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본고는 한ㆍ중 신문 기사 병렬말뭉치를 이용하여 한국어 연결어미 ‘-도록’의 각 의미 범주 에 대응되는 중국어 표현을 분석하였다. 선행 연구에서는 ‘-도록’의 의미로 [도급], [정도], [목적]을 제시하고 있지만 실제 말뭉치를 분석한 결과 대부분의 ‘-도록’은 [목적]의 의미로 사용되고 있었고 [도급]과 [정도]의 ‘-도록’ 의 사용은 아주 드물게 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. [도급]의 ‘-도록’은 흔히 시간적 범위를 나타내는 중국어 표현과 대응 관계를 이루며, [정 도]의 ‘-도록’은 구조조사에 대응될 수 있다. 또한 실제 말뭉치 분석 결과 [목적]의 ‘-도록’은 그 구문의 특성에 따라 다양한 중국어 표현과 대응 관계를 이루고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫째, ‘-도록’ 보문과 상위문의 행위의 주체가 일치하는 경우 주로 중국어의 목적을 나타내는 표현에 대응되고, 둘째, ‘-도록’ 보문과 상위문의 행위의 주체가 일치하지 않는 경우 그 주체 를 나타내는 ‘목적+사동’의 구조 표현이나 단순한 사동 표현, 혹은 그 주체의 행위를 규정함을 나타내는 표현에 빈번하게 대응되며, 셋째, ‘-도록 하-/만들-’의 구조로 나타나며 ‘-도록’ 보 문의 행위의 주체가 따로 제시되는 경우 그 주체를 나타내는 피․사동 표현이나 그 주체의 행위를 규정함을 나타내는 표현에 대응된다.

This paper analyzed Chinese expressions corresponding to each semantic category of the Korean connective ending with ‘-dorok’ using parallel corpus of Korean-Chinese newspaper articles. The ‘-dorok’ of [unitl] is often correlated with the Chinese expression representing the temporal range, and the ‘-dorok’ of [degree] can correspond to the structural particles. In addition, as a result of the corpus analysis, it was confirmed that the ‘-dorok’ of [purpose] had a corresponding relationship with various Chinese expressions according to the characteristics of the syntax. First, when the subject of the actions of the antecedent clause and the following clause coincide, it mainly corresponds to the expression indicating the purpose of Chinese. Second, when the subject of the action of the antecedent and following clauses does not coincide, it frequently corresponds to the structural expression of the ‘purpose+causation’, or the simple expression of the causation, or the expression that defines the behavior of the subject. Third, when it appears in the structure of ‘-dorok ha-/mandeul-’, it corresponds to causative and passive expressions or the expression that defines the subject's behavior.

한국어 ‘-는데’의 중국어 대응 양상을 연구하기 위해서 <한국어 사전> 4종, <한중 사전> 7종, <한국어 문법서> 6종, 연구논문 11편을 비교하였다. 한국어 사전에서 ‘-는데’의 의미는1～4개, 연구 논문에서는 2～7개 의미를 정의하고 있다. 본고에서는 ‘-는데’의 의미를 ‘[대립], [배경], [양보], [전환], [이유]’ 등의 5가지 의미로 구분하여 검토하였다. 한국어 연결어미 ‘-는데’의 의미 양상을 연구하기 위해서 한국 소설 <고래>와 <빛의 제국>을 선정하였고, 중국어 번역본 <鲸>과 <光之帝国>을 통해서 중국어 대응 양상을 살펴보았다. 두 권의 한국 소설에서 ‘-는데’는 101개가 나타났는데, 중국어 번역판에서 생략형 83 개, 대응형 18개로 조사되었다. 한국어 ‘-는데’의 중국어 대응형 중에서 [대립]은 ‘然而(3), 而 (2), 可是(1)’, [배경]은 ‘～时候(1)’, [양보]는 ‘還(4)’, [전환]은 ‘不过(1), 只是(1), 却(5)’ 등이유표적 형태이고, [이유]의 대응형은 확인되지 않았다. 한국 문학작품과 그 번역본을 살펴본 결과 사전적 뜻풀이 이외에 소설 텍스트에 등장하는‘-는데’의 다양한 중국어 대응 표현을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 조사한 중국어 소설 텍스트 말뭉치는 중국어 번역자의 한국어 수준이나 한국문화에 대한 이해도에 따라서 중국어번역 완성도가 다를 수 있다. 그러나 텍스트 담화에서 나타난 ‘-는데’의 다양한 중국어 대응형을 한국어교육에서 적극적으로 수용한다면 중국어권 한국어 학습자가 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

