Earticle

Exercise has beneficial effect on cancer apoptosis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID) gene expression is associated with apoptosis or cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated the association between BID single nucleotide poly-morphisms (SNPs) and the development, prostate volume, and interna-tional prostate symptom score (IPSS) of BPH. In 222 BPH males and 214 controls, two SNPs in BID [rs8190315 (Ser56Gly), and rs2072392 (As-p106Asp)] were genotyped and analyzed using multiple logistic regres-sion models. In the result, the genotype and allele frequencies of rs8190315 and rs2072392 were not associated with BPH development or IPSS, however, the allele frequencies [odd ratio (OR)=1.90, 95% confi-dence interval (CI)=1.07-3.41, P=0.03] and genotype frequencies (in dominant model, OR=1.94, 95% CI=1.01-3.74, P=0.42) of rs8190315, and the genotype frequencies of rs2072392 (in dominant model, OR=1.94, 95% CI=1.01-3.74, P=0.42) were associated with increased prostate volume. We propose that rs8190315 and rs2072392 of BID may contrib-ute to the disease severity of BPH.

There have been continuous efforts to introduce policies and measures for revitalizing local businesses and industries which became obsolete physically and economically in downtown areas. Those strategies can play a significant role for leveraging local economic growth as well as improving environmental quality of the areas. In particular, the consistency of the residents’voluntary participation and the public support made it possible to achieve local economic development and cultural and community revitalization in downtown areas of developed countries. Among a variety of relevant endeavors, BID (Business Improvement District) is considered as one of the most important measures which has become popular in the U.S., the U.K., Germany and Canada. This study introduces and compares some BIDs and similar measures which have been implemented in the U.S., the U.K. and Japan. Then, it investigates major issues related to backgrounds, purposes and specific contents of the strategies when they are put into effect. The purpose of this research is to suggest some implications for introducing innovative urban policies and measures for regenerating depressed urban areas and stagnant downtown areas physically and economically. They can include grass-roots organization and self-sustaining financing strategies through the partnership among local residents, municipalities and central authorities.

Since the 1960’s, as promoting rapid modernization and industrialization, we have experienced urbanization simultaneously in Korea. It is odd that industrialization was conducted at the same time as urbanization in Korea though people in the West experienced urbanization after the industrialization. But another characteristic of our urbanization is that it was achieved only within 30 to 40 years whereas it took two centuries in the West. In the process of this rapid urbanization, urban conditions in Korea did change also speedily. Along with these changes, the inner city of a region came in decline rapidly, which resulted in a variety of problems. Among those, the matter of the inner city’s declined commercial function was highlighted as an even bigger social issue that shook the ground of regional economy. Hence, after 2002, various institutional measures were started to be built genuinely in order to vitalize the traditional market located in the major commercial zone of the inner city. However, the vitalization policies were promoted uniformly within the range of the system led by the government without considering its autonomy or competitiveness, so unless the governmental support continued, the project just stopped there very often. To solve this problem, the private sector as well as the government need to make various and new attempts now. Therefore, this study aims to examine the problems of political projects related with the commercial supremacy vitalization system that was first applied to the commercial zone of an inner city. To figure out the problem, the study will comparatively analyze the policies of major advanced countries (England, the US, Japan) that introduced and have been practicing the concept and policy for commercial supremacy vitalization systematically from a long time ago. With this, the paper is going to find out the direction that the policy should pursue to activate the commercial supremacy vitalization project in the inner city commercial zone of a local region.

Our study challenges the belief that the mandatory bid rule (MBR) raises acquisition costs and deters takeovers. Leveraging the staggered adoptions of the mandatory bid rule (MBR) globally, we find that the MBR reduces the control premium, a key component of acquisition costs. Moreover, evidence does not support the claim that MBR discourages acquisitions above the threshold. While post-MBR ownership levels from block trades decline slightly, the likelihood of crossing the threshold remains unchanged. In the U.K., private deals above the threshold are fewer than below, but this gap is even larger in the U.S., which does not have an MBR.

Recently, a concept of bid-rigging is issued in electronic auction. To prevent this attack, Abe-Suzuki proposed firstly receipt-free scheme based on bidding-booth. Chen-Lee-Kim pointed out that Abe-Suzuki's scheme only provides receipt-freeness for losing bidders. Also, they introduced a new receipt-free sealed bid auction scheme using the homomorphic encryption technique. The main participants of their scheme are Auctioneer, Auction Issuer, Bidder and Seller. Bid-rigging can happen by a seller in their scheme. We propose receipt-free sealed-bid auction scheme using a universal re-encryption mixnet. For our receipt-free sealed-bid auction, we use Pseudo ID of a bidder and universal re-encryption technique of Golle et al. Also, our scheme satisfies privacy, correctness, public verifiability, non-reputation, and receipt-freeness.

