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There is considerable similarity in the grammar structure and linguistic form between Korean and Japanese, but their corresponding relations are complex due to both similarities and differences in the end of sentence form such as “Noda” and “Wakeda” that are modality forms. It is difficult to figure out the meanings of grammar forms right in which there is no one-to-one correspondence between Korean and Japanese and further not simple at all to translate them. Unless there is the right understanding of semantic differences between “Noda” and “Wakeda,” both of which exhibit a mental attitude, it will be difficult to translate them into Korean clearly. The judgment will depend on whether to take a linguistic perspective that translation should reflect the meanings of every word clearly or a practice one that translation should suffice to deliver overall meanings. There is, however, a basic need to be loyal to vocabulary during translation even in the position that translation should suffice to deliver meanings. If there is, in particular, the intention of the speaker(writer) that has chosen the form, his or her intention should be respected. The translations of “Wakeda” into Korean have been arbitrary mostly, and its original meanings have not been reflected right in many cases. There may be many different ways to translate it, but its translations into Korean must reflect its meanings of conclusion, understanding or substitution in order to convey its meanings correctly. It is necessary to make use of sentence-ending particles, adverbs, conjunctions, and exclamations to accompany “것이다” in the translation of “Wakeda” into Korean as well as “것이다” alone. If one assumes there will be no big differences in Korean sentences according to its translation and accordingly chooses to omit its translation in moderation or be liberal with its translation, he or she will fail to convey the intention of the speaker(writer) and contribute to the decreased literary value of literary works through the simplification of its meanings.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of modality and exercise therapy on delayed onset muscle soreness. Method: Subjects were assigned to 18 male and female(ultrasound group: 6 , stretching : 6, control group : 6) at random. Ultrasound was treated insertion of quadriceps frequency: 1MHz, Strength: 1.5 / ㎠, Time: 10 minutes. Stretching, active stretching, was repeated total 10 times and 30 seconds in duration on hip flexion which is opposite effect of quadriceps and knee flexion in a prone position. All of data calculated average and standard deviation and analyzed to investigate the effects within ultrasound therapy and stretching group using repeat measured ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and LSD. Result : Ultrasound and stretching group was not represented to statistically significant difference between groups. Conclusion : Ultrasound group showed that the effects on MMT, PPT, ROM, VAS in differences in group by time interaction but ultrasound and stretching group was not represented to statistically significant difference between groups.

This study explores the distribution of the subject-to-subject raising (SSR) construction and its allosentences, focusing on the two raising verbs, seem and appear. A small corpus of 1.3 million words was constructed out of research articles produced by Korean and English speaking scholars in the field of literature, political science, and engineering. The analysis of the corpus revealed the following: 1) The verb seem was preferred in the literature articles and appear in the engineering articles produced by English speaking scholars, showing an interaction of lexical meaning and discipline specific features. 2) Both seem and appear mostly occurred in the SSR construction, consistent with findings in previous studies. 3) English speaking scholars preferred to be-deletion over to be-retention when seem selected adjectival/nominal complements, and this tendency was higher when the complements were accompanied by modifiers. The economy principle is suggested as a possible account for the pattern observed in this study. Future research with a bigger corpus of various types of texts is suggested to complement our findings.

