Earticle

본 연구는 엿듣기 패러다임(overhearing paradigm)과 선다형 과제를 사용하여, 선행 발화(pre-sequence)가 전달하는 가능성(높음, 중간, 낮음)과 중국 체류 기간이 제2언어로서 중국어를 학습하는 한국인 학습자의 제안 전략 선택 및 온라인 처리에 미치는 영향을 조사한다. 전략 선택 측면에서, 학습자들은 높은 가능성의 맥락에서는 원어민과 유사한 수행을 보였으나, 더 큰 모호성과 사회적 위험을 수반하는 중간 및 낮은 가능성의 맥락에서는 어려움을 겪는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 장기 체류 집단은 단기 체류 집단보다 더 나은 수행을 보였다. 온라인 처리 측면에서, 반응 시간 데이터는 기저의 인지 메커니즘에 더 깊은 차이가 있음을 보여주었다. 즉, 단기 체류 집단은 원어민과 장기 체류 집단 모두에게서 관찰되는 '망설임' 현상이 결여되어 있었으며, 이는 미성숙한 암시적 화용 모니터링 시스템을 시사한다. 이러한 결과는 장기적인 몰입을 통한 화용 발달이 단지 외현적 행동의 적절성 향상뿐만 아니라, 목표어의 화용 모니터링 시스템을 구축하고 내면화하는 과정을 포함함을 시사한다. 이 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 향후 중국어 교육에서는 맥락 비교와 같은 방법을 사용하여 선행 발화와 같은 화용 현상에 대한 명시적 교수를 강화하고, 이를 통해 학습자의 맥락 단서에 대한 민감성과 온라인 화용 모니터링 능력을 향상시킬 것을 제안한다.

Employing an overhearing paradigm and a multiple-choice task, this study investigates the influence of possibility (high, medium, low) conveyed by pre-sequences and length of stay in China on the strategy selection and online processing of Korean learners of Chinese as a second language. In terms of strategy selection, the results show that while learners performed similarly to native speakers in high-possibility contexts, their difficulties emerged in medium- and low-possibility contexts, which involve greater ambiguity and social risk; furthermore, the longer-stay group outperformed the shorter-stay group. In terms of online processing, reaction time data revealed deeper differences in underlying cognitive mechanisms: the shorter-stay group lacked the "hesitation" phenomenon observed in both native speakers and the longer-stay group, indicating an immature implicit pragmatic monitoring system. These findings suggest that pragmatic development through long-term immersion involves not only an improvement in the appropriateness of explicit behavior but the establishment and internalization of a target language pragmatic monitoring system. Based on these findings, it is suggested that future Chinese language pedagogy should enhance explicit instruction on pragmatic phenomena such as pre-sequences, using methods like contextual comparison to improve learners' sensitivity to contextual cues and their online pragmatic monitoring abilities.

Cet article vise à étudier l’interprétation du système numérique chinois en se concentrant sur la question du traitement des nombres dans l’interprétation simultanée (SI) et en analysant la conversion syntaxique qui s’impose dans les combinaisons linguistiques comme le chinois et l’italien, où les deux systèmes de numération ont des différences syntaxiques importantes. Les données proviennent de l’expérience d’interprétation de l’auteur à Taiwan, de la littérature, et d’interviews avec des interprètes locaux dont la langue maternelle est le chinois, mais aussi de l’opportunité d’assister à des programmes chinois et taïwanais de formation en interprétation en tant qu’ observateur participant. Les données recueillies ont été analysées qualitativement par l’auteur afin de compléter l’article.

This study investigated offline and online comprehension of Korean locative alternation by Chinese-speaking second language (L2) learners of Korean. An acceptability judgment task and an online self-paced reading task were conducted with Chinese learners of Korean at higher- and lower-proficiency levels along with a control group of native Korean speakers. The outcomes of the acceptability judgment task showed that both L2 groups acquired the knowledge of Korean locative alternation. The results from the self-paced reading task demonstrated that native speakers and highly proficient L2 learners, but not learners with lower proficiency, showed sensitivity to the mismatch between case marking and verb semantics in their processing of locative constructions. These findings suggest that proficient Chinese speakers can process Korean locative constructions in a native-like manner, inconsistent with the claim that L2 processing is substantially different from native speaker processing.

