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1

Simultaneous Interpreting of Numbers : An experimental study

Andrew K.F CHEUNG

한국통역번역학회 FORUM Volumel.6 No.2 2008.10 pp.23-38

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4,900원

Cette étude vise à vérifier la conviction largement répandue qu’un niveau élevé d’exactitude lors de l’exécution de l'interprétation simultanée des nombres peut être atteint avec un entrainement basé sur l’isolement des nombres. Les chiffres ou les numéros constituent un problème bien connu pour les interprètes travaillant dans des langues dont les systèmes numériques sont très différents. L’interprétation des nombres a été une partie importante du programme de formation et différentes méthodes ont été employées selon les formateurs. Une expérience a été menée afin d’évaluer l'efficacité de deux méthodes de formation pour l'amélioration des performances des interprètes à traduire les nombres de l'anglais vers le chinois. Le résultat de cette expérience indique que la performance globale du groupe testé qui avait reçu un entrainement à la fois avec des nombres en isolement et avec des nombres avec référent, était plus élevée que celle du groupe n’ayant reçu un entrainement qu’avec des nombres en isolation.

2

Omission in Simultaneous Interpreting: Word order differences

Andrew Kay-fan CHEUNG

한국통역번역학회 FORUM Volume.10 No.2 2012.12 pp.19-33

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4,800원

Il s'agit d'une étude de cas d'omissions dans 'interprétation simultanée (SI) de cinq interprètes de mandarin lors de la conférence de presse télévisée d’un chanteur pop de Canton en anglais. Des cas récurrents d'omissions sont identifiés, classés et analysés en comparant texte source et cible. Sur la base des modèles d'effort de Gile, les différences d'ordre des mots entre les langues source et cible peuvent être considérées comme des déclencheurs de problèmes qui nécessitent une plus grande quantité de capacité de traitement, ce qui entraîne des omissions relevées dans les interprétations. L’ observation de la façon dont les interprètes font face aux différences d'ordre des mots montre qu'ils utilisent des stratégies telles que la réorganisation et la segmentation. Il est à espérer que les connaissances tirées de cette étude informeront la discussion sur les stratégies de la simultanée et son 'enseignement.

3

Numbers in Simultaneous Interpreting : An experimental study

Andrew Kay-fan CHEUNG

한국통역번역학회 FORUM Volumel.7 No.2 2009.10 pp.61-88

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6,700원

L’Interprétation des nombres en interprétation simultanée (IS) est reconnue depuis longtemps comme problématique. Cette étude identifie des modèles numériques dans les restitutions en IS qui s’écartent de la langue source. Elle explore également les différents manières dont ces modèles pourraient être adaptés aux différentes méthodes d’entrainement que des interprètes ont suivies avant d'effectuer l’IS. L'analyse statistique indique que le groupe qui a reçu, avant l'expérience, un entrainement sur la base de « nombres avec unités de référence » a enregistré la plus forte fréquence de reformulations approximativement juste des nombres. Par contre le groupe ayant travaillé à partir de « nombres isolés » a enregistré la plus forte fréquence de restitutions erronées. Enfin, le groupe témoin qui n'a bénéficié d’aucun entrainement sur les nombres a rencontré la plus forte fréquence d'omissions. Les recherches de ce type se faisant rares, l'intention de cette étude programmatique est par conséquent d'ouvrir la voie à d'autres travaux de plus grande envergure. En outre, cette étude tente de fournir des données empiriques pouvant concerner l'aspect pédagogique de la formation à l’interprétation.

4

Transfer of Frames during Simultaneous Interpreting

LEE, Migyong

한국통역번역학회 FORUM Volume.5 No.2 2007.10 pp.39-56

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5,200원

L’nterprétation simultanée est considérée comme un processus difficile où l’interprète doit jongler plusieurs tâches en même temps. Pour cette raison, toute augmentation de la capacité de traitement de l’interprète peut déclencher des déficits dans la communication. Le désaccord de cadre entre la langue source et la langue cible pose des difficultés pour l’interprète puisque l’interprète doit mettre plus d’efforts de traitement supplémentaires pour combler le fossé. Pour réaliser la communication, l’interprète doit stratégiquement convertir des cadres de la langue source à ceux de la langue cible pour des tâches différentes. Dans ces recherches, il est montré que l’interprète non seulement reconnaît le désaccord de cadre et ajuste ses productions pour l’audience de la langue cible mais aussi la conversion est faite dans une façon d’économiser le temps et des efforts stratégiquement.