This study examines the intraday formation process of transaction prices and bid-ask spreads in the KOSPI200 futures market. By extending the structural model of Madhavan, Richardson, and Roomans (1997), we develop a unique cross-market model that can decompose spread components and explain intraday price formation for the futures market by using order flow information from the KOSPI200 options market, a market that is not only closely related to the futures market but also considered to be one of the most remarkable options market in the world. The results indicate that the model-implied spread and the permanent components of the spread resulting from informed trading tend to be underestimated without the inclusion of options market indicators. Further, the empirical results imply that trades of in-the-money (ITM) options, which have high delta values, generally incur a more adverse information cost component (the permanent component) of the futures market than those of out-of-the-money (OTM) options, which have relatively low delta values.

본 연구는 한국의 관급공사 경매에 있어 담합의 통계적 정황증거를 찾고 낙찰가격에 대한 입찰담합효과들을 측정하는 최초의 엄격한 실증연구이다. 개략적인 입찰자료만을 포함하는 제한된 정보하에서 우리는 지방 건설기업들이 그들의 연고지에서 통계적으로 유의한 연고프리미엄을 누려온 것을 통계적으로 확인했다. 한 입찰자를 제외한 모든 입찰자들이 의도적으로 지기 위하여 높은 입찰가를 제출하는 보완입찰에 참여했다는 것을 추론할 수 있다. 연고효과의 통계적 증거는 몇 년에 걸쳐 수행되는 장기 건설 계약에서도 확인되었다. 담합구조로부터 비담합구조로의 전환을 이용하여 우리는 연도별, 계약자별 그리고 건설유형별로 공공공사계약에 있어서 구조적인 입찰담합에 기인한 잠재 피해액을 추정하였다. Forecasting 기법에 기초한 추정된 피해액률은 1995년 1월부터 1998년 6월까지의 시장에서 총 지출된 금액의 15.5%에 해당한다. 계약자별 피해액 추정치는 계약자들이 입찰담합에 가담하였고 유죄라고 판명된 경우에 건설계약자들 사이에 총 피해액 추정치의 적절한 배분을 위한 가이드라인을 제시한다.

This research is an empirical study to find solid statistical evidence of collusion in construction contract auctions and to gauge the possible effects of bid-rigging on auction prices in Korea. Using limited information contained in sketch bid data, we show that local construction firms enjoy statistically significant incumbency premium in their incumbent sites. Thus, it is inferred that contractors engage in complementary bidding, in which all bidders, except one, submit high bids so as to lose. The statistical evidence of incumbency effect is also confirmed in long-run civil engineering construction contracts, which are carried out over several years. Utilizing the transition from a cooperative to non-cooperative regime, we also estimate the potential damage of structural bid rigging in public-works contract by year, contractor and construction type. The estimated overcharge ratio based on a forecasting approach is 15.5% of the total expenditures from January 1995 to June 1998. We also present potential d mage estimates by th firm. The estimated overcharge by contractor offers a guideline for the proper allocation of the total overcharges to construction contractors in case contractors are charged with bid-riggings and found guilty.

본 연구는 공공공사 입찰 시장에서 페이퍼컴퍼니와 같은 건설업 등록기준 미충족업체의 진입을 억제하기 위해 서울특별시와 경기도가 도입한 입찰기업 사전단속제도의 정책효과를 추정하였다. 시장 진입장벽 강화 측정을 위한 변수로 입찰자수를 활용하고 이중차분법(DID)을 통해 정책효과를 추정한 결과, 서울특별시와경기도의 단속 대상 공사에서 제도 도입 후 각각 31.3%, 10.7% 가량 평균 입찰자수가 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 서울특별시와 경기도의 제도 도입 후 기간을 세분화하여 추정한 결과에서도 제도의 강화 방향과 일관되게 정책효과가 전반적으로커지는 양상을 보였다. 또한, 사전단속 제도의 도입이 조달 시장의 경쟁적인 가격조정 시스템에 영향을 미치지 않았다는 점도 확인되었다.

This study estimates the policy effects of the Pre-Bid Screening Scheme introduced by the Seoul Metropolitan City and Gyeonggi Province to restrict the entry of construction firms that fail to meet registration requirements?such as paper companies?into the public construction bidding market. Using the number of bidders as a proxy for the tightening of market entry barriers and applying a Difference-in-Differences approach, we find that the scheme led to an average reduction of 31.3% in Seoul and 10.7% in Gyeonggi Province. A period-specific analysis shows that the policy effects strengthened as the scheme was reinforced, and it did not distort the market’s competitive price adjustment mechanism.