사춘기 이후에 제2언어(L2)로 한국어를 습득하기 시작한 중국인 후기 학습자(late learners) 중 중급 수준 이상의 한국어 능력을 갖춘 학습자들이 한국어 문장이해 과정에서 어떠한 인지신경기제에 의해 의미통합을 진행하는지를 사건관련전위(ERP, event-related potentials) 측정기법에 의해 확인하였다. 위반 패러다임을 이용한 ERP 실험 결과 형용사 수식어와 명사 사이의 국지적(local) 의미적합성 위반(*고장난 수프 (vs. 달콤한 수프))에 대해서는 아무런 ERP 성분도 검출되지 않은 반면, 목적어 명사와 술어 동사 사이의 전역적(global) 의미적합성 위반(*수프를 고쳤다 (vs. 수프를 끓였다))에 대해서는 N400과 P600의 이항적(biphasic) ERP 패턴이 검출되었으며, 두 가지 의미통합 과정이 상호작용하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 의미처리 능력이 전반적으로 원어민의 그것에 미치지 못하는 후기 제2언어 학습자들이 문장 계층구조의 상이한 위치에서 진행되는 국지적 의미통합과 전역적 의미통합을 동시에 관리, 조정하기 힘들며, 따라서 문장 전체의 의미 표상에 훨씬 더 중요한 논항구조(argument structure) 처리에 직결되는 전역적 의미통합에 전략적, 선택적으로 집중한다는 것을 보여준다.

The present study investigated the cognitive mechanism underlying L2 semantic integration during sentence comprehension in Korean by Chinese late L2 learners. Using the violation paradigm, ERP responses of 17 intermediate level L2 learners of Korean were recorded, to local semantic incongruence between an adjective and a noun (*broken soup (vs. sweet soup)), and to global semantic incongruence between an object noun and a verb (*to repair soup (vs. to cook soup)) respectively. No ERP components reflecting the detection of semantic anomaly were observed in the local incongruence condition, whereas a biphasic N400 & P600 ERP pattern was elicited by the critical verb of the global incongruence condition. These results imply that the L2 learners investigated in the present study have largely dismissed the local integration, and concentrated rather on the global integration, which is inevitable for the grasp of the verb argument structure and hence much more important to represent the core meaning of the unfolding sentence. Based on this evidence, we argue that L2 learners might well adopt reasonable strategies for maximizing processing efficiency, although they need not be identical to those of native speakers at every stage of L2 development.

This study conducts an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of previous research using a systematic review. The analysis reveals a predominance of studies contrasting Chinese expressions with Korean counterparts, with the fewest studies focusing on the subject of translation. Out of the 19 research papers targeted in this study, 18 were published in the humanities field, and a significant number combined quantitative and qualitative studies. The Korean-Chinese contrast/response study was somewhat centered on the morphological structure and response relationship. In contrast, the Korean contrast/response study placed more emphasis on the semantic relationship, noting that the form or subject of the voice might vary based on the speaker's focus or the animateness of the causer. A study on teaching Korean verbs in Chinese analyzed error patterns and interference causes in mother tongue based on the error data of actual Chinese learners of Korean. Interestingly, one of the two papers focusing on translation highlighted the change in voice depending on the speaker's cognitive method. The other paper posits that translating causative Korean into Chinese causative is considerably more natural.

This paper investigates Korean-Chinese bilingual speakers’ processing of Korean plural marker -tul. It employed masked priming experiments with a word judgment task for Korean-Chinese speakers from Yanbian, China. The masked priming experiments compared the subjects’ response time in three different prime-target pairs: identical condition, unrelated condition, and test condition. The data of the experiments was analyzed in two different ways: subject analyses and item analyses. The subject analyses of the study showed partial priming effects and the item analyses full priming effects. These findings indicate that Chinese-Korean bilinguals seem to be sensitive to morphological structure of a morphologically complex words in Korean and less dependent on the lexical storage of the full form, as is usually found in L2 learners’ morphological processing.