5

Pauses (and other prosodic features) in Simultaneous Interpreting

Barbara AHRENS

한국통역번역학회 FORUM Volume.5 No.1 2007.04 pp.1-18

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5,200원

L’interprétation simultanée est une forme de communication orale spécifique qui se distingue par des éléments prosodiques tels que les intonations ou les pauses, éléments-clé tant pour le texte d’origine que pour le texte-cible. Les pauses figurent parmi les phénomènes durationnels destinés à segmenter le continuum acoustique en unités d’information. De plus, elles révèlent les processus cognitifs qui sont à la base de toute production de parole. Le présent article analyse le taux de parole et la structure des pauses dans un corpus authentique de prestations d’interprétation simultanée dans le couple linguistique anglais – allemand tout en étudiant leurs fonctions et leurs interactions avec d’autres phénomènes prosodiques.

7

To Kill or Not to Kill: Metaphors in simultaneous interpreting

Nicoletta SPINOLO, Christopher John GARWOOD

한국통역번역학회 FORUM Volume.8 no.1 2010.04 pp.181-211

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7,200원

Ce qu’on enseigne souvent aux étudiants en interprétation de conférence c’est que face à des métaphores, l’approche la plus sure consisterait à utiliser une paraphrase plutôt qu’à maintenir l’expression figée. En effet, les métaphores sont normalement liées à la culture du pays d’origine et ont rarement un équivalent dans la langue d’arrivée. De plus, les interprètes en simultanée n’ont qu’une poignée de secondes pour repérer la solution et fournir une traduction, ce qui ne suffit généralement pas pour décoder la métaphore dans une langue et l’encoder dans une autre. Mais est-ce que les interprètes professionnels adoptent cette même approche lorsqu’ils travaillent? Est-ce la meilleure méthode pour traduire les métaphores en interprétation simultanée? Cette étude cherche à répondre à ces questions à travers l’analyse des performances d’interprètes professionnels dans un contexte de travail réel. Nous utilisons, à ces fins, le corpus d’interprétation du Parlement Européen (EPIC), à savoir un corpus trilingue – Anglais, Espagnol et Italien - contenant les transcriptions et les enregistrements des discours prononcés au cours des sessions plénières du Parlement Européen en 2004 ainsi que de leurs interprétations dans les trois langues.

8

Acceptability Assessment on Translation of Referring Expression in Simultaneous Interpreting KCI 등재후보

MINAMITSU Yoshihiro

한국통역번역학회 통역과 번역 제7권 2호 2005.12 pp.29-59

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7,200원

This paper considers three pragmatic criteria crucial to the translation process of referring expressions in Simultaneous Interpretation based on coherence, relevance, and eaningfulness. Then it is argued that the meaningfulness criterion is more preferable than the others. This criterion is defined in terms of the interpreter’s attempt to reduce overall processing cost and to adjust the production to meet the hearers’ abilities and preferences. The criterion allows for greater flexibility in describing the interaction among decoding, assigning referent, and translation in real time. It also provides an explanation of how the interpreter evaluates one candidate as adequate and the others as inadequate, when there is more than one translation candidate.

9

5,700원

The purpose of this study is to explore ways of improving teaching models used in English into Korean simultaneous interpreting classrooms. In particular, the aim is to examine and describe the simultaneous interpreting curriculum of the GSIT, HUFS and to identify trainees' learning needs in the training of simultaneous interpretation from English into Korean. A qualitative case study methodology was employed to investigate the needs of simultaneous interpreting trainees, based on the various linguistic difficulties they face during simultaneous interpreting. Data was collected from student journals containing the students' weekly reflections on their simultaneous interpreting skills and the sentences they think are the most challenging to interpret. By conducting a curriculum and needs analysis, which is the first step in the establishment of any teaching model, this study provides a useful reference for trainers of simultaneous interpreting in planning and designing their teaching model.

10

도쿄 전범재판(1946)에서는 왜 동시통역이 사용되지 못했나? KCI 등재

이향

국제언어인문학회 인문언어 제26권 2호 2024.12 pp.87-109

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6,000원

The aim of this study is to answer the question of why simultaneous interpreting, successfully introduced in the 1945 Nuremberg Trials, was not utilized in the Tokyo Trials that took place the following year. At Nuremberg, simultaneous interpreting had dramatically accelerated the trials and allowed justice to be achieved in four languages. It was an innovation that gave rise to the profession of conference interpreting, and established research on interpreting as an independent academic discipline. The Tokyo Trials, however, employed only consecutive interpreting. The primary reason was the shortage of bilinguals fluent in English and Japanese. Additionally, the Tokyo tribunal neglected the fact that linguistic justice was a prerequisite for legal justice. A more fundamental reason was the tribunal’s mistrust in Japanese interpreters. The US-led tribunal, forced to depend on Japanese interpreters in a courtroom where their compatriots were being tried, assigned Japanese-Americans (Kibei) as monitors and US military officials as language arbiters to keep close watch on them. Unlike their counterparts in Nuremberg, the interpreters in the Tokyo Trials were reluctant to publicly disclose their involvement. The Tokyo Trials thus failed to become a turning point in the history of interpreting and Interpreting Studies in Japan.

