Earticle

본 논문은 한국의 일본어 교육의 역사와 일본어의 자리매김, 나아가서는 일본의 사 회언어학과의 만남에 대해서 기술한다. 그리고 한국의 사회언어학과 일본의 사회언어학 이 어떤 분야에서 어떻게 연구되어 왔는가. 또한 금후의 전개로서 어떠한 방향을 지향 하면 좋을 것인가에 대해서 분석한다. 끝으로 조사의 의의와 조사에서 얻어진 결과의 자리매김, 그리고 위기에 처한 현재의 한국의 일본어교육의 현상을 규명하기 위한 조사 의 필요성에 대해 몇몇 제언한다.

This study explores the history of Japanese education in Korea, establishment of Japanese language, and sociolinguistics in Japan in retrospect. Also, how the sociolinguistics in Korea and Japan has been studied, the related fields, and ideal directions were analyzed. Finally, the current Japanese education in Korea, a recent sensational subject, was examined.

This study focused on a total of 26 papers on Korean-Japanese comparative sociolinguistics related to complaint situations, and research trends were reviewed in respect to [① trends in the number of papers by age ② data type ③ characteristics of the informants ④ analysis data and ⑤ research results]. Based on the results, the following tasks were presented from the viewpoint of intercultural communication education. (1)There is a need to increase the validity and reliability of research results: ① Since research methods are concentrated on DCT, diversify data collection methods using new forms of communication such as social media or web reviews, or the multimedia corpus.② Since the informants are concentrated in college (graduate) students, it is necessary to increase the validity and reliability of the research results by increasing the number of surveys targeting members of society. ③ Data of Japanese learners, such as learning level and learning environment, should be considered as variables from the collection stage. (2)The complaint situation needs to be reconsidered as a whole and continuous flow, including the four steps of [① complaint occurrence ② complaint behavior ③ response to complaint and ④ relationship recovery] (3)In order to clarify the communication mechanism of complaint situations, it is necessary to organically diversify the strategic analysis items by introducing evaluation. Based on these results, it is also an important task to establish a database that can be used in the field of intercultural communication education.

本研究では、不満表明に関わる韓日の対照社会言語学研究(計26本の学術論文)を考察の対象とし、①論文数の年代別の推移、②データの種類、③調査協力者の特徴、④分析項目、⑤研究成果、という側面から研究動向を探った。その動向を踏まえ、異文化間コミュニケーション教育の観点から今後取り組むべき課題を次のように提案した。 (1)考察データの良質化：①調査方法がDCTに偏っているため、マルチメディア・コーパスを考察データとしたり、SNSやWeb上の口コミサイトなどの新たなコミュニケーション上の不満表明を考察データとしたりしてデータの収集方法を多様化すること、②調査協力者が大学(院)生に偏っているため、社会人を対象とした調査を増やすこと、③韓国人日本語学習者のデータは、収集の段階から学習レベルや学習環境を変数として捉えること、各々が必要である。 (2)不満表明状況の捉え直し：不満表明状況は、①不満の成立、②不満表明、③不満表明に対する返答、④関係修復、という四つの段階を含め、行動を全体的、且つ、連続的な流れの中から捉え直す必要がある。 (3)受け手の評価を取り入れた分析項目の有機的な多様化：不満表明状況のコミュニケーションメカニズムを究明するためには、受け手の評価の観点を取り入れ、ストラテジー中心の分析項目を有機的に多様化することが必要である。 上記の成果を踏まえて異文化間コミュニケーション教育の現場で活用できるデータベースを構築し、今回触れられなかった研究成果も視野に入れ、不満表明状況の特徴を新たな角度から客観的・体系的に解明することも今後求められるであろう。

In this study, we utilized the historical text morphological analysis tool ‘UTagger-Hunminjeongeum TCM’ to conduct a morphological corpus analysis of The Letters Excavated from the Tomb of the Suncheon Kim Clan. Based on this corpus, we examined the characteristics and trends of gendered language in male and female letters using quantitative methods. Chapter 2 explores indicators for the quantitative analysis of historical texts, dividing them into grammatical and lexical characteristics. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the structure of ‘UTagger-Hunminjeongeum TCM,’ the preprocessing steps for tagged data, and the data extraction and analysis process. Chapter 4 examines the patterns and characteristics of male and female letters based on the extracted data. Through this process, we identified gender-based linguistic preferences within linguistic indicators observed in the morphological analysis corpus of The Letters Excavated from the Tomb of the Suncheon Kim Clan.