This article is a follow-up paper of introduction to materials about drifting foreign ship handling in modern Ryukyu <進貢 ‧接貢船, 唐人通船, 朝鮮人乘船, 日本他領人乘船, 各漂着并破船之時, 八重山島在番役々勤職帳> and review about its historical material characteristics (1) which is not dealt with due to lack of space. In the paper, historical materials regarding the duty guideline for when foreign ship no other than Japanese drift over, guideline for when Southern Barbarian ship passes, drifts or is shipwrecked, guideline for when Dutch ship passes, guideline for when Dutch ship drifts or is shipwrecked, equipment that Christians have, how to preserve with salt, examples of meal provision in case of shipwreck or drifting are translated and introduce, and tried to review the characteristics. As confirmed on the historical materials, the crews from the drifting or shipwrecked ship were transferred to Ishigaki Island, transferred again to Okinawa, and repatriated to Satsuma after investigation. This process consumes quiet a lot of time and energy when considering the ship condition and weather. The alignment of administrative system taken in this process is a factor marking Ryukyu kingdom, the archipelago country. Also, there are detailed regulations regarding the food provision to drifters which gives an opportunity to take a look at the administrative system of Ryukyu regarding drifting of foreign ship.

This writing reviewed characteristics of a historical record 󰡔comings and goings of Chinese vessels and Chinese, management of Yaeyama island of Korean or Japanese when ships with foreigners on board were on the float󰡕 related to the measures of foreign vessels of modern Japan. The case is shedding new light on the history of Yaeyama, formation history of Ryukyu Kingdom which was referred to as the sea kingdom, and moreover, it is providing a vital clue for understanding the historical position of Yaeyama. Also, the case above is a valuable historical material that signifies a glimpse of how foreign policy of Ryukyu was enforced. The content is on the work know-hows of Yaeyama local officials about Ryukyu vessels visiting China under investiture system as well as how they were asked to issue specific guidelines of various cases according to the traffic of Chinese and Korean vessels or visit and drift of Korean vessels and foreign vessels other than Japanese and to report work conditions at the same time. At the time, Ryukyu was under a situation where they could not carry out independent foreign policies because they belonged to both China and Japan by invasion of Satsuma-Han in 1609, and it was identified that they were under the dual control from diplomatic policy of Edo Bakuhu to colonization of Satsuma.

본 연구는 중국인 한국어 학습자의 한국어 양태성 이동동사 구문에 나타나는 ‘에서’와 ‘을/를’의 조사 교체 습득을 살펴보는 데 목적을 둔다. 이와 같은 현상은 형태와 기능 간의 일대일 대응에 어긋나는 조사 교체 현상으로 중국인 한국어 학습자들에게는 습득의 어려움을 예상할수 있다. 따라서 중국인 한국어 중 ․ 고급 학습자들을 대상으로 조사 교체 현상의 습득 양상을 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 수용성 판단 과제 (acceptability judgment task)를 통해 문법성 인식에 대해 살펴본 후 조사 교체에 대한 지식을 실시간(online)으로 처리할 수 있는지 여부를 살펴보기 위해 자기조절읽기 과제(self-paced reading task)를 실시해습득 양상을 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 중국인 학습자 상, 하 집단 모두 양태성 이동동사 구문에서 ‘을/를’보다 ‘에서’를 수용하였으며 상 집단의 경우 역시 한국인 모어화자와 달리 조사 교체에 대한 지식이 부족 했다. 실시간 처리에서도 중국인 학습자들은 한국인 모어화자들과 달리 조사 교체에 대한 민감성을 보이지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 조사에 대한 교수가 개별 조사에 그칠 것이 아니라 조사 교체가 일어나는 구문들에 대한 명시적 교수로 확대되어야 함을 시사한다.

This study investigated whether L1 Chinese learners of Korean can acquire case particle alternation in motion verb constructions. An acceptability judgment and self-paced reading task were conducted with L2 advanced learners of Korean in tandem with native Korean speakers. The result of the acceptability judgment task demonstrated that the L1 group accepted the sentences in both case-marking conditions, whereas the L2 groups (both higher and lower proficiency learners) only accepted the sentences in the ‘ul/lul’ condition, while rejecting the sentences in the ‘eseo’ condition. From the results of the self-paced reading task, L2 participants did not show any reading time differences between the two case-marking conditions. However, given that the L2 learners failed to demonstrate target-like knowledge of ‘in manner of motion’ verb construction in the acceptability judgment task, their reading-time patterns in the self-paced reading task may not be interpreted as their acceptance of both conditions. These findings suggest that the L1 Chinese-speaking learners of Korean have a persistent difficulty acquiring the case alternation regarding motion verb construction. (Ewha Womans University)