In order to on the Chinese Corresponding Expression of Korean connective endings ‘-neunde(는데)’ compared to the <Korean dictionary> 4 species, <Korean-Chinese dictionary> 7 species, <Korean grammar book> 6 species and 11 research papers. The meaning of Korean connective endings ‘-neunde(는데)’ defined as from 1 to 4 in Korean dictionary meaning and as from 2 to 7 in research papers. This paper the meaning of ‘-neunde’ research to dividing ‘[confrontation], [background], [concession], [transition], [reason]’ by 5 ways. In order to research the condition the meaning of Korean connective endings ‘-neunde(는데)’ was selected the Korean novel <Whale> and <The Empire of Light>, and researched Chinese response phase through the Chinese translation version <鲸> and <光之帝国>. <Whale> and <The Empire of Light> novels ‘-neunde’ appeared 101 times. In Chinese translation version was researched 83 an abbreviation and 18 marked response form. Among Chinese response form in Korean ‘-neunde’ was researched marked response form of [confrontation] ‘然而(3), 而(2), 可是(1)’, [background] ‘时候(1)’, [concession] ‘還(4)’, [concession] ‘却(5), 不过(1), 只是(1)’ but response form of [reason] not appeared Korean literature and the translation results take a look at the expression ‘-neunde’ appeared meaning sentence from each according to a variety of Chinese Corresponding Expression.

This study analyzes and compares the English adjective ‘hard’ and its Korean corresponding expression ‘Dandanhada’ based on the Lexical Typology (François, 2008) which presents the idea of colexification. The term colexification can be used when two functionally distinct senses in a given language associate themselves with the same lexical form. This research focuses on the senses of HARD and compares each language with how it colexifies with the other and also includes semantic maps of the adjectives sorted by the senses of HARD. The outcomes are as follows; HARD has three senses, {not weak}, {not easy} and {not soft}, and each sense is divided into smaller semantic areas according to the types of noun collocations. For instance, {not weak} has four areas; <human>, <substance>, <degree> and <foundation>, {not easy} has two; <”to handle”> and <”to endure”>, {not soft} has two; <surface> and <attitude>. The results from the comparison are as follows; English has all three senses while Korean has only one sense, {not weak}. Also, there are some senses which do not colexify in English and Korean within the sense of {not weak}; English doesn’t include <human> and <foundation> in the sense of {not weak}.

본고는 대규모 한·중 드라마 병렬말뭉치를 이용하여 의존 명사 ‘줄’ 구성에 대응되는 중국 어 표현을 고찰하였다. 병렬말뭉치를 분석한 결과 [방법/능력]의 ‘줄1’ 구성은 주로 중국어 가능성 표현과 대응되 는데, 서술어로 ‘알다’를 취하는 ‘줄1’ 구성은 [능력]의 의미를 나타내는 중국어 능원동사 ‘会’, 서술어로 ‘모르다’를 취하는 ‘줄1’ 구성은 ‘会’의 부정 표현인 ‘不会’와 가장 빈번하게 대응됨을 확인하였다. [반사실성]의 ‘줄2’ 구성은 서술어로 ‘알다’만 취할 수 있는데, 주로 같은 [반사실 성]의 의미를 나타내는 ‘以为’류 중국어 표현과 대응 관계를 이루며, 이외에 ‘以为’와 유의 관 계에 있는 다양한 인지 동사와의 대응 관계도 찾을 수 있다. 한편, [사실성]의 ‘줄2’ 구성은 서술어로 ‘알다’를 취하는 경우와 ‘모르다’를 취하는 경우 서로 다른 대응 양상을 보인다. 즉, 서술어로 ‘알다’를 취하는 경우 주로 [앎]의 의미를 나타내는 ‘知道’ 등의 중국어 표현들과 대 응되는 데에 반해, 서술어로 ‘모르다’를 취하는 경우 [모름]의 의미를 나타내는 ‘不知道’ 등의 중국어 표현보다 [생각하지 못함]의 의미를 나타내는 ‘没想到’ 등의 중국어 표현과 더욱 빈번 하게 대응됨을 확인하였다. 또한 서술어로 ‘알다’를 취하는 경우 개별 연결 어미와 공기할 때 그 연결 어미와 함께 하나의 중국어 표현과 대응되는 경향이 있지만, 서술어로 ‘모르다’를 취 하는 경우 그러한 경향이 보이지 않았다.