Internet bid systems have been widely used recently. In those systems, the bid price is provided by the seller. When the bid price is set too high compared with the normal price, the successful bid rate can be decreased. Otherwise. when it is set too low based on inaccurate information. it can result in a successful bid with no profit at all. To resolve this problem, we propose an agent that automatically generates bid prices for sellers based on various costing methods such as the high-low point method. the scatter diagram method, and the learning curve method. Through performance experiments, we have found that the number of successful bids with appropriate profit can be increased using the bid pricing agent. Among the costing methods, the learning curve method has shown the best performance. Also, we discuss about how to design and implement the bid pricing agent.

부동산 경매시장의 기존 연구는 법원경매정보의 낙찰가율을 통상적으로 사용한다. 그러나 그 낙찰가율은 감정평가 시점과 낙찰가격 결정일 간의 시차 때문에 낙찰가율이 부동산 시장 참여자들의 의사결정에 하나의 지표로 활용하기에는 한계가 있다. 이러한 인식에서, 본 연구는 시점수정한 경매낙찰가율과 경매정보의 경매낙찰가율에 미치는 각각의 영향요 인에 대한 비교연구를 통하여 서울시 아파트 경매시장의 경매낙찰가율에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하였다. 그 검증결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 실거래가격지수변동률은 시점 수정 한 낙찰가율에 부(-)의 영향을 미치고, 법원경매정보의 낙찰가율에는 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 매매거래량, 지가변동률, 경과연수는 낙찰가율에 정(+)의 영향 을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

Existing studies on the real estate auction market commonly use the auction successful bid price of court auction. However, there is a limitation on using the auction successful bid price rate as an indicator for real estate market participant's decision-making due to the time difference between the timing of appraisal and the date of pricing the auction bid. From this perspective, this study identified the factors affecting the auction successful bid price rate in the Seoul apartment auction market through comparative verification regarding the factors affecting both the time-adjusted auction successful bid price rate and that of the court auction. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, it was found that the rate of change in the actual transaction price index had a negative (-) effect on the corrected auction winning price rate, however, a significant positive (+) effect on the auction winning price rate of the court auction information. Second, it was found that trading volume, change rate of land price, and elapsed years, had a positive(+) effect on the auction winning price rate.

금산사 미륵불 조성 입찰은 당시 최대 규모의 불사를 둘러싸고 조각승 금용 일섭과 일본에서 유 학한 조각가 정관 김복진이 경쟁한 사건이다. 이는 근대 불교미술의 조성에 종사한 서로 다른 두 집 단의 대표가 한 곳에서 맞닥뜨린 일로, 이후 각자의 불교미술 조성 뿐만 아니라 근대 불교미술계의 경향에도 적지 않은 영향을 미친 사건이었다. 1935년 3월, 화재로 김제 금산사 미륵전 본존이 전소된 후 금산사 측에서는 새로운 불상의 조성 을 입찰에 부쳤다. 1935년 7월 사찰 측에서 조각승 일섭과 조각가 김복진에게 각각 ‘높이 3자 3치의 立佛’을 제출받아 심사한 결과 김복진이 선정되었고 일섭은 완성된 불상의 수리를 담당하였다. 이 입찰의 심사 결과는 단순히 당시의 종교적·미적 선호에 따른 것이 아니며, 당시 입찰에 관계 되었던 금산사 주지 黃成烈, 금산사 미륵불의 재건에 거금을 시주한 金水坤, 입찰 심사위원 金水坤 , 金殷鎬 등 여러 인물과 관계된 사건으로 사찰불사계에서 전통 세력과 근대 혹은 외부 세력 사이의 경쟁이기도 하였다. 심사 결과 김복진의 불상이 선정되었고, 이 결과는 당시 ‘사실성의 획득’을 우선적인 가치로 삼 는 구상조각이 주류를 이루고 있던 조선 조각계 흐름의 반영이라고 볼 수 있다. 또한 일제강점기 조 선에서 과거의 한국미술 가운데 8세기 통일신라 미술양식을 美術史上 정점으로 파악하는 시각이 존재하였던 사실로 미루어 보아, 당시 입찰에 관여하였던 미술계 인사 및 지식인의 시각이 영향을 미쳤던 것으로 추정된다. 이 입찰 이후 일섭과 김복진은 각기 이후 자신의 작품활동에 적지 않은 영향을 받았던 것으로 보인다. 입찰 이후 일섭이 석고·시멘트 등 새로운 재료의 사용을 시도하는 점이나, 김복진이 조선 후기 불상양식을 보이는 상을 조성하는 양상 등에서 두 사람의 향후 작품활동에도 큰 영향을 미친 근대 불교조각계의 사건이었던 것을 알 수 있다.