Digital tools are everywhere: they occupy a great part of our day even all of it, whoever we are and wherever we are. At the end of 2016, we will reach the number of 3.5 billions of Internet users worldwide, including 48 millions in France. The French people have never used so many digital devices and one of the most common uses is the digital communication. This digital communication is pluri-semiotic: it’s done by voice, by image and by writing. This kind of numerical writing is what we are interested in this article. We will explain what these kind of writers produce with it: - A variety of handwriting composed of “écrilectes” (Laroussi & Liénard, 2013; Liénard, 2014a); - “Technological discursive traces” (Paveau, 2013) being all of them a sort of identity marks (Bevilacqua, 2016); - Or a handwriting variation from a particular language, sometimes, "among other languages" (Laroussi & Liénard, 2008, Liénard, 2014b). This last aspect, in particular, it will lead us to focus our interest in the numerical writing of multilingual writers. Based on Jim Cummins’ works (1984, 2000), we will try to describe the Mahoran’s literacy skills who write this type of language nowadays, and write the languages of Mayotte in the digital networks.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a preliminary examination into the sociocultural connotations of a distinctive address(or reference) term in Korean. Studying the terms of address embedded in a society reveal social relationships between speaker and addressee explicitly or implicitly. Ajumma is one of address terms, which is commonly used to address/refer to married women in Korea; yet it has negative connotations against women. In order to explore the Korean society through language practices, I conducted a group interview of young married women living in a small U.S town and tried to examine their attitudes toward ajumma. The analysis showed that the predominant perception on ajumma found in mainstream Korea remained the same in this community. However, ajumma seemed to be also functioning as young married women's solidarity and intimacy. This paper provides language users with the opportunity to reexamine and reflect their language practices through the address term, ajumma.

This study aims to analyze the Korean greeting expressions in daily life in Korea. In particular, this study focuses on meeting situations and departing situations in daily conversations among Korean people. In general, the communication between humans includes verbal communication and nonverbal communication. This study considers sociolinguistic features in each type based on generation and gender differences. Although general trend could be identified through the analysis or real conversation situations, more research can be necessary to find additional features of korean greeting expressions in special situations.

本研究は、日本語の人称代名詞の変遷について、社会言語学的な観点から考察し たものである。中世日本語の場合は、「われ」一つであったのが、近世に入ると数多 くの人称代名詞が使用されるようになった。近代の明治初期にはまだ江戸語の影響が 残っているが、明治30年代になると、現代日本語の人称代名詞の体系とほぼ同じであ ることが分かった。 人称代名詞の変遷には、社会階層の観点から見ると、下層階級の人たちが使って いたものは、衰退したと言える。また、性差から見ると男性の場合、人称代名詞はバ ラエティーに富んでいるが、女性は近代以降、とりわけ明治30年代以降は待遇価値の 高い人称代名詞の方に簡素化されていった。そして、「わたくし」「わたし」(男女) 「ぼく」「おれ」（男）が明治期の一人称代名詞の根幹を形成し、現代に続いている と言えよう。二人称代名詞の場合、明治期に「あなた」「おまへ」（男女）「きみ」 （男）が主となり、「おまへさん」「おめえ」などは廃れてしまう。 以上、考察の結果から日本語の人称代名詞の大きな変化の転換期は、近代日本語 の明治期であったと考えることができると共に役割語度の高い人称代名詞及び下層階 級の人称代名詞などは使用領域が次第に減少していたことが分かった。

The major goal of this study is to suggest some possible classroom activities for Korean primary school teachers of English in both pre-service and in-service programs in order to enhance their students’ English proficiency levels. The underlying assumption and belief of this article for foreign language classroom activities is that language is a part of culture, that understanding cultural connotations in the target language is a crucial factor required for successful cross-cultural communication, and that such understanding can be best achieved through sufficient exposure to the target language culture, involving optimal interactions with native speakers. The classroom activities suggested in this article are: 1) watching video: soap opera, 2) internet surfing, 3) book reading, 4) having a native speaker’s lecture, and 5) sharing one’s travel experiences in the target language culture. With regards to these activities, this study suggests very detailed effective instructional techniques and materials to use in teaching cultural connotations found in the target language, providing some examples for Korean teachers of English in the use of authentic materials in their English classrooms, which have been designed for native speakers in real situations.