본　논문에서는　현대일본어의 「動詞＋てしまう」를 술어로 하는 구문을 대상으로 하 여, 특히 「他動詞(타동성이 강한 전형적인 타동사)＋てしまう」가 「感慨」의 의미를 나 타내는 구문들 가운데 문맥에 따른 쓰임의 구분이 있다는 사실을 밝히고, 그와 같은 구분이 생기는 조건을 명확하게 제시하였다. 구체적으로는 타동사의 타동성을 약화 시키는 문법화를 통해, 화자가 표현하고자 하는 사태가 <의도적이 아닌 부주의에 의한 과실>이라고 하는 것을 표현한다. 또한 이와 같은 문맥에서 「自動詞＋てしまう」 를 사용하게 되면 <청자에게 변명이나 핑계를 대려고 한다.>는 불쾌감을 준다는 것 이다. 한국어 모어화자를 대상으로 하는 일본어교육에서는 「∼てしまう」가 ‘완료(完了)’ 및 ‘감개(感慨)’의 의미를 나타낸다. 그 구문들 가운데 ‘감개(感慨)’의 의미를 나타내 는 경우, ‘돌이킬 수 없는 일이 일어났다’라는 어감을 동반하는 문장은 주로 「他動 詞＋てしまう」가 된다는 사실이다. 그리고 「てしまう」가 의도성을 약화시키는 문법화 기능을 하는 것에 대해 한국어 「動詞＋해 버리다」는 문법적인 기능이 없어 한국어 모어 화자들이 일본어를 말할 때 「自動詞＋てしまう」를 쓰는 오류를 범한다. 그러므 로 현대일본어의 「動詞＋てしまう」에 상당하는 「動詞＋해 버리다」에서는 볼 수 없는 현상이므로 특별한 주의가 필요하다.

The current paper has examined sentences with 「動詞 (verb) + てしまう」 as a predicate in modern Japanese language. It shows, in particular, that in sentences where 「他動詞 (transitive verb) + てしまう」 expresses 感慨 (strong feelings), usage is distinguished based on the context and presents the conditions for such distinctions. More specifically, with its grammatical features, which weakens the transitive verb's transitivity, such a sentence suggests what the speaker wants to express is a state of affairs that occurred from inattention, not intentionally. Moreover, when 「自動詞 (intransitive verb) + てしまう」are used in this context, it gives a sense of discomfort as it sounds like making an excuse to the hearer. In the case of Japanese education for native Korean speakers, 「∼てしまう」means “completion” and “strong emotion.” When a sentence expresses strong emotion, those that convey a sense that “something irreversible has happened” usually use 「他動詞＋てしまう」. Moreover, regarding 「てしまう」's function of making up for intentionality, Korean 「動詞＋해 버리다」 does not have that function. Thus, that native Korean speakers make the mistake of using 「自動詞＋てしまう」when speaking Japanese. Thus, special caution is required in Japanese education for Korean native speakers, as this phenomenon is not found in 「動詞 + 해 버리 다」, which is equivalent to 「動詞＋てしまう」 in modern Japanese language.

All games support the meaningful play, and each mechanism producing meaning is various. In mobile role-playing game, automation of in-game action standardizes movements of avatars and diversify combat challenges. Thereby players reinforce their avatars and make various repertoires so as to cope with different contents. Players predict the result of their own actions based on short-term, juicy feedbacks. In conclusion, mobile role-playing game has 'strategy' as its action mode while the unit time required for meaningful play is highly reduced. This analysis is significant in the sense that it was the first step toward integrated change of game play experiences.

19세기 리얼리즘에 기반을 둔 사회적 사실주의 그림책의 이슈들 중 근원이 되는 요소는 빈곤이다. 빈곤은 인간을 물질적으로 속박하고 사회로부터 배제시키고 있다. 빈곤 문제는 경제개발 이후 화려한 사회의 발전 모습 속에 감추 어져 사라진 것처럼 보이지만‘신 빈곤층’의 확산으로 우리사회 저변의 그늘진부분에 광범위하게 자리 잡고 있다. 본 논문에서는 빈곤을 소재로 한 그림책 세권을 선정하여 내포된 빈곤의 의미를 알아보았으며, 각 책의조형적 특성 을 살펴보았다. 그림책에 내포된 의미를분석해 본 결과 빈곤에 관한 그림책은 하층민에 대한배려와 사회적 회생을 요구하고 있다. 조형분석 결과색채와 표현양식은 실제성이 반영된 상위양태와 직설양태에 속했으며, 작가가 그림 책을 통하여 사회에 보내는 의미를 전달하기에 적합한 양태임을 확인하였다. 빈곤에 관한 사회적 사실주의 그림책은 어린이들에게 사회 상황을 인식 할 수 있는 정신적 성숙의 계기를 마련 해 주며, 타자화된 계층에 대한 이해와 관심을 가질 수 있는 기회를 제공해준다. 또한 현실과 사회를 비판적 시각에서 바라 볼 수 있게 해주고, 부모에 대한 고마움과 가정의 소중함을 깨닫게 해 준다. 그림책은 어린이들의 시각적 심상(心象)에 영향을주는 매체이므로 작가는 어린이들에게 진실을 보여주기 위한 적 합한 표현방식이 무엇인지 탐색하여야 함을 잊지 말아야 한다.