본 연구는 중국인 한국어 학습자와 일본인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 한국어 이동동사 구문에서 나타나는 격조사 교체 현상에 대한 인식과 실시간 처리 양상을 살펴보는것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 수용성 판단 과제와 자기조절 읽기 과제를 활용하여 학습자의 인식과 처리 과정을 함께 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 격조사 교체에 대한 인식은모어와 격조사 유형에 따라 차이를 보였다. 양태성 이동동사 구문과 이탈 지향성 이동동사 구문에서는 두 학습자 집단 간 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 도달 지향성 이동동사구문에서는 일본인 학습자가 중국인 학습자보다 높은 수행을 보였다. 또한 격조사 유형에 따라 ‘을/를’이 각각 ‘에서’와 ‘에’에 비해 낮은 인식 정확도를 보였다. 실시간 처리결과에서는 한국어 모어 화자가 비문 조건에서 읽기 시간 증가를 보이며 격조사 교체에 민감하게 반응한 반면에, 학습자 집단에서는 이러한 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. 이는 학습자들이 격조사 교체에 대한 지식을 가지고 있으나, 이를 실제 문장 이해 과정에서 즉각적으로 활용하지 못하고 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 이동동사구문에서의 격조사 교체가 단순한 문법 지식의 문제가 아니라, 의미 이해와 실시간 처리 능력이 함께 요구되는 학습 항목임을 시사한다.

The results show that the perception of case marker alternation differs depending on learners’ first language and case marker type. No significant differences were found between the two learner groups in manner and source-oriented motion verb constructions, whereas Japanese learners demonstrated higher accuracy than Chinese learners in goal-oriented constructions. In addition, the accusative marker -eul/reul showed lower accuracy than -eseo and e. The online processing results revealed a clearer contrast between groups. Native Korean speakers exhibited increased reading times in ungrammatical conditions, indicating sensitivity to case marker violations. In contrast, such sensitivity was not clearly observed among the learner groups. This suggests that although learners possess knowledge of case marker alternation, they do not readily apply it during real-time sentence processing. These findings indicate that case marker alternation in Korean motion verb constructions requires not only grammatical knowledge but also the ability to apply such knowledge during real-time comprehension.

본 연구는 중국인 한국어 학습자와 일본인 한국어 학습자를 대상으로 한국어 이동동사 구문에서 나타나는 격조사 교체 현상에 대한 인식과 실시간 처리 양상을 살펴보는것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 수용성 판단 과제와 자기조절 읽기 과제를 활용하여 학습자의 인식과 처리 과정을 함께 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 격조사 교체에 대한 인식은모어와 격조사 유형에 따라 차이를 보였다. 양태성 이동동사 구문과 이탈 지향성 이동동사 구문에서는 두 학습자 집단 간 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 도달 지향성 이동동사구문에서는 일본인 학습자가 중국인 학습자보다 높은 수행을 보였다. 또한 격조사 유형에 따라 ‘을/를’이 각각 ‘에서’와 ‘에’에 비해 낮은 인식 정확도를 보였다. 실시간 처리결과에서는 한국어 모어 화자가 비문 조건에서 읽기 시간 증가를 보이며 격조사 교체에 민감하게 반응한 반면에, 학습자 집단에서는 이러한 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. 이는 학습자들이 격조사 교체에 대한 지식을 가지고 있으나, 이를 실제 문장 이해 과정에서 즉각적으로 활용하지 못하고 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 이동동사구문에서의 격조사 교체가 단순한 문법 지식의 문제가 아니라, 의미 이해와 실시간 처리 능력이 함께 요구되는 학습 항목임을 시사한다.

The results show that the perception of case marker alternation differs depending on learners’ first language and case marker type. No significant differences were found between the two learner groups in manner and source-oriented motion verb constructions, whereas Japanese learners demonstrated higher accuracy than Chinese learners in goal-oriented constructions. In addition, the accusative marker -eul/reul showed lower accuracy than -eseo and e. The online processing results revealed a clearer contrast between groups. Native Korean speakers exhibited increased reading times in ungrammatical conditions, indicating sensitivity to case marker violations. In contrast, such sensitivity was not clearly observed among the learner groups. This suggests that although learners possess knowledge of case marker alternation, they do not readily apply it during real-time sentence processing. These findings indicate that case marker alternation in Korean motion verb constructions requires not only grammatical knowledge but also the ability to apply such knowledge during real-time comprehension.