The study attempts to investigate a relatively unexplored area in translation with specific reference to the dynamics between translation and gender as a sociolinguistic concept. The first part of the study is devoted to presenting a brief theoretical survey of main issues raised with regard to the relationships gender holds as a sociolinguistic variable. The second part of the study attempts to further explore the theme through an empirical model of research. A brief set of research tasks were constructed in such a manner that a given translator has to make a potentially gender-sensitive reconstruction of meaning in what are called ‘subjective’ and ‘objective’ response areas. The results regarding the subjective response area indicated that male respondents showed a consistently greater tendency to adopt gender-marked translations as opposed to their female counterparts. The results regarding the objective and more conscious response area, on the other hand, indicated that many of the male respondents who previously made more intuitive choices of gender-marked translations, in fact, shifted toward gender-unmarked translations. It is concluded that the identity and value systems of a translator seem to have a significant implication on the process of reconstructing meaning in translation.

Research on sociolinguistics continues to flourish in the world. There are differences and similarities between Japanese and Korean studies, which influence each other. There are two tendencies in the trends of sociolinguistics: variation and discourse. In this paper, sociolinguistic research topics are positioned in four fields of sociolinguistics. The first field is linguistic relativity, and the second field is description of language variation (languages, dialects, group language, honorifics, etc.). The third field is the description of language performance, which deals with the arrangement of words. The fourth field deals with the performance of language variation. The order from the first field to the fourth field coincides with the historical development of theories over the last 100 years. Based on these four fields, I survey Japanese research and relate it with Korean research. It can be read that Japan and Korea have developed their researches in accordance with the social conditions in their respective countries. This made it possible to see the potential for future development. It is necessary to collect a large amount of data and construct a corpus and publish it. In addition, research combining two major trends in sociolinguistics, variation and discourse is desired, and the future of the fourth field is promising. Theories/methodologies/ research techniques and research target languages can be viewed separately at different levels. Research on Japanese can be applied to other languages as well, which will bring about theoretical development.

社会言語学の研究は世界で隆盛を続けている。日本と韓国の研究には相違点も共通点もあり、相互に影響を及ぼしている。社会言語学の流れには変異と談話の2傾向がある。本稿では、社会言語学的研究テーマを、社会言語学の4分野として位置づける。第1分野は言語相対性理論で、第2分野は言語変種(言語、方言、集団語、敬語など)の記述である。第3分野は言語運用の記述で，ことばの並べ方を扱う。第4分野は，言語変種の運用を扱う。第1分野から第4分野への順番は、ここ100年の学説史的発展とも一致する。この4分野によって、日本の研究を展望し、韓国の研究と関連付けた。日韓は、それぞれの国の社会状況に応じて、研究を展開したことが読み取れた。これにより、将来の発展可能性が見えた。大量データを集めてコーパスを構築公開することが必要である。また社会言語学の2大潮流、変異と談話を組み合わせた研究が望まれ、第4分野の将来が期待される。理論・方法論・研究技法と研究対象言語は、別レベルで、切り離してとらえうる。日本語についての研究は、他の言語にも適用可能で、それにより理論的発展が実現される。

本稿は、日本語の敬語運用において上下関係とウチソト関係という要素について、それらを取り巻く問題点を敬語 運用との関連で考察したものである。特に、「上下関係」については韓国語の敬語にみられる「圧尊法」という現象 から、その運用上の問題などに焦点を当てて両言語の比較を行うといった対照社会言語学の観点から考察してみた。そ の結果、両言語共に話題の人物と話し相手との序列関係において「話題の上位者を高めてはいけない」といった敬語 法の存在、また、その運用や変化の動向など酷似する点が多いが、しかし敬語を使う主体（話し手）の意識の面にお いて両者はかなり異なることが明らかになった。 次に、「ウチ․ソト」については、日本人のウチとソトに対する区別意識の曖昧さ、そして敬語運用の面において社会の さまざまな集団による相違や個人差などを指摘した上、ウチとソトを認知する日本人のタイプを＜社会規範依存型＞＜主 観依存型＞に大別して結論づけている。