This study uses the parallel corpus of TV dramas to analyze the Chinese expression corresponding to the bound nuon ‘Jul’ construction in Korean language. In modern Korean language studies, the bound noun ‘Jul’ is often divided into ‘Jul1’ and ‘Jul2’. The research results show that the ‘Jul1’ construction has the meaning of [method/ability], and it frequently corresponds to the modal verbs in Chinese. That is, when the predicate is ‘알다’, it mainly corresponds to ‘会’. On the contrary, when the predicate is ‘모르다’, it mainly corresponds to the Chinese ‘不会’. The ‘Jul2’ construction has two meanings: [counterfactuality] and [factuality]. The predicate of the ‘Jul2’ construction with the meaning of [counterfactuality] can only be ‘알다’, and it frequently corresponds to the expression of ‘以为’ in Chinese. The predicate of the ‘Jul2’ construction with the meaning of [factuallity] can be ‘알다’ and ‘모르다’. When its predicate is ‘알다’, it mainly corresponds to the expression of ‘知道’ which means ‘knowing’ in Chinese. When its predicate is ‘모르다’, it is different from the corresponding Chinese expression when the predicate is ‘알다’. That is, compared with ‘不知道’, it corresponds more to the expression ‘没想到’ meaning ‘unexpected’.

이 글은 한국어판 「가시고기」와 중국어 번역판 「刺鱼」에 나타난 ‘잘’의 다의적 의미를 한국어와 중국어의 대응 양상을 고찰하였다. 우선 ‘잘’은 <한국어 사전> 4종을 바탕으로 19가지의 대표 의미를 정의하였고, 이를 바탕으로 <한ㆍ중 사전> 4종에서 18개의 중국어 대응 표현을 정리하였다. 또한 <한ㆍ중 사전>에서 제시한 2 가지 뜻풀이는 수정할 것을 제안하였다. 「가시고기」에는 총 55회의 ‘잘’이 등장하였는데, 이중에서 15개는 「刺鱼」에서 번역을 생략하였다. 생략한 15개의 예문은 ‘잘’의 명확한 의미가 표현되도록 대체나 보충한 결 과를 제시하였다. 「가시고기」에 등장한 ‘잘’의 의미는 앞서 제시한 19가지의 대표 의미 중에서 8가지가 나타 나며, ‘잘’과 공기 관계에 있는 동사는 17종 20개가 등장하였다. 본고는 ‘잘’의 다양한 의미를 통해서 한국어 번역에서 다양한 의미를 갖고 있는 한국어 다의어에 대한 번역의 중요성과 정확한 의미의 파악이 필요하다는 점을 지적하였다. 한편으로 ‘잘’은 공기하는 동사에 따라서 다의 적 의미가 발생한다. 그렇다면 ‘잘’과 공기하는 동사의 개수만큼 다의적 의미가 만들어진다고 할 수 있다. 이것 은 사전 기술에 있어서 매우 곤란한 점이다. 이를 해결하기 위해서는 ‘잘’이 갖고 있는 다의적 의미를 공기 관 계에 따라서 재분류할 필요가 있다.

It is ‘Jal(잘)’ looked at the equivocal meaning to Korean version of <Pungitius Sinensis(가시고기)> and Chinese version of <刺鱼>. This paper make out 19 meaning of four kinds of Korean dictionary and four kinds of Korean-Chinese dictionary were summarized in Chinese Corresponding Expression of 18 meaning. In addition, I suggest that the proposed modified two meanings in Korean-Chinese dictionary. There are a total of 55 meetings <Pungitius Sinensis(가시고기)> ‘Jal(잘)’ appeared, 15 are <刺鱼> was omitted from the translation. 15 examples omit the ‘Jal(잘)’ to reveal the precise meaning of the results suggested alternative or supplement. <Pungitius Sinensis(가시고기)> appeared in the ‘Jal(잘)’ is defined as the mean of 8 different meanings were ‘Jal(잘)’ and ‘Jal(잘)’ in co-occurrence relation with the verb is a 17 species 20 kinds. This article is a ‘Jal(잘)’ in such a variety of means to identify and have a variety of meanings in Korean translation for polysemic words grasp the importance and the need for precise meaning was pointed out. Meanwhile, the ‘Jal(잘)’ by co-occurrence verb changed depending on the meaning ‘Jal(잘)’ and the number of co-occurrence as an equivocal meaning of the verb is required, which is very difficult for the writing dictionary. So ‘Jal(잘)’ equivocal means is co-occurrence relation has re-classified and therefore, require careful review.