One of the core issues on 19th century’ssocial realism Picture Books was poverty. poverty is physically restricted and isolatedfrom human society. The poverty problemseemed to disappear after the extravagancebehind economic development, but it was stillbroadly spread within our society as ‘neo- poorclass.’ Domestic and international picture bookswere categorized in order to study socialrealism picture books. This study selected three picture books thatdepicted poverty, evaluated the implied meaning,and investigated formative features. As theresult of analyzing implied meaning, picturebooks about poverty demanded considerationand social revival of the lower class. Formativeanalysis stated that the color and expressionmethod were included in higher aspect andforthright aspect that reflected reality. Thosewere adequate methods for the author dodeliver social messages. Social realism picture books about povertyprovide the opportunity for children torecognize social problems, becomepsychologically mature, and have understandingand interest in secluded classes. Also, it makesthem have critical perspective upon reality andsociety, together with thankfulness of familyand parents. Since picture books are a media that affectsvisual imagery, one should always explore thebest expression method to show the truth.

본 논문에서는 발전과정으로부터 공자묘를 가묘(家庙), 국묘(国庙) 겸 가묘(家庙), 국묘(国庙), 학묘(学庙)로 분류하였다. 그리고 국묘 겸 가묘인 취부(曲阜) 공자묘를 기타 유형의 공자묘와 비교연구하여 배치형식의 특징을 아래와 같이 도출하였다. 1. 취부（曲阜） 공자묘는 학의 공간이 없고 행단(杏坛) 건물을 배치하였다. 2. 취부（曲阜） 공자묘와 쟈센（郏县） 공자묘의 전도공간（前导空间）에서 배치 요소 공통점이 가장 많다. 3. 공자묘의 대성전은 모두 대성문 안에 배치 되고 양측에 회랑을 둘러치는 배치형식을 사용하였다. 4. 공자묘는 묘의 공간에서 큰 차이를 나타나지 않고 학의 공간에서 격을 표현하였다. 5. 청나라시기 이후부터 공자묘 전도공간（前导空间）과 후속공간（后续空间） 배치에 대해 변화를 하였고 부속된 배전들은 파괴로 인해 없어지는 경우가 있다.

This paper classify the Confucius Temple into Family Temple, National Temple and Family Temple, National Temple, Science Temple by the development process, then, compare Qufu Confucius Temple with the other types of Confucius Temples, and draw a conclusion about the characteristics of the arrangement type as follows: 1. There is no space of study but the arrangement of Apricot Pavilion construction in Qufu Confucius Temple. 2. There is most sameness in the Leading Space between Qufu Confucius Temple and Jiaxian Confucius Temple. 3. All of Hall of Great Achievement of Confucius Temples are located behind Door of Great Achievement, and the corridors are surrounded on both sides of them. 4. Confucius Temples don’t show a big difference in the space of temple, but they express a rank in the space of study. 5. Since the Qing period, Leading Space and Follow-up Space of Confucius Temples are changed, and the attached Side Halls are vanished by destruction occasionally.

Trends and Prospect of Study on Japanese Grammar Education in Korea The purpose of this manuscript is to examine previous research and to suggest areas for future research on Japanese grammar education in Korea, according to the changed Japanese language education in this multi-cultural and multi-language society. As a result of investigation upon expert journals on Japanese language and Japanese pedagogy, it is known that research on Japanese grammar education has changed according to the needs of the times. However, future research on Japanese grammar education should be changed, taking account of understanding field curriculum in Korea, not in Japan. To do so, future research needs to focus on flexibly re-defining grammar education in Japanese language study, re-selecting and re-categorizing grammatical features to be educated, and improvements in teaching methods and textbooks based on reviewing the past and the present.