본 논문은 언어적 차이로 사람을 차별 짓게 하고, 소문과 유언비어의 메커니즘을 통 해 관동대지진을 이해하고자 하였다. 그리고 전후 대지진 발생 직후 펼쳐진 다문화 공 생 속 변화된 사회 분위기에 대해 설명하였다. 본 연구에서는 조선인 학살이라는 부분에 초점을 맞추는 것은 아니다. 대지진과 같 은 재해나 재난 시에 발생하는 언어적 차별에 대해 언급하고자 한다. 특히 외국인을 포 함한 소수자(小數者)의 불합리적 대우에 대해 언급하고자 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 언어적 차별의 입장에서 관동대지진에 대해 살펴보고, 차별과 갈등을 유발하는 요소는 다름이 아니라 언어에 기인하기 때문임을 밝히고자 하였다. 이번 연구를 통해 알 수 있 었던 것은 긴박한 상황일수록 언어적 차별은 국적을 불문한다는 점이다. 관동대지진 직 후 확산된 악의적 소문은 언어적 차이를 통해 조선인과 일본인을 구별하였다. 그렇게 차별한 결과 대부분 피해는 물론 조선인이 입었지만 그럼에도 불구하고 일본 국적의 불특정 다수, 다시 말해 소수자이면서 지역 출신자들도 함께 피해를 입었다는 것을 확 인할 수 있었다. 현재는 일본에서 재난 시 외국인과의 언어적 의사소통에 어느 정도 불편함은 존재하 지만, 그것이 차별로 이어지지 않는다. 관동대지진이 민족을 구분해가면서 언어로 차별 을 종용했다면, 전후 일어난 재해 상황 속에서는 차별보다는 공생의 기조가 눈에 띄게 나타나고 있음을 두 번의 대지진 직후의 변화된 모습을 통해 확인할 수 있었다.

The current paper attempted to differentiate people based on linguistic differences and to understand the Kanto Great Earthquake from rumors. This study also explains the changed social atmosphere in multicultural symbiosis that unfolded immediately after the great postwar earthquake. This study does not focus on the massacre of the Koreans. It is worth to mention the linguistic discrimination which occurred during the great earthquake disaster, especially the unreasonable treatment of minorities, including the foreigners. Therefore, this study attempted to examine the position of the linguistic discrimination during the Kanto Great Earthquake, and to clarify that the factors that caused the discrimination and conflict were not due to language. Results revealed that the more urgent the situation is, the more was the linguistic discrimination regardless of nationality. The malicious rumors that spread immediately after the Kanto Great Earthquake distinguished the Koreans and Japanese through linguistic differences. As a result of such discrimination, it was confirmed that most of the damages were suffered by the Josenjins, but nevertheless, an unspecified number of Japanese nationals, i.e. the minorities and people from that region also suffered the damage. Currently, certain inconveniences are present in verbal communication with foreigners in the event of a disaster in Japan, but that did not lead to any discrimination. If the Kanto Great Earthquake urged discrimination with language while separating ethnic groups, it could be confirmed through the changes immediately after the two great earthquakes that the trend of symbiosis rather than discrimination was noticeable in the disaster situation that occurred after World War II

The goal of this study is to make educational materials about various usage of the terms of address on the relatives for Korean learners. Until now, the terms of address on the relatives have been provided as the educational contents such as typical type and the various usage, but these are only focused on the illustration and contexts. Therefore Korean learners have to understand about sociolinguistic background to understand the intention that the speaker controls psychological distance. Therefore we extracted sentences that include the terms of address on the relatives from Sejong Colloquial and Semi Colloquial Corpus, classifying by the sociolinguistic facts. The six sociolinguistic facts are age, the status of family, social status, sex, identity of the listener, and the formality of the situation. After analyzing materials, we concluded that identity and age of the listeners are the most important factors among these. In addition, we categorized the type of relation between speaker and listener, and described briefly the psychic distance intended by the speaker that uses the terms of address. This study would be useful to establish educational contents for Korean learners to understand sociolinguistic factors, involved in various usage of the terms of address on the relatives.

