of water content in the mice skin, the soy PS diet was shown to increase the water content in the skin compared with UV irradiated control group. The skin thickness of UV-irradiated hairless mice was reduced in PS treatment group. In the aspect of anti-wrinkle activity, the skin wrinkle was significantly reduced in soy PS-fed mice group compared with UV-irradiated mice group.

In order to improve the quality of korea traditional rice wine, honey was used as the natural sweetener. First, quality of honey-rice wine was analyzed at the storage temperature 5, 15 and 28℃, respectively. The quality change was lowest at 5℃ but the degree of change was high. To prevent the quality changes, the honey-rice wine were partially sterilized to 0, 50 and 75%, respectively and analyzed for ethanol, sugar concentration (Brix), yeast counting and organic acid during 30 days at 10℃. As a result, the quality change was lowest in 75 % sterile rice wine and degree of change was lower than 0%.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of fermented Cham-Dang-Gui (Angelica gigas Nakai)(CDG) with Monascus purpureus strain on Orotic acid(OA)-induced fatty liver in rats. OA-feeding Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing Cham-Dang-Gui (Angelica gigas Nakai)(CDG) and Fermented CDG at the 5%(w/w) levels for 10 days. OA administration resulted in significantly increase in the activities of the liver marker enzymes, aspartate amino transferase(AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(γ-GTP), and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) relative to the normal rats. Administration of Fermented CDG markedly prevented OA-induced elevation of the activities of serum AST, γ-GTP and LDH, and the levels of blood and these reduced levels reached to that of the normal rats. Fermented CDG treatment improved the antioxidant status of OA-induced fatty liver, which is evaluated by the decreased levels of lipid peroxidative index and increased levels of antioxidant status in the liver and serum. OA treatment induced the marked accumulation of large lipid droplets and resulted in typical histopathology of OA-induced fatty liver, but Fermented CDG attenuated lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes. These results suggested that Fermented CDG prevents OA-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress, which is probably related to the reduction of hepatic marker enzymes activities and its antioxidant substance.

This study was performed to investigate the changes of amino acid in protein of korean traditional general Kanjang and chitosan added Kanjang according to different aging periods were analyzed quantitatively high performance liquid chromatography. The components of Kanjang. were analyzed at 0, 3, 6 months. The content of amino acid of aged Kanjang was significantly higher than that of initial stage Kanjang. Total content of amino acid chitosan added Kanjang much higher than those of general Kanjang. Glutamic acid was most abundant component amang the amino acid, followed by serine and Glycine. Essence amino acid was the highest chitosan added Kanjang according to different aging periods

There has been an increased interest in the use of vegetable oils due to low cost and large quantity production. Vegetable oils can be used as raw materials to prepare eco-friendly biodegradable polymer material. In this study, novel crosslinked polymer networks based on vegetable oils were prepared by UV photopolymerization and their mechanical properties were evaluated. The raw material used was acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO.) 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) was identified by the US Department of Energy as one of 12 priority chemicals for establishing the green chemistry industry of the future. It is often synthesized from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, which in turn can be obtained from D-fructose. In this study, 2,5-furan diacrylate was synthesized from 2,5-furan dimethanol, which can be derived from FDCA to use as crosslinking agent to form crosslinked polymer networks by UV-initiated free-radical polymerization with AESO. The synthesis of acrylate derivatives was confirmed using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The composition of reaction mixture (the ratio of AESO to crosslinking agent) and the type of crosslinking agent (monoacrylate and diacrylate) were changed to obtain crosslinked polymer networks with various mechanical properties.

Three mold strains, Aspergillus oryzae (AOFAG), Aspergillus kawachii (AKFAG), and Monascus purpureus (MPFAG) used for fermentation of Angelica gigas Nakai powder. The contents of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, minerals, decursin and decursinol angelate and the activities of DPPH (α,α'-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging, reducing power, and tyrosinase in non-fermented (NFAG) or fermented Angelica gigas extract were examined. The highest concentrations of phenolic compound and flavonoid were NFAG by 2.78% and MPFAG by1.18%, respectively. Major minerals were K, Mg, Fe, Na and Ca. Decursin and decursinol angelate were the major ingredients of Angelica gigas by HPLC analysis. The highest area of decursin and decursinol angelate showed in AKFAG by 44,696 and MPFAG by 20,934, respectively. Decursin area was higher in all fermented Angelica gigas than in NFAG. The activities of free radical scavenging and tyrosinase were stronger in all fermented Angelica gigas than NFAG. But the Fe/Cu reducing powers were stronger in NFAG than all fermented Angelica gigas. Overall, theseresults may provide the basic data to understand the biological activities and chemical characteristics of Angelica gigas fermented by mold for development of functional foods.

The exo-polysaccharides isolated from liquid culture broth of Cordyceps militaris have been known to have anti-tumor, immune modulatory, and anti-oxidative activation. Activated macrophages such as the cell viability, phagocytic uptake, release of toxic molecules including nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. To address whether exo-polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris can modulate splenocyte proliferation and functional activation of macrophages, various cellular activities of macrophages (such as ROS generation, and NO production) were studied. In this study, we examined immunostimulatory potency in immune responses of macrophages and splenocyte using exo-polysaccharides prepared from liquid culture of Cordyceps militaris.

