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The use of a domain name might infringe others' rights on personal names, tradenames, or trademarks, which are used in the domain name. Likelihood of confusion is one of the determinative factors in deciding the infringement. Generally, the inclusion or omission of a hyphen from the plaintiff's mark or name will not give the domain name a distinctiveness enough to remove likelihood of confusion. However, in some cases, the use or omission of a hyphen might distinguish the domain name from the plaintiff's mark or name by creating a remarkable visual or phonetic differences. The domain name will become more distinctive if plaintiff and defendant are in different markets.

이 글은 독일 가톨릭교인이 가톨릭교회와 독일 민족에 대한 정체성 사이에서 어떤 태도를 취했는가를 살펴보기 위해, 먼저 독일 가톨릭교인이 외부의 비난처럼 비독일적이었는지를 검토하고, 다음으로 ‘독일성’과 가톨릭교회가 결합된 독 일 ‘민족교회’ 논의를, 마지막으로 이들이 가톨릭교회의 보편성과 독일 민족의 특수성 사이에서 어떤 태도를 취했는지를 살펴볼 것이다.

In general, German Catholic have been regarded as ‘nonnational’ and ‘international’ in the German national history in the 19th century. Since B. Anderson considered ‘nation’ as ‘imagined community’, it is necessary to ask constructions of nation by German Catholics and their positions between catholicity and nation. It will be tried to answer in case of Catholic conservative press propagated the papacy supremacy in the middle of 19th century. They insisted without regional differences they were national in the three points: their ‘heartbeat’ for Fatherland and its freedom and power and contribution of their laity clubs to the unification of Germany. They discussed positively about ‘National Church’, because Catholic church never denied each Nationality in the world and promoted it for the catholicity. But they refused a National Church separated from Rom. They posed regionally different between catholicity and nation. Munich Catholics thought both incompatible. But Rhenish Catholics were convinced of the Catholic base of German nation. Catholics in Vienna and Breslau relativized nation into a natural, healthy nation and a hostile nation. They couldn‘t completely ignore it, nor admit it. German Catholic conservatives were included into German nationalism. But in case of conflict of two loyalties, they preferred catholicity to nation.

전통적인 인적자원관리 연구들은 효과적인 인적자원관리를 기업의 전략을 달성할 수 있도 록 잘 설계된 인사제도들의 묶음(set)을 중심으로 기업성과와의 직접적인 관계를 밝히거 나, 어떤 과정을 통해 특정 인사제도가 기업의 성과를 향상시키는지 내부 프로세스를 탐구하는데 주력해왔으나, 최근에는 인적자원관리 시스템의 강도라는 개념이 Bowen과 Ostroff에 의해 제시되면서 기존의 내용중심접근방식에서 제도에 대한 내용이 종업원에 게 전달되는 커뮤니케이션 과정에 초점을 둔 과정중심접근방법으로 연구 초점이 전환되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 프로세스적 관점에서 인적자원관리 시스템의 강도가 인적자원관리 제도의 효과성 측면에서 종업원의 태도, 즉 직무열의와 이직의도에 미치는 영향을 파악하 고자 하였다. 또한 이러한 영향관계에서 상황강도의 역할이 중요하다는 기존 연구에서의 주장에 의거하여 리더의 변혁적 리더십의 조절효과를 통합하여 검증하였다. 총 22개 서울 및 수도권 소재 기업의 구성원 210명의 자료를 수집하여 검증한 결과, 인적자원관리 시스 템의 강도는 구성원의 태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 이러한 관계를 변혁적 리더십이 상황강도 요소로 작용하여 조절하는 결과를 도출하였다. 인적자원관리 시스템의 강도에 관한 다양한 논의와 후속연구를 위한 제언, 본 연구의 한계와 제한점 등을 제시하였다.

Traditional HRM research has predominantly focused on both the content and/or bundling of HR practices so called high-performance work systems. In contrast to the high-performance work systems literature that focuses on HR practices, I follow Bowen and Ostroff in examining human resource management (HRM) processes, specifically the strength of an HR system (its distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus) and its contribution to the employees’ attitude (employees’ job engagement and intention to quit). This paper extends knowledge by examining the diffusion of HR processes as an indication of the communication effects to employees about HRM system strength. Also I try to find the moderation effect of the situational strength as a transformational leadership between HRM system strength and the employees’ attitude. The results of the regression analyses from the survey data from 210 employees in a diverse range of 22 enterprises show support to the 3 hypotheses. These findings are significant in supporting the value of a process perspective of human resource management and the transformational leadership applications. Some implications, future research directions, and study limitations were discussed.