This paper aims to examine the meaning of gender of various issues in Korean society through word embedding which is a way of expressing distributional semantics, the meaning of language from a large volume of text data. Gender is a form of sociality and refers to the general characteristics that are specified and distinguished by the words male and female. As the technical expression of ‘sociality’ implies, the gender of women and men has changed and the meaning has been related to the characteristics and changes of human groups in society, and it is expressed linguistically. Many sociolinguistic or gender related language studies have investigated the linguistic characteristics of each gender with the utterance of mainly female and male speakers. This is a sociolinguistic variable that explains the difference in the way women and men express their language. On the other hand, the character and meaning of gender can be revealed according to what linguistic expressions are used, when describing woman or man. And the linguistic medium that most reveals various works of human society is newspaper data. Therefore, this article aims to show the change of linguistic aspects which describe and express the events of women and men in news corpus, rather than linguistic variables of women speakers and men speakers.

언어와 개인의 관계는 사회와 개인의 관계로 이해할 수 있다. 언어의 변이를 가능하게 하는 여러 변수들 중에는 사회적 신분, 소속 민족, 연 령, 직업 등도 있지만 성별 역시 간과할 수 없다. 그렇다면 문화의 거 울이라 할 수 있는 언어에는 여성의 어떤 이미지가 담겨 있을까? 여성 의 사회적 지위는 어느 정도 반영할까? 언어는 사회적 현실의 반영이면 서 동시에 그 차별은 언어적으로 수행된다. 언어는 사회적 구조와 문화 적 가치의 반영상이며 신념, 견해, 편견 등의 전달수단이기도 하다. 그 러므로 언어는 사회의 의식변화를 반영하고 유도하는 효과적인 수단이 라 할 수 있다. 건강한 언어는 정치적, 사회적, 문화적인 새로운 현상과 가치전도에 부응해야 하는 것이다. 역으로 사회적 변화는 언어에서도 반영될 수 있어야 한다. 언어의 쓰임과 그 사회문화적 배경을 고찰하는 것은 한 언어공동체의 과거와 현재, 미래를 고찰하는 것과 마찬가지이 며 이는 곧 해당 공동체의 언어적 개념에 드러난 정신구조를 연구하는 핵심이 된다. 따라서 이러한 연구는 한 집단의 본질 (идентичность)을 고찰할 수 있게 한다. 본고에서는 성 차이에서 기인하는 언어의 비대칭적 사용을 공시적·통 시적 자료를 통해 분석함으로써 러시아 사회의 ‘여성’에 대한 과거와 현재의 세계상을 정의하고자 한다.

The relationship between language and person can be understood as a relationship between society and individual. Among the variables that enable language variation are social identity, ethnic group, age, occupation, etc., but gender can not be overlooked either. Then, what image of a woman is contained in a language that can be called a mirror of culture? How much do women’s social status reflect? Language is both a reflection of social reality and its discrimination is performed verbally. Language is a semi-image of social structure and cultural value, and is also a means of conveying beliefs, views, and prejudices. Therefore, language is an effective means of reflecting and inducing changes in society’s consciousness. Healthy language must respond to new political, social and cultural phenomena and value evangelism. Conversely, social change must be reflected in language. Considering the use of language and its social and cultural background is like examining the past, present, and future of a language community, and this is the key to studying the mental structure revealed by the language concept of the community. Therefore, this study makes it possible to consider the identity of a group. In this paper, we try to define the past and present world image of ‘woman’ in Russian society by analyzing the asymmetric use of language caused by gender difference through the data of both the official and the transcript.

This study is aimed at reviewing, considering domestic and foreign research trends of cultural education by quantitative methods, at the same time figuring out detailed research tools and their application methods. Previous studies show that with exception of an experimental research method, most research methods have been used in quantitative research. In other words they have used quantitative research methods such as survey research, developmental research, correlation research, comparative research. causal-comparative research. These cultural education researches can be categorized into four standpoints, cognitive psychology, sociolinguistics, intercultural communication. And each case is subdivided into perspectives as cross-cultural psychology, cross-cultural/intercultural pragmatics, cultural literacy, intercultural communication competence assessment, multicultural curriculum, intercultural learning & teaching, classroom management Specifically previous studies on cultural education have been made of ways like questionnaire, rubric, inventory, discourse analysis, corpus analysis.