한국어 ‘어쨌든’은 일상생활에서 많이 쓰이는 구어 다의 표현 중의 하나이다. 본고는 주로 인지언어학의 사건인지모델, 특히 사건 모델 내부에 인지주체가 무대 표현 구역의 서로 다른 정보의 전경화 혹은 배경화를 조절하는 것을 통해 다른 문맥에서 ‘어쨌든’의 의미 확장을 실현 하는 것을 분석하고자 한다. 본고 주로 다음과 같은 결론을 얻어낼 수 있다. 첫째, 준(准)구어 말뭉치에 대한 통계 분석을 통해 우리는 주로 ‘어쨌든’의 의미를 정반식(正反式), 총괄식(总括 式), 조건식(条件式), 원인식(原因式), 경전(양보)식(轻转让步式), 확인식(确认式), 역추적식 (回溯式)의 8가지 주요 유형으로 나눈다. 둘째, 상술한 8가지 주요 유형은 상호 연관되어 있 으며, 다양한 인지 방법과 부각 수단을 통해 확장된다. 예를 들어 무대 표현 구역 내부의 서 로 다른 정보의 전경화 또는 배경화 및 인지적 시각 전환 등을 통해 사건모델 내부의 다양한 유형의 연역(演绎)을 실현할 수 있다. 셋째, 한국어 ‘어쨌든’의 내부 의미 연관성은 크게 두 가지 주요 방향을 나눌 수 있다. 하나는 정보를 귀납, 총괄이고 다른 하나는 일부 정보에 대 한 배타적 내부 의미 확장이다. 후자는 논리적 의미적 연관성에 따라 내부 조건 관계, 인과 관계, 대립 관계 등 재(再)확장할 수 있으며 또한 일부 용법은 구어에서의 고빈도 사용, 문법 화 등을 통해 담화표지로 발전하는 것도 특징적이다.

This paper mainly uses the event model theory of cognitive linguistics, especially through the observer or cognitive subject inside the event model to regulate the foregrounding/backgrounding of different information in the onstage region to realize the semantic expansion of "ojjaetteun" in different contexts. The following summary can be obtained: First, through the statistical analysis of the spoken language corpus, we mainly divide the semantics of "ojjaetteun" into eight different types, including: expressions composed of antonymous morphemes, generalization type, conditional type, causal type, light transition (concession) type, confirmation type, transition type, backtracking type. Second, the above-mentioned eight main types do not exist independently, but are related to each other. Through different cognitive construal approaches, they can be expanded on the basis of typical semantics. For example, it is possible to foreground or background different information in the onstage region and convert cognitive perspectives to achieve different types of interpretations in the event model. Third, the internal semantic association of Korean "ojjaetteun" can be roughly based on the expressions composed of antonymous morphemes and follow two main directions: summarizing and focusing, or exclusivity of some information, while the latter can be expanded again based on logical semantic associations, such as internal conditional relationships, causal relationships, transition relationships, etc. In addition, some usages are presented in the form of discourse markers with the high-frequency usage in spoken language and the subjectivization and grammaticalization of usages.

이 글은 한중언어에서 사용되는 두 가지 화제 구문인 "NP+같아선"과 "按/照/像+NP"에 대 해 다룬다. 기준 연구에서는 "같아선"에 대한 연구가 적었지만 "按/照/像"류 표현에 대한 연구 는 비교적 성숙하다. 따라서 이 글에서는 먼저 "같아선"의 세 가지 용법을 상세히 다루며, 일 반적 가정, 비일반적 가정, 유추적 가정을 세분화한 후 화제화 및 화용적 추론 관점에서 구체 적인 분석을 진행한다. 분석 결과, 이 세 가지 용법은 화제 유형, 가정의 성질, 주관성 및 주 관화의 정도성, 텍스트 기능 등 다양한 측면에서 다른 특성을 나타내며 내부 구성원 사이에 비대칭성을 보인 것이다. 마지막으로 "按/照/像+NP"와 비교하여 번역에서 그들은 '일대다 (一对多)' 관계를 형성하며 대조 화제, 응집성 및 말차례 가지기(turn-taking) 기능을 갖고 있음을 보여준다. 그러나 이 두 가지 구문 간에는 문법화 발전 경향, 주관성 및 주관화 정도, 형태적 구성 등 차이가 있으며, 이로 인해 한국어 "같아선"과 직접적이거나 완전히 대응된 중 국어 표현이 없다.

This study aims to investigate two topic constructions in Korean and Chinese: "NP+ 같아선" and "按/照/像+NP". Prior research has only explored "같아선" to a limited degree, while "按/照/像" has been more extensively investigated. Hence, in this work, we initially clarify the three applications of "같아선", namely, conventional hypothesis, non-conventional hypothesis, and analogical hypothesis, and subsequently examine them via the lens of topicalization and grammaticalization reasoning. The analysis results indicate that the three usages display distinct characteristics across various aspects, such as the type of topic introduced, the expression of the hypothesis, the intensity of subjectivity and subjectivization functions, and the discourse function. Specifically, the internal members demonstrate asymmetry. In terms of translation, the relationship between "按/照/像+NP" and "one-to-many" can be compared.젨 Both possess the functions of contrasting theme, coherence, and turn organization. Nevertheless, there exist notable disparities in grammaticalization, subjectivity, degree of subjectivization, and morphology between the two languages. Consequently, there is no direct or complete counterpart of the Korean term "같아선" in Chinese.