11

4,800원

Simultaneous Interpreting(SI) is often considered as a mere transfer of words from Source Language(SL) to its equivalent in Target Language(TL). Nevertheless, many studies proved that interpreters and translators alike, rely not only on the linguistic inputs from SL but also on the extra-linguistic aspects while interpreting or translating. To prove that simultaneous interpreters tap the extra-linguistic aspects, this study focuses on the use of verbs during SI process between Korean and Spanish, a structurally asymmetric language combination. Two simultaneous interpreters with three to five years of experience interpreted the original oral format of Source Text(ST), from Korean to Spanish. Target Texts(TTs) were recorded, transcribed and analyzed. Clear evidence was shown in their use of verbs as an anticipation strategy during SI. The result of the study shows that interpreters also take into account extra-linguistic factors.

12

정보 구조에 기초한 중국영어의 영-한 동시통역 연구 KCI 등재

허지운

한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 통번역학연구 제17권 3호 2013.08 pp.387-418

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7,300원

This study examines the impact of features of Chinese English on simultaneous interpretation into Korean based on information structure analysis. A simultaneous interpreting experiment was conducted on 10 professional interpreters over two phases. First, participants conducted a Simultaneous Interpreting task. After the SI task was completed, participants received a transcript of the source text and underlined segments of source text that were difficult to perceive or understand due to phonological and/or grammatical features of Chinese English. The result of the experiment revealed that both phonological and grammatical features of Chinese English imposed interpreting difficulties for participants, and specifically, the difficulties that they experienced were concentrated on new information rather than old information. The result is supported by both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the source text, underlined transcripts and target texts.

13

Simultaneous Interpreting Trends in Broadcast News KCI 등재후보

Kinuyo Yoshida Ino

한국통역번역학회 통역과 번역 제6권 1호 2004.06 pp.3-22

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5,500원

Formerly, simultaneous interpreting was limited to guest interviews, breaking news situations, and live coverage of events in the Japanese media. However, due to the increase in demand for bilingual services and real time coverage, JCTV (Japan Cable Television, which is a distribution partner of CNN) decided to focus on simultaneous interpreting for the localization of CNN news. Before settling on simultaneous interpreting, CNN translating/interpreting experienced several transitions. At the very beginning, the requirement was to translate word for word. Then came the prepared interpreting stage. The current stage calls for simultaneous interpretation of all the materials including tightly edited packaged reports. Some of the main skills required for simultaneous interpreting for broadcast news are background knowledge, anticipation, and editing. The number of interpreting and translating courses offered at Japanese universities is on the rise, but traditional interpreting schools catering to the special needs for broadcast interpreting still plays an important role. These institutions offer the appropriate training for students aspiring to break into broadcast news simultaneous interpreting. Broadcast news interpreting in Japan is still evolving and faces the challenges of quality control.

14

The Teaching of Simultaneous Interpreting: The first 60 years (1929-1989)

Babara MOSER-MERCER

한국통역번역학회 FORUM Volume.3 No.1 2005.04 pp.205-225

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5,700원

15

6,700원

동시통역에서 출발어(SL)와 도착어(TL) 간에 존재하는 문장구조 상의 차이점은 통역 프로세스에 추가적 장애 요인이 될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 장애 요인을 한영동시통역의 맥락에서 진단하되, 특히 한국어의 이중주어 구문 및 기타 둘 이상의 주어가 나란히 등장하는 문장을 중심으로 살펴본다. 이러한 현상은 영어 문장에서는 일반적으로 나타나지 않는 것으로, 이러한 문장구조를 다루는 데 도움이 될 수 있는 통역전략을 소개하고자 한다. 데이터 수집을 위한 실험에서는 통역대학원 재학생 다섯 명이 참가하여 네 개의 국문 연설문을 영어로 동시통역 하도록 하였으며, 출발어인 한국어 텍스트에서 나타나는 복수주어문이 통역 프로세스에 어떻게 장애 요인이 되며 참가자들이 이를 어떻게 처리하는가를 중점적으로 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 한영동시통역 시 둘 이상의 주어가 나란히 출현할 때 이를 처리하는 데 유용할 수 있는 몇 가지 전략을 제시한다.