The bid for the construction of the statue of Mireuk Buddha at what was at that time the greatest Buddhist temple in Korea, Geumsansa Temple, was a contest between the monksculptor Geumyong Ilseop and the Japanese-educated sculptor Kim Bok-jin. This affair, which pitted the leaders of two different cliques devoted to developing the field of modern Buddhist art, had a considerable impact on not only the way each clique approached the creation of Buddhist art but also on modern Buddhist art trends. In March 1935, after the Mireuk Buddha statue of Geumsansa Temple in Gimje had been destroyed by fire, the temple’s monks announced they would accept bids from artists for the production of a new statue of Buddha. In July 1935, the temple received two standing Buddha statues (each measuring 3ja 3chi in height) from the monk-sculptor Ilseop and the sculptor Kim Bok-jin. After judging both entries, Kim Bok-jin’s statue was selected and Ilseop was assigned the task of repairing the completed statue when necessary. The winning entry was not decided simply according to the religious and aesthetic standards of the period. Rather, it was a contest that involved the interests and relationships of Hwang Seong-yeol, the then head monk of Geumsansa Temple, Kim Su-geun, the man who donated a fortune to finance the construction of the Mireuk Buddha statue, and men like Geum Su-gon and Kim Eun-ho, who were responsible for judging the works. It was also an affair that reflected the rivalry that existed between the traditional faction and the modern or outside faction in the world of Buddhist temples. After the judging process, Kim Bok-jin’s statue of the Buddha was selected. This was a period in history when figurative sculpture was the mainstream movement among Joseon’s sculptors. In figurative sculpture, realism was considered the most important ideal and the selection of Kim Bok-jin’s work could be seen as a reflection of this orientation. Furthermore, given that this was the Japanese colonial period, the Joseon art world viewed eighth century Unified Silla as the era when art in the Korean peninsula was at its zenith, so it may be presumed that the biases and views of the art experts and intellectuals involved in the bidding contest had some bearing on the decision to select Kim Bok-jin’s work. The contest to create the statue of the Mireuk Buddha appears to have had a lasting effect on the artistic careers of Ilseop and Kim Bok-jin. After this experience, Ilseop began to experiment with new materials such as gypsum and cement, while Kim Bok-jin’s work began to reflect the style of Buddha statues of the late Joseon period. Therefore, it may be said that this unusual affair in Joseon’s Buddhist sculptor community had a tremendous impact on the art of the two men.

본 연구는 의무공개매수제도가 도입된 41개 국가들의 지분인수거래 데이터를 이용하 여 의무공개매수제도의 도입이 지배의 사적이익을 낮추는 데 긍정적인 효과가 있는지 를 분석한다. 분석 결과 의무공개매수제도 도입 이후 공개매수 제의 의무가 발생하는 지분율 구간에서 지배의 사적이익이 통계적으로나 경제적으로 유의하게 감소하는 것 으로 나타났다. 이는 의무공개매수제도가 도입되면 인수자에게 지배에 따른 사적이익 을 낮출 유인이 생긴다는 De la Bruslerie(2013)의 이론적 예측을 실증적으로 뒷받침 하는 것이다. 의무공개매수제도 도입의 이러한 효과는 도입 시점에 기업지배구조가 취약한 국가에서 더 큰 것으로 나타났고, 지배권 거래가격과 거래 발표 직전의 주가 차이로 계산한 통상적인 의미의 지배권 프리미엄도 의무공개매수제도 도입 이후 낮아 지는 것을 발견하였다. 한편, 지배의 사적이익이 큰 경우 의무공개 매수 발동 지분율을 하회해서 인수하고, 지배의 사적이익이 작은 경우 발동 지분율을 상회해서 인수하는 자기선택 편향(self-selection bias)의 문제는 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 의무공개매수제도 도입에도 불구하고 인수 비용 증가가 억제되고, 결과적으로 기업 인수 활동을 저해하지 않을 수 있다는 정책적 함의를 가진다.