本稿の目的は、多文化・多言語社会における日本語教育の変化に先立ち、文法教育の位相が低下する中、韓国の日本語文法教育研究の動向をふまえた今後の研究方向を提案することである。日本語学・日本語教育学関連の専門学術誌及び国内大学の日本関連研究所学術誌を調査した結果、時代のニーズや関連領域の変化により、日本語教育や文法教育、その研究の形も共に変化してきたことがわかった。しかし、相変らず韓国での日本語文法教育研究は以前のように言語構造や文法項目に偏る傾向から完全に脱することができていない状態にあるため、韓国の日本語教育の現状を把握すると同時にこれからの文法教育研究の方向を未来志向的に変える必要がある。それは、日本語教育の変化における文法教育の流動的選定、文法事項の再選定及びカテゴリー化、過去と現在の教授法及び教材の検討と改善という三つの点に焦点をあてて要約することができる。

The main purpose of this paper is to explain Korean final sentence ending in terms of information structure. Based on Lee's(1991) argument, this paper focuses on the functional understanding of modal suffixes. Traditionally, the category of modals do not represent all the different attitudes of a speaker toward the proposition and the hearer. Instead, it is known to fulfill two functions: mood and speech register and group according to different moods. With this in mind, the present study tries to show that information status coded by the ending suffixes should be distinguished from the status of modality. In analyzing the ending suffixes, the informational functions should be regarded as a basis for further understanding of modality.

This thesis describes the effective interfacing methods of PACS Modality based on the system installation andoperating experiences. PACS(Picture Archiving and Communication Systems) is a system for medical image archiving and communication using large storage device and high-speed network. The standard communication protocol of PACS is DICONKDigital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) based on TCP/IP and point-to-point protocol. However, there are many Non-DICOM Modalities and DICOM Modalities having problems. First, we had interfaced almost modalities, Fuji CR, GE CT. MRI, Angio, Fluoro, Phillips Angio, Shimadzu Fluoro, Ultrasound PACS. with the main PACS in the Seoul S Hospital as large scale hospital. And we manipulated the intelligent image distribution and the CT, MRI Interfaces never experienced beforein the Anyang J Hospital and the Chungju C Hospital as mid or small scale hospital. Technically, we developed both the DICOM Interface and the Non-DICOM Interface. At the last, the DICOM Worklist and the DICOM Print Interface were implemented in the Seoul B Hospital, the Bucheon SJ Hospital and the Seoul K Hospital independently with PACS. The Oracle, Sybase and MS-SQL are used as database, and UNIX, Macintosh. MS Windows as operating systems. And the Visual C++ and UNIX C are the main programming tools. We have used UTP, coaxial and fiber optic cable under 10/100 mbps LAN for networking.

자극감각양상 효과는 시각․청각 제시에 따른 기억 수행의 차이를 의미한다. 젊은 성인에서 는 청각 우세성이 보고되었으나, 짧은 목록에서는 차이가 없다는 결과도 있다. 반면 노인과 인지저하 집단을 대상으로 한 검증은 제한적이다. 본 연구는 정상 노인, 기억성 다영역 경도 인지장애(amMCI), 알츠하이머형 치매(DAT) 각 30명을 대상으로 자극감각양상(시각/청각)과 목 록 길이(5개/10개 단어)가 언어적 작업기억 수행에 미치는 영향을 검증하였다. 혼합 분산분석 결과, 집단, 자극감각양상, 목록 길이의 주효과와 집단×목록 길이, 자극감각양상×목록 길이의 상호작용이 유의하였다. 정상 노인은 10개 목록에서 수행이 향상된 반면 amMCI와 DAT 집단 은 목록 길이에 따른 차이가 없었다. 세 집단 모두 10개 목록에서 청각 우세성이 강화되었으 며 짧은 목록에서도 청각 우세성이 유지되었다. 이는 임상평가 시 제시 양식과 목록 길이를 함께 고려할 필요성을 시사한다.