In the above-referenced case, the Korean Supreme Court ruled en banc that the determination as to whether or not a mark has gained distinctiveness should be made as of the time when the mark is examined in a trial for confirmation of its scope (a “Scope Confirmation Trial”), as opposed to as of the time of the mark’s examination for registration. In reaching its decision, the Court took into consideration that the existence and the strength of the distinctiveness of a mark—which is a factor in determining the similarity in marks—are relative to other marks. Accordingly, despite that the subject mark had causes for invalidation, the Court validated the trademark by assessing the mark’s distinctiveness as of the time of the Scope Confirmation Trial. The distinctiveness of a mark is only one of many factors considered in determining the similarity in marks; and, as such, there is no legal basis to validate a mark that is otherwise clearly subject to invalidation on grounds of the mark’s distinctiveness gained over time. However, by validating a trademark as of the time of a Scope Confirmation Trial despite that such mark was clearly subject to invalidation, the Court appears to have gone beyond the long-held principle in the Korean trademark system which recognizes the first-to-file rule and confines the scope of the trademark protection to what is described in the trademark application. The Court’s decision, therefore, deserves an in-depth discussion.

This article is devoted to review the legal protection of trade dress in Korea. The Korean intellectual property laws do not know originally the concept of trade dress, which means that generally refers to characteristics of the visual appearance of a product or its packaging (or even the design of a building) that identify the source of the product to consumers in America. According to the American trademark law system, trade dress is protected as a form of intellectual property including trade mark and trade names. The concept of trade dress in Korea, in my opinion, is not suited to Korean Intellectual Property Law System. Because business signs have to be registered to Korea Intellectual Property Office in order to be protected as intellectual property in Korea. And business signs which do not be registered shall be well known in Korea to be protected by unfair competition law. In my opinion, forms which belong to trade dress are possible to be protected in Korean Trademark Law, Korean Design law, and Korean Unfair Competition Law.

In 1991 a Korean theologian, Chung Hyun Kyung provoked controversy at the assembly of the World Council of Churches by presenting a theology of the Holy Spirit in the form of a Shamanist exorcism. Korean theology of the Holy Spirit has been significant not only in the growth of Christianity in Korea but also in its contribution to Korea’s national development in the twentieth century. This article offers some background in the religio-cultural traditions which lie behind the distinctive Korean approach to pneumatology. The article goes on to examine three different strands of Korean Christian thinking about the Holy Spirit—the theologies of Suh Nam-dong, Cho Yonggi, Ryu Tong-Shik—which appropriate meanings of ‘spirit’ in traditional Korean culture and religion. Through a dialogue between the Korean theologians, the article highlights distinctive aspects of Korean theology of the Spirit, which represent a constructive Korean contribution to the important global Christian debate about pneumatology.

국제 경영 연구들은 다국적 기업(MNEs)의 해외 투자 장소 결정에 있어 성과 피드백의 역할에 점점 더 주목하고 있지만, 대부분의 연구는 전반적인 기업 성과에 기반한 피드백의 영향에 집중해 왔다. 특히, 기존 연구들은 다국적 기업의 입지 선정이 그들이 성과 하 락을 경험한 위치에 따라 달라질 수 있는지에 대해서는 충분히 고려하지 않았다. 이에 본 연구는 기업 행동 이론(BTOF)을 바탕으로 다국적기업들이 개별 진출 국가에서 경험하는 목표 대비 성과 부족이 이들의 해외 투자 입지 선정에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 탐구하 였다. 구체적으로, 본 연구는 다국적 기업들이 특정 진출 국가에서 성과 부족을 경험할 때 기존의 지식과 역량을 활용하여 빠른 성과 회복을 달성할 수 있는 제도적으로 유사한 국가에 투자할 가능성이 높아진다고 제시하였다. 또한, 본 연구는 성과 하락과 다국적 기업 들의 입지 선정 간 관계가 성과 하락을 경험한 진출 국가의 제도적 특수성이 높을수록 약화된다고 제시하였다. 2017년부터 2021년까 지 189개의 미국 다국적 기업들의 FDI 활동 데이터를 분석한 결과, 이와 같은 가설들이 지지되었다. 본 연구는 성과 하락이 발생한 진 출 국가의 특성이 다국적 기업의 향후 FDI 입지 선정에 영향을 미친다는 점을 강조하며, 성과 피드백과 다국적 기업의 입지 전략 간 관계에 대한 새로운 시각을 제시한다.

International business scholars have increasingly focused on the role of performance feedback in shaping MNEs' foreign investment location decisions, although most research has centered on the impact of feedback related to overall firm performance. Notably, these studies have yet to consider how MNEs' location decisions might vary depending on where they experience performance shortfalls. To address this gap, this study explored how MNEs' location choices are influenced by performance shortfalls relative to aspirations they experience in individual host countries. Specifically, the current research proposed that when MNEs experience performance shortfalls in a host country, they are more inclined to invest in countries with similar institutional characteristics, where they can leverage existing knowledge and capabilities in order to achieve swift performance recovery. Furthermore, the study suggested that the effect of performance shortfalls on MNEs’ location decisions is moderated by the degree of institutional distinctiveness of the focal host country compared to the firms’ existing portfolio of host countries. By analyzing data on 189 U.S. manufacturing MNEs' FDI activities from 2017 to 2021, I found support for the proposed hypotheses, shedding light on the nuanced dynamics of MNEs' strategic behavior. This study underscores that MNEs’ FDI location decisions are shaped by the characteristics of the host countries where they experience underperformance, offering a novel perspective on the relationship between performance feedback and MNEs’ location decisions.