This study explores whether adopting mandatory bid rule mitigates private benefits of control during instances of control transfer. We posit that implementing the mandatory bid rule could motivate the acquirer to self-limit their private benefits of control. According to the model proposed by De la Bruslerie (2013), an acquirer's offer of a higher control premium, signaling their intention to extract more significant private benefits following the control transfer, would likely make minority shareholders more inclined to tender their shares. This is due to the attractive offering price and the elevated risk of expropriation. Such a scenario would invariably necessitate the acquirer to purchase shares beyond the optimal threshold, thereby shouldering the consequential costs. Foreseeing these potential consequences, acquirers would be motivated to reduce the control premium and moderate their intention of extracting private benefits. To test our hypothesis, we exploit the staggered adoptions of mandatory bid rule in 41 nations over a 50-year period (1972 to 2022). We take multiple steps and go through a meticulous process to ensure our samples can accurately measure the private benefits of control. This yields 1,421 deals as the final sample. We define private benefits of control as the relative difference between the price paid to the incumbent blockholder and the market price of shares immediately following the deal announcement, multiplied by the proportion of shares acquired (Dyck and Zingales, 2004). Employing a difference-in-differences approach, our findings align with the theory suggesting that the mandatory bid rule encourages acquirers to reduce the private benefits of control. The deals above the threshold exhibit significantly lower private benefits of control after the rule's adoption, while those below the threshold show negligible changes post-adoption. In tandem, we observe a similar trend with control premiums. The results remain intact to a series of robustness checks. First, the results are even more pronounced when restricting the sample to countries where we have samples before and after the rule adoption. Second, the results survive even when limiting the sample to deals where incumbent controlling shareholders owned substantial equity stakes in the target firms. Third, the results stand firm even after financially distressed target firms are excluded from the analysis. We also find evidence that our results are not merely driven by selection bias, which would occur if acquirers seeking high private benefits predominantly acquired shares below the threshold and acquirers pursuing low private benefits mainly acquired shares above the threshold. Above all, the increase in private benefits of control after adopting the mandatory bid rule for deals below the threshold is substantially smaller in magnitude compared to the decrease in private benefits of control for deals above the threshold. Additionally, the deal-fraction analysis of Lee, Kim, and Kim (2023) reveals that the fraction of deals above the threshold does not drop significantly after adopting the mandatory bid rule. Overall, our study offers the first empirical evidence of the effect of mandatory bid rules on the private benefits of control. Specifically, we show that the mandatory bid rule influences acquirers to reduce the private benefits of control. Our results also provide an important implication for the ongoing debate regarding whether the mandatory bid rule increases acquisition costs. Should the rule lower private benefits of control (and the control premium), as shown in this study, it is unlikely that the acquisition cost will rise, thereby not impeding acquisition activities.

관제담합 및 담합관여행위는 입찰에 참가하는 자가 한정되어있어 참가자 상호간의 접촉이 빈번하며, 발주기관과 사업자들이 산업보호육성 등의 시책을 실시하는 데 밀접한 관계를 유지하 고 있는 경우에 발생하기 쉽다. 일본의 관제담합사례를 보면 발주기관이 소재한 관할 지역에서 사업을 영위하는 사업자들의 법위반 행위가 대다수를 차지하고 있어 지리적 근접성이 강하며, 발주기관 출신의 OB들이 입찰참여 기업에 다수 재직하고 있는 점이다. 또한 담합관여행위의 존재가 인정된 사건의 대부분에서 담합관여행위는 3년 이상 계속 실행되었고, 3개 이상의 직위 에 걸쳐 사람들이 참여하였다. 일단 담합관여행위 시작되어 조직적으로 이루어지게 되면, 그 조직적으로 이루어지고 있는 것 자체가 개별 직원에게 담합참여 행위를 계속하게 하는 이유가 될 수 있고, 재취업자리의 승계로 인하여 이러한 연속성은 계속 유지될 수 밖에 없었다. 우리 공정거래법상으로 발주기관의 입찰관여행위에 관하여 아무런 규정을 두지 않고 있으며, 이에 대한 규제방안을 마련하지 않는 것은 경쟁제한의 한 요소를 방치하는 것이다. 이에 대한 규제방 안이 마련되어야 하며, 일본의 입찰담합 등 관여행위방지법이 좋은 예가 될 것이다.