The modality effect refers to the differences in memory performance depending on whether stimuli are presented visually or auditorily. In young adults, auditory superiority is common, though differences often disappear with short lists. Research on older adults and cognitively impaired groups remains limited. This study examined the effects of stimulus modality (visual/auditory) and list length (5/10 words) on verbal working memory in three groups-cognitively healthy older adults, those with amnestic multi-domain mild cognitive impairment (amMCI), and those with Alzheimer’s disease dementia (DAT)-each with 30 participants. A 3×2×2 mixed ANOVA revealed significant main effects and group × list length and modality × list length interactions. Healthy older adults recalled more words in the 10-word lists, whereas amMCI and DAT groups showed no list-length effects. All groups performed better under auditory than visual presentation, with greater auditory superiority for longer lists. Findings underscore the need to consider modality and list length in clinical assessments of memory function.

본 논문에서는 현대일본어의 인식적Modalrity를 나타내는 「そうだ」를 대상으로 하여, 「～そうに{思われる・思える}」와 「～そうだ」의 차이에 관해 고찰하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 차이에 대해 명확하게 기술하였다. 1. 신문을 대상으로 한 용례 조사에서는 「～ように思われる」의 용례가 「～そうに思われる」에 비해 압도적으로 많이 쓰인다. 2. 「～そうに思われる」가 사용되는 문장은, 문장 내용 가운데 화자가 해당 사태가 성립하게 된 근거(증거)가 제시되어 있는 경우에 사용된다, 3.　「～そうに思われる」를 구성하는 「思われる」는 「～そうだ」가 화자의 주관적인 인식 내용을 표현하는 것에 비해, 수동태를 사용함으로써 보다 객관적인 판단임을 표현하는 문체적인 차이가 있다. 4. 3의 내용은 신문이라는 문제적인 차이라고 판단된다. 5. 「～そうに思える」는 자발적인 사태를 표현한다는 관점에서 「～そうに思われる」보다는 주관적이지만 「～そうだ」에 비해서는 자발적인 내용을 표현한다는 점에서 객관적이라고 할 수 있다.

The current study contemplates the difference between “～そうに{思われる/思える}” and “～そうだ” on the subject of “そうだ,” which is an of epistemic modality in modern Japanese. As a result, their differences have been clearly identified and described as follows. 1. A newspaper󰠏based usage analysis indicated that “～ように思われる” is used overwhelmingly more frequently than “～そうに思われる.” 2. “～そうに思われる” is used when the speaker of a sentence suggests the evidence or basis for an event within the sentence itself. 3. Compared to “～そうだ,” which expresses a speaker’s subjective perception, “思われる”—a component of “～そうに思われる”—expresses the more objective nature of its judgment by using the passive voice. 4. The difference mentioned above—in No. 3—is determined to be a difference of newspaper writing . 5. The expression “～そうに思える” is relatively subjective compared to “～そうに思われる” as the former expresses subjective perceptions, but it is relatively objective compared to “～そうだ” since it expresses voluntary content.

The complementizer -ko in Korean before verbs of saying and thinking indicates the domain of speech and does not, have any modality. When it occurs with verbs of perception, it has a modality function, which indicates indirect evidence. In the so-called subject-to-object raising sentence, the raised nominal is not the grammatical subject of the complement but a previously mentioned discourse topic. By raising this topic, a speaker encodes a 'doubt in truth modality of the -ko complement clause.