상표의 식별력은 상표가 갖추어야 할 본질적인 요소이다. 상표법 제33조 제1항은 식별력이 없는 상표들을 규정하고 있는데 이러한 표장들은 상표등록이 불가능하다. 제33조 제1항에 해당하는 상표들은 상표의 구성 자체가 본질적으로 자타상품을 식별할 수 없거나 특정 개인에게 독점권을 허용하지 않기 위한 목적에서 규정되었다. ‘현저한 지리적 명칭’은 상표법 제33조 제1항 제4호에 규정되어 있다. 식별력이 없는 상표들로 구성된 결합상표의 경우 결합 자체만으로 식별력이 발생하는 것은 아니다. 그러나 예외적으로 그 구성 자체에 의해서 새로운 관념이 발생하는 경우에는 상표등록이 가능 하다. 그리고 사용에 의한 식별력을 취득한다면 상표가 사용된 상품을 지정상품으로 하여 상표등록을 할 수 있다. ‘현저한 지리적 명칭’과 결합한 대학교 명칭 상표도 식별력 없는 상표로만 구성된 결합상표에 해당한다. 따라서 결합 자체에 의해 새로운 식별 력이 발생하거나 사용에 의한 식별력 취득이 인정되지 않는다면 상표등록이 불가능하 다. 최근 대법원 전원합의체는 현저한 지리적 명칭과 대학교 명칭으로 구성된 상표에 대한 식별력 유무를 판단하는 판결을 내렸다. 다수의견은 ‘현저한 지리적 명칭’과 결합한 대학교 명칭이 그 결합 자체만으로 식별력이 인정되는 것은 아니지만 사안의 경우 에는 식별력이 인정될 수 있다고 판단하였다. 그러나 다수의 별개 의견은 ‘현저한 지리적 명칭’과 결합한 대학교 명칭 상표는 항상 결합만으로 새로운 식별력이 발생한다고 판단하였다. ‘현저한 지리적 명칭’이 특정 개인에게 독점을 허용하지 않으려는 취지에서 규정되었고 대학교 명칭의 경우 법률에 의해 대학 운영 주체에게만 사용을 허용하고 있어서 이와 같은 상표에 대하여 식별력을 인정하여도 무방하다고 본다. 이 판결 이후 개정된 특허청의 상표심사기준은 사용에 의한 식별력 취득을 전제로 식별력을 인정하고 있는데 대학교 명칭과 결합한 ‘현저한 지리적 명칭’은 대법원 전원합의체 판결의 다수의 별개 의견과 같이 결합 자체에 의해 새로운 식별력이 발생한다고 전제하는 것이 식별력 규정을 훼손하지 않으면서 구체적 타당성을 실현하는 방법이라고 본다.

The distinctiveness of a trademark is an essential element of the trademark. Article 33 (1) of the Trademark Act stipulates that trademarks with no distinctive powers are trademarks that can not be registered. Non-discriminatory trademarks are defined in such a manner that the composition of the trademark itself is inherently unidentifiable or not exclusive to a particular individual. Significant geographical designation are stipulated in Article 33 (1) (4) of the Trademark Act. In the case of a combined trademark consisting of non-discriminatory trademarks, the binding itself does not result in distinctiveness. However, if a new distinctiveness occurs by the composition itself or gets secondary meaning, the trademark registration is possible. A university name combined with a significant geographical name corresponds to a combined trademark consisting only of a non-discriminatory trademark. Trademark registration is therefore not possible unless a new distinctiveness is created by the combination itself or secondary meaning is not granted. The Supreme Court has decided to judge the discrimination of trademarks composed of remarkable geographical designation and university term. The majority commented that the name of the university combined with the famous geographical term would not be recognized solely by the combination itself, but in the case of cases, the distinctiveness power could be recognized. However, a separate opinion concluded that trademark combined with a famous geographical designation always create distinctiveness by the combination. In the case of university term the trademark always have distinctiveness inherently.

빅데이터는 기업 경영을 변화시키고 있을 뿐 아니라 새로운 형태의 비즈니스를 만들어내고 있 다. 이러한 신사업들은 가치를 창출하고 이익을 실현하는 방법에서 기존 사업들과는 다른 특성을 보 인다. 본 연구에서는 국내와 해외 화장품 빅데이터 관련 대표 사례를 분석하여 기존 이론에서 거론된 빅데이터 비즈니스 모델의 구성 요소들을 검증하고 도출하였다. 그 결과 이들 기업들은 가치 창출을 위한 데이터 창출 및 활용, 플랫폼의 용도, 고객 경험의 특성 등이 기존 기업들과 차이를 보이고 있 다. 특히 가치 창출에서 데이터의 역할이 절대적인 비중을 차지한다. 그리고 국내 기업에 비해 이익 실현 방식에서 데이터 활용도가 높은 해외 기업은 더욱 다양한 종류의 빅데이터를 통한 보다 구체적 인 맞춤화된 고객 경험에 더 초점을 두고 있다. 키워드: 빅데이터, 플랫폼, 고객 경험, 비즈니스 모델

Big data revolution has changed the management of business as well as the model of business. The new business model driven by big data characterizes the differences in its value creation and profit realization, compared to traditional business models. This study analyzes Korea and US cosmetic big data business case to extract the components of big data business model which are discussed in previous literature. As a result, these cases validate the three key constructs of big data business model; data, platform, customer experience. Especially, data plays a significant role in value creation as well as profit realization. Interestingly enough, US case which has a clear profit realization method directly related to big data analysis delivers a moe concrete personalized customer experience to users.