The first attempt to revise the laws regarding Official Bid Rigging was prompted by the Japan Fair Trade Commission(JFTC)’s issue of a cease and desist order in May 2000 to combat a case of bid-rigging case on a local government project. In that case, evidence was found that the project owner had an intention to nominate one bidder as winner, and the JFTC therefore issued a request to the local government in question to provide a remedy. Partly as a result of this incident, government officials’ involvement in such bids began to draw strong criticism from society. While a penalty may be imposed on business enterprises involved in bid-rigging, no such sanction is applicable to officials who induce bid-rigging. This imbalance gave rise to a sense of unfairness among service contractors. For this reason, as a means of preventing government officials from engaging in bid-rigging, the Act Concerning Elimination and Prevention of Involvement in Bid-Rigging(Act on Elimination and Prevention of Involvement in Bid Rigging, etc. and Punishments for Acts by Employees that Harm Fairness of Bidding, etc.) was promulgated in January 2003. Based on this law, which aims to prevent government officials from becoming involved in bid-rigging schemes, the JFTC may require heads of organizations offering bids to take corrective measures to eliminate the involvement of government officials. After receiving a request from the JFTC, the heads of relevant ministries and other government organizations have to investigate whether there is evidence substantiating disciplinary action against officials involving in bid-rigging. Cooperation and coordination among relevant administrative organizations are also required by law. The term “involvement in bid rigging etc.” in this Act shall mean the involvement in bid rigging etc. by the employees of government or local governments, or directors or employees of specified corporations, and falling under any one of the following items[(ⅰ) Having an entrepreneur or trade association engage in bid rigging etc., (ⅱ) Nomination of the counter party of a contract in advance, or indication or suggestion in advance of wishes to the effect that a specified person be the counter party of the contract, (ⅲ) Out of various data concerning bidding or contract, indication or suggestion of information held in confidential files to a specified entrepreneur or trade association, access to which shall facilitate bid rigging etc. by the specified entrepreneur or trade association, (ⅳ) In connection with a specific bid rigging, etc., aiding bid rigging, etc. nominating a specific person as participant to a bid, or by any other method, at the express or implicit request of an entrepreneur, trade association, or any other entity or by voluntarily approaching these persons, for the purpose of facilitating such bid rigging, etc., in breach of such employee's duties(Article 2 (5)).

본 연구는 토지경매시장에서 경매시장의 상황을 가장 많이 반영하는 낙찰가액이 어떤 요 인에 의해 영향을 받는지를 파악하고 제시함으로써 감정평가사, 경매분석가 및 일반경매입찰 참여자들의 입찰가격 결정에 참고자료로 활용되어 경매투자 환경의 안정성 및 활성화를 도 모하고자 한다. 이러한 연구의 목적을 수행하기 위해 2016년∼2017년의 2년간 부산광역시 토지경매에서 낙찰되어 배당이 완료된 자료를 수집하였다. 그리고 선행연구를 통해 변수를 추출하여 헤도 닉 가격모형의 회귀분석방법으로 실증분석 하였다. 연구의 결과 및 제언은 다음과 같이 요약 된다. 경매분석가들은 부동산투자조언 및 권리분석 상담에서 낙찰성공의 성공보수에만 집착하여 최저입찰가격이 시세보다 높게 설정되어 있는 경우에도 투자를 유도하는 사례가 종종 발생 한다. 전문가는 직업적 윤리를 강화하고 일반투자자들에게 부동산투자에 대하여 현실적이고 객관적인 조언을 할 필요가 있다. 마지막으로 국가는 법·제도적으로 부동산경매투자의 안정화 및 활성화를 위한 부동산경매 분석가 시험제도를 현행 실시되는 민간자격증에서 국가공인자격증으로 변경하여 제도적으로 신설하는 방안도 고려하여야 할 것이다.

This study aims to identify and suggest what factors are affected by the winning bid price, which reflects the situation of the auction market in the land auction market and to promote the stability and activation of the auction investment environment by using it as a reference material for the bidding price decision of certified appraisers, auction analysts and general auction bidders. In order to carry out the purpose of this study, the data was collected, which was awarded at the land auction and the dividend was completed in Busan Metropolitan City for two years from 2016 to 2017. And the variables were extracted through the professional books and the prior papers, and empirical analysis was conducted by the Regression Analysis of the Hedonic Price Model. Auction analysts often engage in investments even if the minimum bid price is set higher than the market price, obsessed with the success of the winning bid in real estate investment advice and the rights analysis consultation. Experts need to strengthen their professional ethics and give practical and objective advice to general investors about real estate investment. The state should also consider ways to establish a new system of the real estate auction analyst test system for stabilizing and revitalizing real estate auction investment by changing from the current private certification to the national certification by law and institutional system.