As a result of reviewing the Japanese expression corresponding to the Korean ‘-deora-’,the Japanese language corresponding to the Korean ‘-deora-’ can be divided into nouns and adjectives, タshape and ルshape+ノshape, but in the case of verbs, verbs appear in various forms, such as, ルshape タshape, テイル, テイタ etc. ノダ same like nouns and adjectives was used. The causes of the phenomenon are regarded as follows ① ‘-deo-’ was used in newly learned facts or in the past than when speaking in korean, タshape and ノダ was divided into verbalizing only the past or the only newly learned facts in the case of Japanese ② in korean, it was expressed by dividing the time of occurrence than speaking express the past into the time of recognition than speaking express the pastin the case of Japanese, it isn’t like korean it think highly of meaning of ルshape タshape, テイル, テイタ etc and ノダ was used in case of necessity of discovery meaning such a newly recognition

韓国語の‘-더라’に対応する日本語表現を検討した結果、韓国語の‘-더-’に対応する 日本語は名詞と形容詞に接続する場合は、タ形とノダに現れる場合があるが、動詞に 接続する場合は ル形, タ形,　テイル,　テイタ などのように現れ、ノダが付け加える場 合もあった。このような現象は韓国語の‘-더-’は認識時が発話時より過去であること や、新しく分かった事実であることが重要な使用条件になるが、日本語の場合は過去 だけを言語化したり新しく知った事実だけを言語化したりしてタ形とノダと使い分け られているのである。また、動詞の場合は韓国語は状況時が発話時より過去なのか、 認識時が発話時より過去なのかに分けて表現する言語であるが、日本語の場合はその ような分け方はなく、ル形, タ形　テイル,　テイタ などが表す意味がそれぞれ重視され ながら、新しく知ったという意味を表す必要がある場合はノダが用いられることが分 かった。

본고에서는 일본어의 ｢Vてしまう｣ 문과 이에 대응하는 한국어 ｢V어 버리다｣ 문, ｢V고 말다｣ 문의 의미적인 측면과 통사적인 측면에서의 대응관계를 살펴보았다. 특히 통사적인 측면에서의 고찰은 심층구조나 표면구조의 통사구조가 아닌 컨트롤구조인지 상승구조인지에 대한 내부구조에 초점을 맞추어 고찰하였다. 고찰 결과는 5장의 <표 3>과 같이 정리할 수 있다.

This paper explored the corresponding relations of both meaningful and syntactic aspects of a sentence, expressed by ｢Vtesimau｣ in Japanese and its corresponding sentence｢Veo beorida｣, ｢Vgo malda｣ in Korean. In particular, the examination of the syntactic perspective focused on the internal structures such as control or ascending structure, not the syntactic structures of the deep or surface structure. The results of examination is summarized in the Table–3 of Chapter 5.

본고는 일본어 조건문의 표현의도에 초점을 맞추어 대인적 모달리티를 중심으로 고찰했다. 대인적 모달리티 문에는 주로 [ba・tara]가 나타나고, 한국어는 ｢-면・-거든｣이 대응한다. 조건형태가 나타나는 대인적 모달리티 문에서는 선행절과 후행절의 관계가 긴밀할수록 후행절의 실현가능성이 높아진다. 이러한 성격을 갖는 구문에는 [tara]의 출현빈도가 높다. [tara]가 명제내용영역에 나타나는 것도 조건성립 가능성을 높이는 조건 에 든다. 이 경우에 대응하는 ｢-면｣은 화자와 청자의 사정이나 상황과는 관계없이 행위를 요구할 수 있는 형태이므로 사 용제한이 없다. 그러나 ｢-거든｣은 화자에 관한 사항의 경우는 ＜조건절의 주체≠화자＝행위자＞, 청 자에 관한 사항의 경우는 ＜조건절의 주체≠청 자＝행위자＞의 등식이 조건이고, 후행절에는 화자와 관계된 의지표현 등이 가능하지 않다는 인칭 의 제한이 있다. [nara]는, 대사적 모달리티와 대인적 모달리티 모두와 함께 나타나며 청자 측의 정보 뿐 아니라 문 환경에 따라 서는 화자 측의 정보도 조건으로 제시할 수 있다. 일본어 조건표현에 나타나는 형태 [ba・to・tara・nara]는 대사적 모달리티와도 대인적 모달리티와도 함께 나타나는데, [nara]구문은 다양한 표현의 종속절이 나타나고, 시제표시 면에서도 [ba・to・tara]와 다른 면을 가지 고 있다. 대응하는 한국어 ｢-면)｣은 대사적 모달리티와도 대인적 모달리티와도 함께 나타나지만 조건표현만을 나타낸 다. 그러나 ｢-거든｣은 조건표현에서도 가정성이 없는 대인적 모달리티와만 함께 나타나며 인칭제한이 있다.