We improved crude rice wine (markolli) with various grain and fruit that the alcohol for crude rice wine with Yulmu (adlay or Job's tears) was produced 15.1±0.7% under condition steamed rice 80%, steamed Yulmu 20%, improved traditional nuruk (Hankook Enzyme Co.) for raw materials 0.2%, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 0.07%, at 25℃ during 10 days. It was prepared Yulmu for adding grain which was pressed with roller. Also, It was carried out produce crude rice wine with syrup of cactus (Opuntia humifusa; Cheonneoncho) fruit. The alcohol for crude rice wine with Cheonneoncho syrup was produced 17.3±0.6% under condition steamed rice 80%, Cheonneoncho syrup 20%, Ipkook (Korean Koji) and improved traditional nuruk for raw materials 0.2%, yeast 0.05%, at 25℃ during 10 days. Cheonneoncho syrup was added for carbon material because it doesn't use fruit as material of fresh markolli. We have been making not only crude rice wine but also promoting Korean traditional alcoholic beverages in order to consume surplus rice. We should try to solve technical challenges for future prospects of the Korean traditional alcoholic beverages in the fields of manufacturing methods (microbial fermentation), alternative sweeteners, conservation methods, hygienic conditions andexpert training.

This study evaluated the anti-allergic effect of low molecular weight β -glucan degraded by gamma irradiation. β-Glucan was irradiated at dose of 50 kGy to reduced the molecular weight and it’ molecular weight was decreased from 178 kDa to 25 kDa. Allergy was induced after administration of gamma-irradiated low molecular weight and non-irradiated high molecular weight β-glucan for 7 days. After 7 days, the mice treated with low molecular weight β-glucan had a significantly decreased the total serum IgE and the ovalbumin specific-IgE levels, and significantly increased Th 1 cytokine (IFN-γ) expression compared to only allergy induced mice, but those treated with high molecular weight β-glucan were not significantly different. The allergic responses could be reduced by low molecular weight β-glucan treated gammairradiation through the increased expression of Th 1 response and decreased expression of total IgE and antigen specific IgE.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been extensively used as an implant material because of its similarity with human bone composition and its ability to form a strong bond to the human hard tissue. Silver (Ag) and Ag-containing compounds are highly antimicrobial activity to 16 kinds of bacteria. The antibiotic effect of Ag draws much attention because of the low toxicity of the active Ag ion to human cells. We studied the antimicrobial effects of Ag coated HA nanofibers. Dimethylformamide (DMF) solution having polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and sonicated HA was used for the preparation of nanofibers by electrospinning. Ag coated nanofibers were prepared by two ways. The mixture of Ag, PAN, and HA was electrospinned or nanofibers were soaked into Ag solution. The antimicrobial effects of nanofibers against E coli, K pneumoniae (Gram-negative) and S aureus (Gram-positive) were investigated by paper disc or shaking flask method. Nanofibers containing HA and Ag coated nanofibers exhibited high antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive both. Our results indicated that HA containing fibers might be a promising antimicrobial biomaterial.

Carbon tetrachloride (CC14) is a xenobiotic producing hepatotoxicity in human beings and animals. The protective effects of Stauntonia hexaphylla (S. hexaphylla) on carbon tetrachloride (CC14)-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated in mice. Pretreatment with an aqueous extracts from fruits of S. hexaphylla (AEFSH) prior to the administration of CC14 significantly prevented the increased serum enzymatic activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde formation and the depletion of reduced glutathione content by pretreatment with AEFSH were also significantly inhibited in the liver of CC14-intoxicated mice. However, hepatic reduced glutathione levels and glutathione-S-transferase activities were not affected by treatment with AEFSH alone. CC14-induced hepatotoxicity was essentially prevented, as indicated by a liver histopathologic study. The effects of S. hexaphylla on the cytochrome P450 (P450) 2E1, the major isozyme involved in CC14 bioactivation were also investigated. Treatment of mice with AEFSH resulted in a significant decrease of P450 2E1-dependent p-nitrophenol and aniline hydroxylation in a dose-dependent manner. Results in this study suggest that the protective effects of SH against CC14-induced hepatotoxicity will be involved in mechanisms related to its ability to block P450-mediated CC14 bioactivation and free radical scavenging effects.

Stauntonia hexaphylla (S. hexaphylla) is native plants which are grown in the southern districts in korea. It has been used in Chinese folk medicine as an analgesic, sedative, diuretic, etc. This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effects of S. hexaphylla. For this purpose, S. hexaphylla was extracted by hot water (SHH). To determine the antioxidant activity of extract, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and superoxide scavenging was examined. Also the lipid peoxidation of the extracts was determined by TBAR using a malondialdehyde (MDA). These results showed S. hexaphylla showed a strong inhibitory power on lipid peroxidation, with significant scavenging activities of radicals including singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, and DPPH. We also found that S. hexaphylla significantly suppressed H2O2-induced ROS production in cells. As a result this extract scavenged intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DPPH radical, and prevented lipid peroxidation. Therefore, S. hexaphylla deserve further study as natural antioxidants and nutraceutical

Inflammation is a complex process regulated by a cascade of cytokines, growth factors, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins produced by activated macrophages. Activated macrophages play an important role in inflammatory disease via production of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and other imflammatory medicators such as NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In this study, we investigated the effect of water extract from Stauntonia hexaphylla (S. hexaphylla) and its various fractions for anti-oxidative activity and anti-imflammatory. The fruit of S. hexaphylla was extracted with water, and the concentrated extract was partitioned with hexane, chloroform (CHCl3), ethylacetate (EtOAc), n-Butanol (n-BuOH) and H2O, successively. All of the extract and fractions on 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity were strong. Moreover, the inhibitory effect on the productions of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells was tested to evaluate anti-inflammatory potential. Cell viability, as measured by the MTT assay, showed an increase in RAW 264.7 cells pretreated with S. hexaphylla. These results indicate that S. hexaphylla has protective activities against oxidantive damage induced by free radicals. Also it could be considered as a useful functional material in the prevention of inflammatory.