A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator of some kind which is used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to uniquely identify the source of its products and/or services to consumers, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities The Trade Mark Act (TMA) establishes a fundamental system of protection based on registration rather than use, while for protection under the UCPA the existence of a secondary meaning and actual likelihood of confusion is required. Trade mark rights do not, therefore, arise merely through the use of a trade mark, regardless of how well-known the mark may be. On the other hand, it is evident that system of first use adopted in other countries For example, the United States of America, the Philippines, Indonesia and all countries with a legal system based on the traditional British model..has had some influence on the Trade Mark Act. For example, according to Sec. 2 TMA, which requires distinctiveness as a requirement for registration, even a trade mark which is not distinct (and thus not registrable) may be registered provided the mark has become well-known among consumers by use and has consequently acquired "secondary meaning", Sec. 6(2). The TMA categorizes the following kinds of marks as lacking distinctiveness (Sec. 6(1)): - Generic or common names for the product; - Descriptive mark; - Conspicuous geographical names; - Common surnames or titles and - Simple or common marks. - Mark devoid of any distinctive chracter A trade mark acquires secondary meaning when, over time, consumers have grown to recognis ethe mark as identifying a particular company products. However, in such case, evidence verifying such use and notoriety should be submitted at the time of filing. In assessing whether a trade mark acquires secondary meaning, the grounds under Section(1) 1-7(taken together with Section 6(2)) should be justified on the basis of 'Freihaltebedurfnis'.

The main function of trademarks is to identify the goods or services' sources and to distinguish them from others. In this sense, the question wheather a mark is qualified as a trademark wholly depends on the realities and practices of the business society. The boundary of trademarks has expanded along with the changes of the technical, economic and cultural climate in the society. All marks, however, are not to be automatically protected as trademarks: there must be a standard to distinguish a protectable marks from a non-desirable marks. For example, a product's trade dress becomes sufficiently distinctive to qualify for protection under the Lanham Act if it is either inherently distinctive or if it is acquires secondary meaning. Furthermore, to acquire a 'secondary meaning' in the minds of the buying public, for purpose of trade dress protection, an article of merchandise must proclaim its identification with its source, and not simply stimulate inquiry about it. An important doctrine, drawn from the common law, that serves as a limiting principle in trade dress cases is the doctrine of functionality. Although it now ha a statutory pedigree, by virtue of the 1998 Trademark Amendments, the doctrine of functionality has a long history in the common law of trademarks. According to the Supreme Court, in order for trademarks or trade dress to be protected under the Lanham Act, it mustnot be functional; moreover, the functionality doctrine prevents trademark law, which seeks to promote competition by protecting a firm's reputation, from instead inhibiting legitimate competition by allowing a producer to control a useful product feature. These general principles are largely undisputed, however, their application to the trade dress area is the subject of considerable debate. This article is dedicated to examine the requirement of distinctiveness and the doctrine of functionality in light of the American case law, which will serve as useful reference for future operation of the non- conventional trademarks in Korea. Doctrinal developments and legislative trends in the advanced countries also should be followed up.

입방체 귀인이론(Kelley, 1967)이 가정하는 합의성, 특이성 및 일관성 정보들이 서로 상관되어 있는 함축(implication)차원을 형성한다는 가설(세 정보들 중 하나 또는 두 종류의 정보만 받아도 사람들이 주어진 정보의 뜻과 함께 나머지 정보들의 뜻까지 추리해 낼 수 있을 것이라는 가설)을 세우고 이를 검증하기 위한 2개의 실험을 했다. 실험 I의 피험자들(N=60)의 하나의 귀인정보를, 그리고 실험 II의 피험자들(N=60)은 두 종류의 귀인정보를 각각 받고 (1) 합의성, 특이성, 및 일관성 함축이 각각 어느 방향으로 일어나는지, 그리고 (2) 가능한 함축내용 각각이 얼마나 그럴듯한지를 함축들간에 선택 또는 평정했다. 실험 I 과 실험 II 모두에서 한 차원의 정보가 다른 차원의 정보 까지 줄 수 있다는 가설을 지지했다. 뿐만 아니라 정보들간의 함축 관계가 아주 체계적임을 보이면서 車載浩와 羅恩暎(1986)이 제안한 T형 귀인모델의 수평축과 수직축의 존재도 강력히 지지했다. 또한 低일관성 정보가 명백히 주어 지지않는 한 사람들이 대체로 卨일관성을 가정한다는 가설이 추가적으로 지지되어, 사람들이 보통때는 T형 모델의 수평축만을 이용하여 실제귀인(행위자귀인 또는 자극귀인)을 많이하고 상황귀인은 삼가할 것이라는 시사를 얻었다.