This study is studying Performativity modality focusing on Japanese expressional intension in conditional sentences. In usual, [ba・tara] are found in Performativity modality sentence, corresponding to Korean ｢- myeon｣ and ｢-geodeun｣. In Performativity modality which has conditional expression, the more closer the relationship between antecedent clause and following clause, the higher the realistic possibility of following clause becomes. Sentences with this feature has a high possibility of [tara]. It is one of the conditions which makes the possibility of materialization of conditions higher for [tara] to have practical scope of meaning. In this case, there's no limitation of using the corresponding ｢-myeon｣, because it is the form that can require action regardless of the situation of the speaker or listener. However, for ｢-geodeun｣, there is the condition for the speaker, <the agent of conditional expression≠the speaker=the agent>, and <the agent of conditional expression≠the listener=the agent> for the condition for the listener. Moreover, there's limitation on the Performativity expression that the intentional expression related to the speaker is not possibile in the following clause. [nara] can be used with both objective and Performativity modality and suggest not only the information of the listener but the information of the speaker as a condition according to the sentence. The form of [ba・to・tara・nara] in Japanese conditional expression can occur with both objective and Performativity modality. [nara] is in the dependent clause in a variety of expressions and has the difference with [ba・to・ tara] in the aspect of tense expression. Its corresponding Korean ｢-myeon｣can occur with both objective and Performativity modality, however, it's only limited to the conditional expression. Moreover,｢-geodeun｣occurs with Performativity modality that doesn't have the subjunctive mood and has limitation on the Performativity expression.

This research considers the expression, ‘~어 죽겠다(~eo juggessda：to death, it is likely to die)’ which is frequently used in Korean conversation and analyzes the corresponding relationship with its Japanese counterpart. The findings in this study are summarized as follows: 1) The given expression in Korean does not necessarily co-occur with the form ‘~고 싶어(~go sip-eo；be anxious to do)’, but tends to co-occur with the form ‘~거리다(~geolida)’, e.g. ‘두근거려 죽겠다(dugeungeolyeo juggessda；(one’s heart) is beating so fast)’ 2) Japanese counterpart of the given expression in Korean can be roughly divided into two cases, i.e. ‘~て死にそうだ(~te sinisouda；it is likely to die)’ is natural or not. However, the distinction between these two expressions is not easy because there is an individual differences in judgment of these two ones. 3) The form ‘~て死にそうだ’ is an expression that emphasizes emotion and is therefore expected to be used more in Japanese conversation. These results mentioned above are new findings which were not fully discussed in the previous study(i.e. Lee2010).

本稿は、韓国語特有の表現とも言える｢~어 죽겠다｣の例を取り上げ、日本語との対応関係を中心に考察を行ったものである。その結果、先行研究(李2010)の成果を補強するものとして、動詞との接続の観点から、1)必ずしも｢~고 싶어｣形に接続するとは限らない、2)｢~거리다｣形とも共起しやすいという二点の言語現象を新たに指摘することができた。また、対応する日本語訳という観点から、3)先行研究(李2010)が｢좋아 죽겠다｣のような例の｢最も自然な日本語訳｣として｢~すぎる｣形を提案していることに対して、｢~すぎる｣形は〈前部要素の状態や程度が極限に達するその直前の段階までを表す〉もので、韓国語の｢너무 ~하다｣の最も自然な日本語訳として考える、4)当該表現の日本語訳は、大きく｢~て死にそうだ｣の形で自然なものと｢~て死にそうだ｣の形では不自然なものとに大別できるが、｢~て死にそうだ｣の表現を使用するかどうかの判断には個人差があるため、その区別が容易ではない、5)この｢~て死にそうだ｣は感情の強調表現の一種であり、インターネットで｢可愛くて死にそう｣のような言い方が少なからず見受けられることから、今後より頻繁的に用いられる可能性は十分ある、ということを主な結果として指摘した。

The goal of this work was to investigate the correlations between MyHC mRNA transcription and their corresponding protein expressions in porcine longissimus muscle (LM) during postnatal growth of pigs. Five DLY ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) crossbred pigs were selected, slaughtered and sampled at postnatal 7, 30, 60, 120, and 180 days, respectively. Each muscle was subjected to quantity MyHCs protein contents through an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to quantity myosin heavy-chains (MyHCs) mRNA abundances using real-time polymerase chain reaction. We calculated the proportion (%) of each MyHC to total of four MyHC for two levels, respectively. Moreover, the activities of several key energy metabolism enzymes were determined in LM. The result showed that mRNA transcription and protein expression of MyHC I, IIa, IIx and IIb in LM all presented some obvious changes with postnatal aging of pigs, especially at the early stage after birth, and their mRNA transcriptions were easy to be influenced than their protein expressions. The relative proportion of each MyHC mRNA was significantly positively related to that of its corresponding protein (p<0.01), and MyHC I mRNA proportion was positively correlated with creatine kinase (CK), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities (p<0.05). These data suggested that MyHC mRNA transcription can be used to reflect MyHC expression, metabolism property and adaptive plasticity of porcine skeletal muscles, and MyHC mRNA composition could be a molecular index reflecting muscle fiber type characteristics.