턴키제도가 도입된 지 40년이 되어간다. 민간기술의 활용, 책임소재의 명확, 건설업계의 경쟁력 향상 등 긍정적인 면도 있지만 대형건설회사의 사실상 수주 독점에 의한 입찰참여의 제한과 담합시비, 공사비의 적정 대가 지불 불명, 평가심사의 불공정 등의 문제도 있다. 그 간 발생된 문제점 때문에 서울시는 2012.11월부터 턴키입찰을 더 이상 시행하지 않겠다고 하였다. 그러나 정부는 턴키계약제도의 긍정적인 면을 살리기 위해 대책을 마련 중이다. 현재의 기준들은 대형건설업체의 보호장벽의 성격이 강하고 다수의 설계가나 기술보유자, 중견 건 설업체의 규제장벽으로 되고 있다. 마련한 대책도 담합방지에 미흡하다. 턴키의 특성상 예 정가격을 작성하지 않지만 실시설계 심사 시 가격심사도 할 필요가 있다. 담합하여 국민의 세금을 대가 없이 가져가도 눈뜬장님이 된다. 그간 담합방지나 공정한 심사를 위하여 여러 제도를 개선하였다. 그 중에서 2011년 담합 으로 과징금을 3년에 3회 부과 받은 경우에 건설업면허 취소라는 삼진 아웃제도를 마련하 였는데 2014년에 들어 대부분의 대형건설업체가 면허취소 시비에 휘말리게 되었다. 그간 대형건설사들은 담합하여도 처벌받지 않아 공정한 계약질서를 무너뜨리는 데 대하여도 대 책마련이 필요하다. 본고 이러한 턴키제도의 운용실태와 제문제점을 살펴보고 그 대안을 모색하는 데 있다.

It has been almost 40 years since turn-key bid system introduced in Korea public sector procurement market. Turn-key system has contributed positive effects, such as improvement of construction management know-how and the competitiveness of foreign construction markets. It gives also negative effects such as un fair methods of competition and unfair or conceptive acts or practices by big construction companies. Seoul metropolitan government announced that no-more Turn-key system from November 2012 cause of negative aspects. Central government has tried to improve the Turn-key system for its positive effects. The current improvements for turn-key system however, could not effectively work to eliminate the negative issues. The procedure and bid offer conditions are available for major companies not to middle and small size ones. Penal provisions does not work to them. This paper attempts to find ways to improve the system.

턴키제도가 도입된 지 40년이 되어간다. 민간기술의 활용, 책임소재의 명확, 건설업계의 경쟁력 향상 등 긍정적인 면도 있지만 대형건설회사의 사실상 수주 독점에 의한 입찰참여의 제한과 담합시비, 공사비의 적정 대가 지불 불명, 평가심사의 불공정 등의 문제도 있다. 그 간 발생된 문제점 때문에 서울시는 2012.11월부터 턴키입찰을 더 이상 시행하지 않겠다고 하였다. 그러나 정부는 턴키계약제도의 긍정적인 면을 살리기 위해 대책을 마련 중이다. 현재의 기준들은 대형건설업체의 보호장벽의 성격이 강하고 다수의 설계가나 기술보유자, 중견 건 설업체의 규제장벽으로 되고 있다. 마련한 대책도 담합방지에 미흡하다. 턴키의 특성상 예 정가격을 작성하지 않지만 실시설계 심사 시 가격심사도 할 필요가 있다. 담합하여 국민의 세금을 대가 없이 가져가도 눈뜬장님이 된다. 그간 담합방지나 공정한 심사를 위하여 여러 제도를 개선하였다. 그 중에서 2011년 담합 으로 과징금을 3년에 3회 부과 받은 경우에 건설업면허 취소라는 삼진 아웃제도를 마련하 였는데 2014년에 들어 대부분의 대형건설업체가 면허취소 시비에 휘말리게 되었다. 그간 대형건설사들은 담합하여도 처벌받지 않아 공정한 계약질서를 무너뜨리는 데 대하여도 대 책마련이 필요하다. 본고 이러한 턴키제도의 운용실태와 제문제점을 살펴보고 그 대안을 모색하는 데 있다.

It has been almost 40 years since turn-key bid system introduced in Korea public sector procurement market. Turn-key system has contributed positive effects, such as improvement of construction management know-how and the competitiveness of foreign construction markets. It gives also negative effects such as un fair methods of competition and unfair or conceptive acts or practices by big construction companies. Seoul metropolitan government announced that no-more Turn-key system from November 2012 cause of negative aspects. Central government has tried to improve the Turn-key system for its positive effects. The current improvements for turn-key system however, could not effectively work to eliminate the negative issues. The procedure and bid offer conditions are available for major companies not to middle and small size ones. Penal provisions does not work to them. This paper attempts to find ways to improve the system.

손해배상 소송에서 손해액 산정은 원고와 피고의 이익이 상충되는 민감한 문제인 반면 손해액에 대한 직접적인 증거는 일반적으로 존재하지 않는다. 과학적이고 합리적인 손해액 산정이 중요해지는 이유가 바로 여기에 있다. 경쟁법 집행이 발달한 미국에서는 계량경제학적 분석방법에 기초한 손해액 산정이 보편적으로 사용되고 있다. 최근 국내 손해액 산정 소송에서 역시 계량경제학적 분석모형의 사용이 증가하는 추세이다. 본 연구는 손해액 산정에 있어서 경제 분석 상의 주요 쟁점 가운데 (1) 모형설정의 문제, (2) 추정방법의 문제(가중최소자승법의 합목적성), (3) 통계적 불확실성의 해석, (4) 법원과 전문가 집단 간 소통의 문제 등을 분석하고자 한다.