Kim, Young-sook. “A Study on Translation of English Social Dialects into Korean.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 40.3 (2014): 97-116. This study aims to interpret social dialects in English literary works and look for a method of translating them into Korean from the perspective of sociolinguistics. Many Victorian writers intentionally employed social dialects to imply the social and educational background of characters in their novels. For this reason when analyzing their works, it is necessary to identify and understand the dialects in the text. Furthermore, when translating their works, those dialects should be reflected into the target language with care. As translating is the process of decoding signs in the source text and then encoding the decoded signs into the target text, this study firstly identifies specific dialects in the source text and understands their function and meaning. Secondly, the existing translated works are inspected to figure out how those English social dialects were decoded and encoded into Korean. Lastly, this study tries to propose a new translation method utilizing Korean social dialects for the translation of English social dialects and then examines its practicability. (Ulsan University)

In both the Japanese and the South Korean workplace, individuals are addressed by their professional title, their full name or their family name with the addition of an honorific suffix (‐san, ‐kun or ‐chan in Japanese and ‐ssi,‐nim or ‐yang in Korean). In some cases the foreign language honorific prefix (Miss, Mr or Mrs) is also used. The most outstanding difference between the use of Japanese and South Korean honorifics in the work place, is the use of sibling titles. In some cases the use of older brother (hyeong) and older sister (eonmi) can be observed in the South Korean workplace, whereas the use of sibling titles is never seen in the Japanese workplace. One wonders whether the use of sibling titles will continue to be used or disappear for use. I am interested in investigating this theme in more detail.

職場呼称として用いられている呼称の中には、｢職階名｣や｢姓・名｣を用いて呼称したり、または、日本語の｢~サン｣、｢~クン｣、｢~チャン｣、韓国語の｢~ssi｣、｢~nim｣、｢~yang｣のような呼称接尾辞を用いる形式は両言語に共通して見られる現象である。そして、外来語の｢Miss.・Mr.・Mrs.｣を用いて呼びかけるなどの諸特徴が見られた。諸現象の中で、日韓両言語の職場呼称の相違点として最も目立つ点は、親族語呼称の使用の有無であろう。日本の職場では全く見られなかった｢hyeong｣、｢eonni｣のような親族語呼称が韓国の職場ではわずかではあるが現れた。このような職場での親族語呼称の使用が、今後、一般的傾向として安定するのか、あるいは消滅していくのかが気になる。今後の課題にしたい。

By observing and analysing what the teaching staff (including schoolteachers in high schools and professors in colleges) in Korea and Japan expect themselves to be called and what they actually are called both in and outside the workplace, this study attempts to predict how the use of the word ‘sunsengnim(선생님,teacher)’ in Korean and ‘sensei(先生, teacher)’ in Japanese will change in the future. According to the result of a questionnaire survey and interview data, all the teaching staff in Korean high schools and colleges are called as ‘sunsengnim’ at work. On the other hand, teachers in Japan are called either ‘sensei’ or ‘～san(さん)’ in their schools. And ‘～san’ tends to be used more frequently among their colleagues or students in more intimate relationship. The data also show teachers' preference for the word ‘sunsengnim’ or ‘sensei’ in Korean and Japanese society. While almost 100% of the Korean teaching staff expect to be called as ‘sunsengnim’ at the workplace, approximately 50% of the Japanese teachers actually do not prefer to be called as ‘sensei' even at work. Moreover, a considerable number of Korean schoolteachers and college teaching staff prefer to be called as ‘sunsengnim’ outside the workplace, whereas almost all the Japanese teachers do not like to be called as ‘sensei’ outside the schools. The result provided in this study is noticeably contrastive with the previous research done by Yoshida (1990) or Watanabe (1998). One possible prediction to make, therefore, is that ‘～san’, instead of ‘sensei’, will be more frequently and commonly used for the teaching staff in Japan, while ‘sunsengnim’ will be used for teachers for a longer time in Korea.