Two experiments were conducted to test the idea that Kelley's(1967) three types of attributional information(consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information) can be partially implied by one or the other. Sixty subjects received one type of information(Experiment 1), and another 60 subjects received two types of information(Experiment 2) and were asked to infer the remaining information by (1) choosing between the two opposite implications(e.g., high and low consensus implications), on each of the three dimensions, and (2) rating the strength of each implication on 7-point unipolor scales. As expected, subjects were able to fill in the missing information based on the given information. In addition, the pattern of implicational relationships found among consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information indirectly supported the T-shape attribution space model proposed by Cha and Na(1986). but did not support the schema-based predictions made by Orvis, Cunningham, and Kelley(1975). It was also demonstrated that people would assume a higher baseline for consistency information than for consensus or distinctiveness information. The analysis suggested that the traditional internal-external attribution distinction may have confounded two different attribution choices, one between person and stimulus and another between person and circumstance.

In case, the trademark having no distinctiveness at the time of decision whether to register and finally acquired a degree of distinctiveness(secondary meaning) required by Article 6, paragraph 2, after registration by using in the course of litigation, how such a registered trademark should be treated legally?The position of the Supreme Court is uncertain. Mainstream of Cases are in the position that such a registered trademark should be invalidated by trial. However, this position needs to be reviewed in a new perspectives, and by the Supreme Court case law in the opposite position. This paper is to review and claim the possibility of a correction of defects of the trademark registration even though it has a reason of invalidation at the time of decision to resister. First, invalidating the registered trademark and refiling it again cause too much discomfort to the trademark owner and is against in a economic perspective. As well as there is no merits to claim invalidation trial in fact because it still can be protected by the Unfair Competition Prevention Law. Furthermore, it meets the counter-interpretation of Article 5 paragraph 1 of Article 71 of the Trademark Act, providing that the loss of distinctiveness after registrations is to be the reason of invalidation. First of all, considering the nature of the animated feature of distinctiveness, sticking to the strict registration framework is contrary to the reality of commerce and mislead consumers into confusion that can lead to serious distortions and unfair competition causing result contrary to the purpose of the trademark law. This argument also can be supported by changing the perspective regarding the time of judgment to find and by adopting the concept of time acquiring secondary meaning. The time of judgment whether a trademark acquired secondary meaning needs not to be kept by the time of its registration, but could be by the time of trial decision or by the time of final judgement of a court according to the step of litigations. What's more important is the fact that the applicant must establish the time of acquiring secondary meaning of the mark concerned.

解放以後の韓国は、社会のほぼすべての分野で日本的なものへの拒否や抹消に一貫し、そのような雰囲気は、20年余りの長い断絶を後にしてようやく成し遂げられた1965年の国交正常化以後も、かなり長い間続いていた。当時の韓国は、いまだに癒えていない傷と国民感情とによって、日本に対する学問的な接近さえなかなか認めようとしない雰囲気が強かった。1970年代初めの状況もやはり、政治や経済の方面では既に相当な交流が行われていたにも係わらず、公的な場で日本を研究しますと堂々と言いにくい雰囲気は依然と続いていた。そのような厳しい環境のなかで、1973年2月1日、日本を学問的に研究するために誕生したのが韓国日本学会であった。学会創立初期は、日本に対する否定的な雰囲気が割と強かったため、他の国を研究する学会なら全く気にしなくてもいいことまで一々気を使わなければならなかった。にもかかわらず、会員数も少なく財政的にも劣悪な状況のなかで、定期的に研究発表会を開き、毎年学会誌を発刊し、日本の学界を代表する学者たちを相次いで招いて国際学術大会を開催し、日本研究叢書の発刊計画を樹立して着々と実行に移すなど、活発な学術活動を繰り広げながら、国内最初に本格的な日本研究の礎石を築いた。1980年代から急激に膨張し始めた日本研究ブームの発端とその中心には韓国日本学会があった。このように国内最初の日本研究学会として結成され、この分野の研究の中心的な役割を果して来た韓国日本学会が、2013年2月、創立40周年を迎え＜中年>になる。さて、残念にもその40周年を迎えようとする今、中国経済の急激な浮上とは対照的に日本経済の長期沈滞と大きな自然災害などが相次ぐなかで、若者たちの日本に対する関心が減り、修学能力試験科目から第二外国語の除外、人文学を粗末にする雰囲気などがかみ合って、日本教育研究分野の周辺与件が益々厳しくなりつつある。しかし、沈滞しているとはいえ日本は依然と世界３位の経済大国であり、ノーベル賞の受賞者をなんと19人も輩出した底力のある技術大国․文化大国であることは誰も否認できない事実である。それに日本という国は、韓国にとって単なる外国ではなく非常に特別な存在であることを見逃してはならない。地理的に隣接していて、いやでも応でも絶えず互いに相対しなければならない宿命的なライバル関係なのである。過去もそうであったし、現在も未来も例外ではない。日本が韓国を緻密に分析しているのに、韓国が日本研究を手放せば、益々日本の一方的な論理に振り回されやすくなることは自明である。韓国と日本とは色々な基本的な与件が似ていて、日本の様々の成功要因に関する分析から得られる教訓ほど、失敗要因の分析から得られる教訓も韓国にとって非常に有用な研究対象となり得る。韓日関係は、両国国民の感情を刺激する扇動に振り回されやすい傾向があるが、その多くの場合は、学問的․理性的な接近を通して相互理解を水準を高めれば、不必要な摩擦を起さないで済むことであり、それは両国国民の精神健康のためにも望ましいことであろう。韓国における日本研究の環境は、いま大きな転換点を迎えている。或は危機に直面している。しかし危機こそ更なる発展を図れる絶好の機会でもある。1973年創立以来、国内の日本研究を先導して来た韓国日本学会は、この変化の中心に立って、学会創立当時の先学たちの決然たる意志と確固たる志を改めて反芻してみながら、我々がなぜ何のために日本を研究するかを厳しく自問してみ、新しい時代の要求に相応しいビジョンと発展的な変化の方向を模索して行くべきであろう。