The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and localization of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and its mRNA in the heart, liver, and kidney of acutely heat-stressed broilers at various stressing times. Male AA broilers (n = 100) were randomly divided into 5 groups of 20 birds per group. After 30 d of adaptive feeding at ambient temperature, 80 experimental broilers were suddenly heat stressed by increasing the environmental temperature from $22{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ to $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The 4 groups were heat stressed for 2, 3, 5, and 10 h, respectively. The localizations of Hsp70 protein and mRNA, determined by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization, respectively, were demonstrated to be tissue dependent, implying that different tissues have differential sensibilities to heat stress. Intense Hsp70 staining was identified in the vascular endothelial cell of heart, liver and kidney, suggesting an association between expression of Hsp70 in vascular endothelial cell and functional recovery of blood vessels after heat shock treatment. Ante-mortem heat stress had a significant effect on the expression of Hsp70 protein and mRNA. The quantitation of Hsp70 protein and mRNA were both time and tissue dependent. During the exposure to heat stress, the heart, liver and kidney of broiler chickens exhibited increased amounts of Hsp70 protein and mRNA. The expression of hsp70 mRNA in the heart, liver and kidney of heat-stressed broilers increased significantly and attained the highest level after a 2-h exposure to elevated temperatures. However, significant elevations in Hsp70 protein occurred after 2, 5, and 3 h of heat stressing, respectively, indicating that the stress-induced responses vary among different tissues.

Background: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the major causes of cancer death worldwide. Data from the literature indicate differences between the proliferation rate of endothelial cells relative to the morphology growth type, possibly due to origin of specimens (autopsy material, surgery fragments) or quantification methods. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a factor that stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells. It is expressed in more than 90% of cases of metastatic CRC. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the endothelial cell proliferation and VEGF expression in primary tumors and corresponding liver metastases. Materials and Methods: Our study included 24 recent biopsies of primary tumors and corresponding liver metastases of CRC cases. CD34/Ki67 double immunostaining and RNA scope assay for VEGF were performed. Results: In the primary tumors analysis of VEGFmRNA expression indicated no significant correlation with differentiation grade, proliferative and non-proliferative vessels in the intratumoral and peritumoral areas. In contrast, in the corresponding liver metastases, VEGFmRNA expression significantly correlated with the total number of non-proliferative vessels and total number of vessels. CD34/Ki67 double immunostaining in the cases with poorly differentiated carcinoma indicated a high number of proliferating endothelial cells in the peritumoral area and a low number in the intratumoral area for the primary tumor. Moderately differentiated carcinomas of colon showed no proliferating endothelial cells in the intratumoral area in half of the cases included in the study, for both, primary tumor and liver metastasis. In well differentiated CRCs, in primary tumors, a high proliferation rate of endothelial cells in the intratumoral area and a lower proliferation rate in the peritumoral area were found. A low value was found in corresponding liver metastasis. Conclusions: The absence of proliferative endothelial cells in half of the cases for the primary tumors and liver metastases in moderately differentiated carcinoma suggest a vascular mimicry phenomenon. The mismatch between the total number of vessels and endothelial proliferation in primary tumors indicate that a functional vascular network is already formed or the existence of some mechanisms influenced by other angiogenic factors.

There are various expression methods for expectation categories in Korean. This study mainly takes the expectation expression ‘-는 법이다’ with a high probability of being implicit in Korean as the object of investigation to analyze its syntactic characteristics, corresponding Chinese expressions and pragmatic functions. The following preliminary conclusions can be drawn: First , from the perspective of syntactic position, ‘-는 법이다’ occupies the majority position at the end of the sentence. It cannot be used in exclamatory sentences, imperative sentences, co-action sentences, and agreement sentences. Second, from the perspective of corresponding Chinese performance, it can correspond to different types such as high-frequency occurrence types—corresponding conditional adaptation expressions, inevitable types, accompanying juxtaposition types, and definitely occurrence types. Third, from the perspective of pragmatic function, it can express pragmatic functions such as ‘confirmation response to information’, ‘admonition and admonishment’, ‘explanation of reasons’, ‘revealing results/reasons’, etc.