This article attempts to answer the distinctions in generation of Korean & Chinese syntactic structure and its linguistic performance through ‘X[Sino-Korean lexicon]+hada’. The results of this study are as follows: Language Words Chinese Language Korean Language remarks structure generate process structure generate process 琵琶 N NP NP N NP X+hada→￠￠:generation is impossible. 畢 V VP VP radix φ X+hada→VP φ:Independant generation is impossible. 强 Adj VP AdjP radix φ X+hada→AdjP 雲集 N+V VP NP N+V NP X+hada→VP 工夫 N+N NP NP N+N NP X+hada→VP 家貧 N+Adj VP NP+AdjP N+Adj NP X+hada→VP 打倒 V+V VP VP+VP N NP X+hada→VP 洗手 V+N VP V+NP N NP X+hada→VP 說明 V+Adj V^VP V^VP N NP X+hada→VP 多讀 Adj+V VP VP N NP X+hada→VP 美麗 Adj+Adj AdjP AdjP N NP X+hada→VP 必讀 Adv+V VP Adv+VP N NP X+hada→VP 莫大 Adv+Adj AdjP AdjP N NP X+hada→AdjP

This paper was intended to present some new perspectives on the generation and derivation of language. To this end, I first reviewed the views of major prior studies that have had an important impact in linguistics, and then I identified what language generates and how it is derived. The results are as follows: Firstly, humans generate and derive the ‘spatiotemporal cosmos of human brains(space-time continuum of human brains)’ in language through primary symbols such as the ‘Auditory Symbols’. Secondly, the derivation of language is carried out by the method of ‘Parallel Processing’ of ‘component(constituent unit)’ and ‘roler(actor, player)’ based on the principle of ‘Binary System’ and ‘Retroduction’. Thirdly, in the process of deriving the Chinese syntactic structure, ‘世(time)’ and ‘界(space)’ of ‘Spatiotemporal Cosmos of Human Brain’ are implemented as Constituents with respective characteristics. In addition, they are derived by parallel processing with respective Role-player [predicate and subject & object]. As described above, this paper presents a general theory of language generation and derivation as a hypothesis. And then, I tried to reveal how this principle is realized as the core syntactic structure of modern Chinese. After this theorization process is established, detailed analysis and research on the special syntaic structure(e.g. ‘Ba-Structure’, ‘Bei-Structure’, ‘the constructions of inversion’ etc.) of modern Chinese will be left as a follow-up task of this study.

Context effects in lexical ambiguity processing have been extensively examined in various languages including Chinese. A meta-analysis was performed on seven studies conducted in Chinese in order to determine how the Chinese data as a whole agree or disagree with previous findings in other languages. All seven studies reviewed in our analysis used the priming technique to determine the degree of activation of alternative meanings of an ambiguous word in sentence context. The analysis reveals a small but consistent effect of context on lexical access: the contextually appropriate interpretation of a word consistently shows greater priming than the inappropriate interpretation. We further show that sentence contexts interact closely with the meaning frequency of an ambiguous word. We also identify variables in these studies such as length of context and timing of presentation that could influence the strength of the context effect.

Syntactic priming effect is a tendency in which the syntactic structure used in the previous utterance tends to be carried over in the following utterance. The effects have been considered to help envisage the abstract process in mind into a more concrete idea and offered prospects for understanding the speakers' grammatical structure. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether this effect appears in Korean learners of Chinese, and whether the implicit learning effect emerges regardless of their proficiency(length of learning). Participants consist of two groups: less proficient learners with shorter length of learning (N=31) and more proficient learners with longer length of learning( (N=31). For the implicit learning effects, each participant took part in the experiment three times with an interval of fifteen days. The results showed that the syntactic priming effects have been observed. Also, the more salient implicit learning effects were observed in the group with longer length of learning(longer LOL) while the shorter LOL group has shown weaker effects. The results shed light on the universal tendency of syntactic persistence and gave implications that less-proficient learners who lack the cognitive prerequisite on L2 syntactic structures have some limitations on both the priming and implicit learning effects. The findings were complementary with the results of Park (2011).