본 연구는 부적정서의 구별성과 의미연합강도가 인출유도망각에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 실험 1은 인출유도망각(retrieval induced forgetting; RIF)의 원인에 대해 살피고, 또한 범주와 범주 내 항목 간의 연합강도에 따른 목록을 구성하기 위해 수행되었다. 범주 내 의미강도는 강함-강함(SS)조건과 강함-약함(SW)조건, 약함-강함(WS)조건과 약함-약함(WW)조건으로 조작되었다. 그 결과 강함-강함(SS)조건과 약함-강함(WS)조건에서 인출유도망각이 관찰되었다. 실험 2는 자극의 정서성 뿐만 아니라 학습 시 정서가로 인한 자극의 구별성이 인출유도망각에 미치는 영향을 확인해 보기 위해 수행되었다. 또한 중성에서 억제로 인해 발생되는 인출유도망각이 정서가로 인해 어떻게 달라지는지 확인해 보기 위해 수행되었다. 범주 내 의미강도는 실험 1과 마찬가지로 SS조건과 SW조건, WS조건과 WW조건으로 조작되었다. 부적정서 배정조건은 전체 항목에 부정적 정서가 배정되거나 인출연습범주 내 인출연습을 하지 않은 항목(Retrieval practice-; Rp-)에만 부적정서를 배정하는 방식으로 조작하였다. 그 결과 전체 항목에 부적정서가 배정된 조건에서는 SS조건을 제외하고 모든 조건에서 인출유도망각이 발생되지 않았다. Rp-에만 부적정서가 배정된 조건에서는 모든 조건에서 인출유도망각이 발생되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 부적자극이 구별성으로 작용될 때만 인출유도망각이 발생되지 않을 가능성이 시사된다.

The present study is designed to investigate the effect of negative emotion and semantic associative strength on retrieval-induced forgetting(RIF). Experiment1 was designed to explore to cause of RIF and to construct a association strength list. For these ends, Anderson(1994) study was replicated. An association strength list was devised to strong - strong(SS)condition and strong - weak(SW)condition, weak - strong (WS) conditions and weak - weak(WW) condition. RIF was observed in strong - strong(SS)condition and strong - weak(SW)condition. Experiment2 was designed to ascertain the distinctiveness of emotion, as well as emotionality in the RIF. Experiment2 was planned to ascertain how varied the emotions. An association strength list was devised to strong - strong(SS)condition and strong - weak(SW)condition, weak - strong (WS) conditions and weak - weak(WW) condition. Emotional valence was placed in all the category list or in the Rp- list. RIF was observed in strong - strong(SS)condition in all the category list condition. And RIF was not observed in all condition in the Rp- list condition.

본 연구의 목적은 사회정체성이론을 바탕으로 제시된 조직동일시의 세 가지 선행변인인 조직의 독특성, 조직의 위상, 그리고 경쟁조직의 존재가 전문무용수들의 조직동일시에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 달성하고자 서울과 서울 근교의 6개의 무용단의 전문무용수 210명의 자료가 위계적회귀분석을 통해 분석 되었다. 조직동일시의 선행변인인 조직의 독특성, 조직의 위상, 그리고 경쟁조직의 존재와 함께 통제변인으로 무 용단내의 지위와 외부활동의 유뮤가 사용되었다. 본 연구의 분석결과 조직의 독특성과 조직의 위상은 전문무용수 의 조직동일시에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 경쟁 조직의 존재는 전문무용수의 조직동일시에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 무용단의 독특성과 무용단의 위 상은 통계적 의미와 더불어 실질적으로 전문무용수의 조직동일시를 증진시킬 수 있는 선행변인으로서의 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 사회정체성이론을 기반으로 하여 조직동일시의 개념을 정리하였으며 조직동일 시의 선행변인이 무용수의 조직동일시에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였고 무용단이 실질적으로 사용할 수 있는 전략을 논의하였다는 점에서 의미를 찾을 수 있다.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of three antecedents suggested by Social Identity Theory (i.e., organizational distinctiveness, prestige, and salience of rival) on organizational identification of professional dancers of dance teams. To achieve these purpose, 210 professional dancers of 6 dance teams located in Seoul and the suburbs participated in this study. Using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the results showed that organizational distinctive and prestige had statistically significant impact on the organizational identification of professional dancers. However, salience of rival did not have statistically significant influence on the organizational identification of professional dancers. Thus, the findings indicate that the management of dance teams can improve organizational identification by strategically enhance their distinctiveness and prestige. The study is valuable in that it hypothesized the antecedents of organizational identification based on Social Identity Theory and analyzed the causal effects of the antecedents on the organizational identification of professional dance teams. This study also discussed the strategies that can be practically used by dance teams to enhance the level of organizational identificaiton.