This paper aims to compare and contrast the systems of epistemic modality in Japanese and Korean, focusing on core forms, and to compare with Palmer(2001)’s system of propositional modality. Analysis results are as follows. (1) Unmarked forms in Japanese and Korean express the direct judgment of knowledge and the direct judgment of perception, which is indicated with ru/ta in Japanese, whereas with –ci/-ney/-kwun/-e in Korean. (2) Marked forms in Japanese and Korean express the indirect judgment of inference and the indirect judgment of hearsay, which is indicated with darou/youda/rasii/(suru)souda in Japanese, whereas with –keyssci/-keyssney /-keysskwun/-keysse in Korean. (3) From the perspective of semantic factor, we can establish the axis of ‘the way of judgment’ such as ‘direct judgment’ or ‘indirect judgment’ and the axis of ‘the source of information’ such as ‘knowledge’, or ‘perception’, or ‘inference’ or ‘hearsay’. (4) With the system of epistemic modality in Japanese, the division of forms related to ‘the way of judgment’ is salient, whereas the division of forms related to ‘the source of information’ is not salient. On the other hand, with the system of epistemic modality in Korean, the divisions of forms related to ‘the source of information’ as well as ‘the way of judgment’ are salient. (5) The morphological category related to ‘the way of judgment’ corresponds to the epistemic modality of Palmer(2001), and the morphological category related to ‘the source of information’ corresponds to the evidential modality of Palmer(2001).

Based on M. A. K. Halliday’s modality system in Appraisal Theory and the Theory of Dialogic Space, this paper explores how modality and metaphors of modality are manipulated to the construction of the dialogic space in academic discourse via marking and statistics of the phenomena of modality and metaphor of modality in self-built academic English corpus. The findings of this study reveal that the construction of the dialogic space is subject to the three dimensions of modality and metaphor of modality: orientation, value and polarity. In the orientation of modality, both implicit and explicit expressions can regulate the size of the dialogic space. Although used less frequently, metaphor of modality regulates more degree of freedom in the dialogic space. In terms of the value of modality, it is inversely related to the openness value of the dialogic space. The polarity of modality closes the dialogic space in different degrees.

This study aims to investigate how Korean language learners from Chinese, Japanese, and English backgrounds utilize epistemic modality markers. Data from the National Institute of Korean Language's Corpus of Korean Learners is analyzed to identify patterns. Overall modality marker usage did not differ substantially across groups, but all learners used epistemic modality markers more in written than spoken contexts. In speech, learners shifted from certainty to probability markers showing a preference for less commitment. Native language differences as well as sociolinguistic and cultural factors significantly impacted modality usage by learners. In conclusion, this research deepens our understanding of Korean second language acquisition, highlighting L1 influence, pedagogical factors, and sociopragmatic considerations in learner language development.

The analysis, recognition and perception of behavior has usually been a crucial task for researchers. The goal of this paper is to address the problem to recognize animal species, which has numerous applications in zoology, ecology, biology, and entertainment. Researchers used different machine learning approach for animal species recognition, however the researchers mostly used image data for this purpose and ignore the importance of audio data. In this work, our focus is to process multi modality (image and voice) dataset for animal species recognition. We proposed two different networks for animals’ audio and visual representation to recongize animals’ species. First network for animals’ audios classification that extract MFCC features, and these features is passed from four VGG style blocks while the second network extract visual features from images to classify according to their species. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed model of achieved better performance in terms of classification accuracies.

Research on relationships between textual and textual-plus-pictorial gloss types and working memory capacity has been limited at best. This study examined the degree to which these two gloss types and working memory capacity (WMC), assessed through a listening span task mediate vocabulary learning. 204 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners listened to a text with an unfamiliar topic, before and after which they completed a vocabulary test based on Paribakht and Wesche’s (1997) Vocabulary Knowledge Scale to examine their receptive versus productive vocabulary acquisition. While listening to the text, they received the meanings of twenty selected words through two different gloss types. The results revealed that textual-plus-pictorial glosses led to significantly higher increases in both receptive and productive knowledge. As for the predictive power of working memory capacity, linear regression analysis indicated that WMC did not play a role in receptive vocabulary acquisition in either of the input modes, whereas productive gain scores for both gloss types were equally, albeit insignificantly, predicted by WMC. However, no interaction between WMC and the modality effect was observed. This study confirms the modality effect on intentional vocabulary learning and suggests that the role of WMC is not mediated by gloss types.