16

Explicitation and Implicitation in Simultaneous Interpreting KCI 등재

Juyeon Lee

한국통역번역학회 통역과 번역 제16권 1호 2014.04 pp.105-128

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6,100원

Explicitation has been studied extensively in Translation Studies andconsidered as one of the translation universals, but the research on thisphenomenon in the mode of simultaneous interpreting(SI) has beenrelatively limited. This study aims to examine patterns of explicitationand implicitation in simultaneous interpreting from Korean to Englishby eight student interpreters. In addition, patterns in which connectivesare used in SI are also investigated. Preliminary findings indicate thatimplicitation occurs more frequently than explicitation in simultaneousinterpreting, which is influenced by various constraints intrinsic to thismode of language mediation. With regard to connectives, additions arethe most common type of shifts. Motivations for the observed patternsand their implications are discussed.

17

Using Sight Translation in Simultaneous Interpreting Class KCI 등재

Chikako TSURUTA

한국통역번역학회 통역과 번역 제14권 1호 2012.06 pp.165-191

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6,600원

The paper will consider, based on existing literature and the author’s own experience, how sight translation (ST) can be incorporated into simultaneous interpreter training classes. ST is the rendering orally of a text written in one language into another language. This approach is used regularly by conference interpreters, including the author, to prepare for actual conference interpreting assignments. It can also be employed as a training tool, as discussed by Viaggio, S (1995) and Weber, W (1990). Having become aware of the real potential of using ST inside and outside of the classroom, and based on the work of the two interpreting trainers mentioned above, the Conference Interpreting Program at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS) is now actively using ST for both English-to-Japanese and Japanese-to-English interpreting training. There are two possible approaches to using sight translation in such classes at TUFS: (1) the use of only the text, or (2) the use of the text together with an audio of the actual rendition of the text. Adoption of both approaches in her graduate-level (M.A.) second-year simultaneous interpreting class has convinced the author that the utilization of ST in simultaneous interpreting classes can teach students to be time and effort-effective. That, however, is provided that the following caveats are observed: (1) the need to find most efficient words in expression is met; (2) word-for-word translations are strictly avoided; and, (3) the focus of the exercise is on the content of the message. Since in ST training the coordination and management of constrained resources are crucial factors, it is essential for students to learn how and where to employ their limited resources to achieve optimal performance.

18

5,400원

La recherche sur les limites de la simultanée dues à la charge cognitive gagne à être menée par la voie d’analyses locales. Localement, la charge cognitive importée d’un segment dont le traitement n’est pas terminé peut déterminer la difficulté d’interprétation du segment en cours de traitement, et expliquer des difficultés spécifiques par langue qui ne sont pas manifestes dans la conversation quotidienne. Interviennent aussi la distribution de la densité d’information dans la phrase et les pauses entre les phrases. La manipulation expérimentale de ces dernières et une focalisation de la recherche sur des segments locaux pourraient augmenter l’efficacité de la recherche empirique sur l’interprétation.

19

Number Processing in Chinese to Italian Simultaneous Interpreting

Riccardo MORATTO

한국통역번역학회 FORUM Volume.9 No.2 2011.10 pp.209-231

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6,000원

Cet article vise à étudier l’interprétation du système numérique chinois en se concentrant sur la question du traitement des nombres dans l’interprétation simultanée (SI) et en analysant la conversion syntaxique qui s’impose dans les combinaisons linguistiques comme le chinois et l’italien, où les deux systèmes de numération ont des différences syntaxiques importantes. Les données proviennent de l’expérience d’interprétation de l’auteur à Taiwan, de la littérature, et d’interviews avec des interprètes locaux dont la langue maternelle est le chinois, mais aussi de l’opportunité d’assister à des programmes chinois et taïwanais de formation en interprétation en tant qu’ observateur participant. Les données recueillies ont été analysées qualitativement par l’auteur afin de compléter l’article.

20

5,700원

This study tests whether sentence-level source text syntactic complexity predicts time-normalised disfluency in English–Korean simultaneous interpreting. Complexity is indexed by mean dependency distance (MDD); disfluency comprises silent pauses (≥1.0 s), filled pauses, repetitions, self-repairs, and other events, reported as rates (events·min⁻¹). Six graduate student interpreters produced sentence-aligned outputs, with sentence × interpreter as the observation unit. Analyses used a negative-binomial GLMM with a duration offset, complemented by Kruskal–Wallis tests across MDD tertiles. Results showed that higher MDD predicted higher total disfluency rates (IRR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.09, 1.32], p < .001), with only silent pauses and repetitions exhibiting reliable increases across complexity groups. These findings support treating disfluency as a rate-sensitive indicator of structural load rather than a categorical defect. Methodologically, the study demonstrates a tractable workflow for sentence-level alignment and incidence-rate modelling. Pedagogically, it motivates difficulty calibration by MDD and targeted practice to manage pausing and repetition in student interpreter training.

 
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