The purpose of this article is to set the foundation for the lineage of epic literature of 'Broken-down Hero stories' focusing on Agijangsu(Baby Hero) Fable. The collapse of a hero is the most important and the most common theme in tragedy all over the world. Agijangsu Fable has can be chosen as the representative work of Koran tragedy literature in that it is typical tragedy and it is wide spread all over Korea. Tragedy has characteristics such as ① it has epic structure descending from happiness to unhappiness ② the hero who experiences this descend is superior to others ③ his collapse is destined ④ it creates sympathy and terror. Agijangsu Fable is a tragic epic with these characteristics. While classic western tragedies show heroes accepting their destiny of destruction, this Agijangsu Fable implies future hope through the hero who rejects his destiny. The baby hero symbolizes the vitality of the group symbolized as water and earth unlike Greek heroes who always return to individuals. Although the baby hero is broken down, he remains as the hope for the non-frustrated and has the stature of pure people's hero. Compared to it, Deok Ryeong Kim in 'Imjinrok' accepts his destiny of death as the character reconstructed according to Confucianism. Although it has characteristics of upper class tragedy, there is the stature of people's hero such as baby hero on Deok Ryeong Kim. 'Imjanggunjeon' has the structure of ideological upper class tragedy. Although the death of Gyeong Up Im was not acceptable, it was accepted when the goal of honoring and revenge was achieved. The people's hero concept shown in Agijangsu Fable has been transformed with diversity accepting the consciousness and literature customs of upper class while it was transferred to written literature.

This article explores the purpose and the distinctiveness of Christian schools which are the contemporary concerns of church leaders and Christian educators in Korea. Based on this issue, the purpose of this paper is to provide basic ideas of Christian schools to Christian parents and educators. In order to delineate the purpose of this article following specific contents shall be discussed. First, this paper will describe why we need Christian schools today. This question will be discussed based on the religious nature and cultural aspects of education, God’s mandate and the Great Commission. Second, the purpose of Christian schools will be described in terms of helping parents to perform their tasks, pupils’ serving the Lord, teachers’ teaching biblically, taking up our cross to follow Christ, and God’s glory. Third, five elements will be explored as the distinctiveness of Christian schools such as truth, biblical integration, Christian staff, potential in Christ, and organizational practice. God wants us to establish Christian schools and our students to be educated in Christian perspectives. To accomplish this commissions parents, church leaders and christian teachers need to understand the necessity, purpose and distinctiveness of Christian schools. Christian schools intend not only to follow Christ and glorify God but to help students develop a God-centered world and life view.

이 논문은 현재 활용되고 있는 기독교 상담과정을 살펴보며 기독교상담이 발전하기 위해서는 이론만이 아니고 상담과정이 분명해지고 그것이 실제 활용되어야 한다는 점을 제안한다. 우선 기독교 상담과정이 일반상담과정과 형식 상 공유하는 측면을 살펴보며 일반적 내용을 정리한다. 이 부분은 주로 상담자 훈련을 위해서 교과서로 사용되는 대표적인 문헌들을 중심으로 보편적 흐름과 틀을 개관한다. 반면에 형식에서 같아 보인다 해도, 기독교 상담과정이 구별되는 내면적 측면을 전제와 자세의 관점에서 찾아본다. 상담 실제의 차이는 이론만이 아니고 여러 주제에 대한 성경적 전제에서 분명해 진다. 기독교상담은 인간관, 병리관, 회복의 목표, 진단의 기준 등에서 성경적 관점을 출발점으로 삼는다. 또한 인격과 영성을 소유한 기독교 상담자가 상담과 내담자에 대해 어떤 자세를 갖고 있느냐 하는 것도 구별한다. 더 나아가 기독교 상담과정 만이 가지고 있는 독특성을 관계, 탐색, 평가, 개입의 차원에서 명확히 한다. 이 부분과 관련해서는 성경적 상담과 영적 접근의 상담에서 제시되는 내용을 주로 적용하였고, 다양한 영적 자원의 활용가능성을 제안하였다. 기독교상담은 이론적 토대만이 아니고 실제 상담과정이 명료해지고 더 나아가 이것을 훈련하여 실습하게 될 때 조금 더 견고하게 자리 잡게 될 것으로 기대한다.