In Korean Pedagogical Grammar, Korean connective ending ‘-myeonseo’ is generally learned as a connective ending with the semantic function of ‘simultaneity’. And in a Korean textbook for Japanese learners of Korean, ‘-myeonseo’ corresponds to the Japanese expression ‘nagara(ながら)’. However, when comparing Korean ‘-myeonseo’ and Japanese ‘nagara(ながら)’, their semantic functions do not always correspond. This can be one of the reasons why Japanese learners of Korean make errors when using the Korean ‘-myeonseo’. Therefore, this study investigated previous research and various materials(Korean-Japanese dictionary, Japanese-Korean dictionary, Korean textbook, grammar book) and analyzed the Korean-Japanese translation corpus. As a result of this study, various expressions are used for the Japanese corresponding expression of the Korean ‘-myeonseo’ depending on its semantic function. For example, there is ‘nagara(ながら)’, but there are also ‘て(te), ているうちに(teiruutini), とし,(tosi,) てがら(tegara), につれ(nitsure), ため、(dame), により(niyori), and 中⽌法(use of the continuative form as a conjunction in Japanese).

본 연구에서는 한․중 대조 분석의 관점에서 한국어 ‘－더라’의 중국어 대응 표현에 대해 고찰하였다. 한국어 ‘－더라’는 ‘화자의 과거의 지각 행위’라는 증거성 의미를 가지고 있으며, 선행 명제의 성격에 따라 그 의미를 ‘봄’, ‘알게 됨’, ‘느낌’으로 세분할 수 있다. 기존 연구는 대부분 한국어 ‘－더라’의 중국어 대응 표현을 ‘来着’, 시태조사(时态助词)인 ‘了1’, ‘过’ 등으로 분석하였지만, 본 연구에서는 중국어의 증거성 표현 수단들에 입각하여 ‘－더라’의 대응 표현에 대해 고찰하였다. 그 결과, ‘－더라’가 ‘봄’의 의미를 나타낼 때에는 중국어의 ‘我看见/看到’, ‘알게 됨’의 의미를 나타낼 때에는 ‘我发现’, ‘느낌’의 의미를 나타낼 때에는 ‘我觉得/感到’와 대응된다는 사실을 입증하였다. 그리고 한국어 ‘－더라’에서 관찰되는 소위 ‘비동일주어제약’과 ‘동일주어제약’은 ‘我看见/看到’와 ‘我觉得/感到’가 쓰인 문장에서도 관찰되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 중국인을 위한 ‘－더라’의 교육 자료 및 교육 방안을 마련하는 데에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 한․중 대조 분석 관점에서 한국어 어미 “-고”의 중국어 대응 표현을 연구하고자 하였다. 한국어 어미 “-고”는 일반적으로 문장 안에 선․후행절을 이어 주는 연결 어미 기능을 하는데, 문장 끝에 나타나 종결 어미처럼 기능하거나 실제로 종결 어미 기능을 수행하는 경우도 보인다. 기존 연구에서는 “-고”를 연결 어미로 보아 한․중 대조 분석한 연구가 대부분이다. 본고에서는 연결 어미 기능을 수행하는 “-고”, 종결 어미 기능을 수행하는 “-고”, 그리고 종결 어미처럼 쓰이는 “-고”를 모두 연구 대상으로 삼았다. 이에 연결 어미 기능을 갖는 “-고”를 [나열] [계기] [상태] [대립] [강조]로 의미 분석하고, 종결 어미 기능을 갖는 “-고”를 [물음] [덧붙임]로 의미 분석하여 각각 중국어와 어떻게 대응되는지를 살펴보았다.

This paper is based on a comparative analysis in order to study the corresponding expression of a Korean suffix(ending) “–는데” in Chinese. In Korean, “–는데” not only has the function of connecting suffix(ending), but also can be used at the end of the sentence to do with termination. Previous comparative studies of China and Korea mainly take the connecting suffix(ending) “–는데” as the object of analysis. In this paper, the research objects includes not only the connecting suffix(ending) “–는데” but also the final suffix(ending) “–는데”, and “–는데” which appears at the end of the sentence but still has the function of a connecting suffix(ending). This is a point where this parer is different from the previous studies. To carry out this study, this paper, based on the dictionary and the results of the first study, divides the meaning of “–는데” which has the function of connecting suffix(ending) into three kinds of meanings: “premise condition prompts”, “control condition prompts”, and “prompts based on reasons “, divides the meaning of “–는데” which has the function of final suffix(ending) into three kinds of meanings: “Sigh”, “look forward to the response of other side, and “questions which require to answer”. Then carry on the contrast analysis respectively.

Korean postposion ‘-에’ has many usage in Korean sentence. So when you translate Korean sentences including ‘-에’ into Chinese, it is difficult for you to translate them exactly. According to 『표준국어대사전』, there are 15 different kinds of usage of ‘-에’ and among them, 7 kinds of usages are related to ‘object’. Therefore when you use ‘-에’ as a certain ‘object’ usage, and if you can find out particular Chinese preposition that it always corresponds to, it is helpful to Chinese learners. This study shows us the Chinese preposition is ‘对’.