This paper intends to study the Christian counseling process. In order to develop Christian counseling, counseling process as well as theories has to be much more apparent and really put to use. First, pointing out that the Christian counseling process has a lot in common with general counseling process, we analyze the usual contents to be accepted in those processes. We obtain the general flow and frame of the process by studying main textbooks for practicing and training. Second, although it has a surface similarity to the other processes, Christian counseling process has some different factors in prerequisite and attitude. The real differences of the counseling practices are caused not only by theories, but also the biblical viewpoints on main topics. Christian counseling has a biblical stand on human beings, psychopathology, diagnostic criteria, aim of recovery, etc., as most counseling practices already have idealogical foundations. Moreover, it is important for the Christian counselors who have Christian personality and spirituality to have servant attitude in counseling and clients. Third, we clarify its specific approaches in relationship, exploration, assessment, and intervention. We suggest several spiritual resources and furthermore apply biblical counseling and a few spiritual approaches. Christian counseling will stand firm when the actual counseling process is practiced and trained on the base of Christian approach.

<문묘제례(文廟祭禮)>란 문묘(文廟)에서 공자(孔子)를 비롯하여 선성선사(先聖先師)에게 제사지내는 의식을 뜻하며 석전제(釋奠祭)라고도 불린다. 한국은 동아시아의 유교문화권 국가 중에서도 대표격인 나라로 여전히 방대한 유교문화의 전통을 지키고 있다. 무형문화유산에 속하는 <문묘제례>는 유교문화의 요체로서 악(樂)․가(歌)․무(舞)의 요소를 모두 포함하고 있는 것은 물론, 의례의 절차와 의식면에서도 중요한 가치를 지닌다. 한국에서 <문묘제례>와 관련한 연구는 크게 기초 연구와 응용 연구의 두 영역에서 진행되었다. 하지만 각 학문 분야는 <문묘제례>의 다양한 구성요소 중 해당 학문 영역이 관심을 갖는 연구에만 집중한 나머지 <문묘제례>를 총체적인 관점에서 조명하지 못하고 있다는 점에서 문제를 제기할 수 있다. 이는 향후 진행될 <문묘제례> 연구가 제례의 모든 구성 요소를 아우를 수 있도록 보다 총체적인 관점에서 연구되어야 할 필요가 있음을 의미하며, 이 문제는 학문 통합적 연구를 진행함으로써 극복이 가능할 것이다. 한국의 <문묘제례>는 수입 당시의 모습을 그대로 유지하고 있는 것은 아니나 동국 18현의 문묘 종사, 천자의례로의 승격, 오랜 시간 단절 없는 계승과 보존의 노력 등으로 한국만의 특수성을 유지한 채 현재까지 이어지고 있다. 이는 아시아 전역에서 한국의 <문묘제례>가 중요한 문화유산으로 논의되는 이유라고 할 수 있는 것이다. 그러므로 한국에서는 한국형 <문묘제례>의 보존과 계승, 현대적 수용 방안에 대해서 계속해서 연구해야 할 것이다. 한국의 <문묘제례>는 교육적, 사회적, 외교적, 문화적 측면에서 그 수용의 의미를 내재하고 있는데, 21세기에는 특히 ‘문화적 측면의 의미’가 가장 중요하게 부각되고 있다. 그러므로 동아시아 유교문화의 보편성을 토대로 한국 문화의 특수성을 잘 드러낼 수 있도록 한국<문묘제례>의 문화적 의미의 부각을 위해 다양한 방법을 모색해야 한다. 이는 동아시아를 넘어 전 세계적으로 유교문화의 긍정적인 측면을 알릴 수 있는 방편이 되는 것은 물론, 이 시대에 한국 <문묘제례>가 존재하는 참의미를 발견하는 통로가 될 것이다.

<Munmyojerye> means a ritual ceremony at a Confucian shrine to previous saints and masters, including Confucius; it is also called Seokjeonje. Korea occupies a representative position among the East Asian Confucian culture countries and it still has an extensive Confucian cultural tradition. <Munmyojerye>, which belongs to one of its intangible cultural heritages, not only includes all the elements of music․song and dance but also has an important value in ceremonial procedures and ritual. In Korea, researches on <Munmyojerye> has largely been of two types, i.e., basic and applied research. However, there is a problem in that each type has focused only on particular elements of <Munmyojerye> and therefore, neither has illuminated <Munmyojerye> from an overall perspective. This suggests that future research on <Munmyojerye> needs to be conducted from a more encompassing perspective in order to incorporate all the elements together; it will then, be possible to overcome the limitations of the two types of research through an integrated academic study. Korean <Munmyojerye> does not maintain the same appearance as it had at the time of its greatest importance. Korean <Munmyojerye> has lasted until today and retained its unique characteristics as a shrine owing to the dedication of 18 Korean Confucian scholars, refurbishment of its service as “Son of Heaven”, and incessant succession and preservation efforts. This may be the reason that Korean <Munmyojerye> is discussed as an important part of cultural heritage in all of Asia beyond Korea. Therefore, it is necessary for Korea to continuously study ways of ensuring the preservation, succession, and modern acceptance of Korean <Munmyojerye>. Korean <Munmyojerye> contains educational, social, diplomatic, and cultural values, and, it can be said that of these various values of <Munmyojerye>, cultural values emerge most strongly these days. Thus, it is necessary to seek different ways to estublish them in ways that can best best represent the distinctiveness of <Munmyojerye> based on the universality of East Asian Confucian culture. This will not only be a measure to inform the world beyond East Asia of the positive aspects of Confucian culture but also to discover the real meaning of the existence of Korean <Munmyojerye> in this era.