Damage amount in a typical antitrust case is not observed. It can only be estimated. In the Unted States, damage estimation based on econometric regression models has often been used. Use of the econometric damage estimation is recently increasing at the Korea court as well. This paper addresses four major issues which arise in the process of applying the econometric methods to damage estimation：(1) model specification, (2) selection of estimation method (OLS vs. WLS), (3) interpretation of statistical uncertainty, and (4) communication between the court and the experts.

입찰담합은 시장의 자유로운 경쟁 질서를 어지럽혀서 건전한 기업의 성장을 저해하고 특히 공공부문에서의 입찰담합은 정상가격보다 높은 가격으로 조달이 이루어짐으로써 국가 예산의 불필요한 낭비를 초래한다. 하지만 입찰담합 행위가 은밀하게 이루어지는 경우가 많아 적발이 쉽지 않고 설혹 적발이 되더라도 현행 중국법상 입찰담합에 관한 처벌이 가볍기 때문에 입찰담 합 사례가 급증하고 있다. 본고는 현행 중국 입찰응찰법상 입찰담합에 관한 규제를 검토하였다. 입찰응찰법상 입찰방 식, 입찰대리기구제도, 입찰평가위원회제도에 의한 규제 제도를 소개하고 특히 입찰담합에 대한 법적 책임 내용을 소개함으로써 향후 중국의 정부 공사계약에 진출하고자 하는 국내 기업들이 입찰담합 관련 분쟁에 연루되지 않고 사업을 영위하는데 도움이 되기를 기대한다.

The bid rigging hinders the sound growth of companies by disturbing the order of free competition in market. The bid rigging in the public sector causes the procurement for higher price than the normal price, which is led to the unnecessary waste of national budget. However, such bid rigging acts are secretly conducted, and the penalty is not strong in the current criminal law of China, so the bid rigging cases are increasing in China. Thus, this thesis reviewed the current regulations under the criminal law and Bidding Act in relation to bid rigging in China. Especially, this study introduced the bidding method, bidding agency, bidding evaluation committee, and legal responsibility of bid rigging doers stipulated by the Bidding(Tender) Act. Therefore, this study could be used as reference for domestic companies that aim to enter the construction contract with the Chinese government to carry on their business activities without being involved in disputes related to bid rigging.

우리나라 엔지니어링 건설 기업의 지속적인 성장을 위해서는 해외시장에서 발주가 증가하고 있는 기술형입찰 프로젝트에서의 경쟁력 확 보와 고부가가치화가 필요하다. 우리 정부도 해외수주 확대 및 엔지니어링 기술발전을 위하여 설계단계에서 시공사의 조기 참여를 허용하는 다양한 기술형입찰 발주방식을 도입하여 활성화를 추진하고 있으나, 엔지니어링사의 설계기술력보다는 시공사의 영업력이 수주를 주로 결정 하면서 기술형입찰의 도입취지가 퇴색하였다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 엔지니어링사의 역할 확대를 통한 기술경쟁 촉진 관점에서 기업가들의 인식을 분석하여 기술형입찰제도의 문제점을 진단하고 개선방안을 제시하는 것이다. 연구 목적의 달성을 위하여 229개 엔지니어링 사업자를 대상으로 한 설문조사로 기술형입찰의 운용 실태와 주요 쟁점사항에 대한 인식을 측정하고 분석하였다. 또한 회귀분석으로 종합만족도에 영 향을 미치는 분야의 중요도를 도출하고 ‘중요도-만족도’ 분석으로 기술형입찰에서의 중점 개선분야를 선정하였다. 분석결과를 토대로 기술형 입찰에서의 ‘입찰방식, 입찰준비비용, 낙찰방식, 적정대가, 평가공정성, 계약거래’의 분야에서 문제점과 개선방안이 제시되었다. 중요도가 높 으나 만족도가 낮아 기술형입찰의 활성화를 위해 개선이 시급한 분야는 ‘설계보상비 적정성, 대가 산정 합리성, 심의위원 공정성’으로 나타났 다. 이번 연구 결과는 산업의 주요 현안과제인 기술형입찰 활성화 방안 마련에 유용하게 활용될 수 있고 해외 사업모델의 고도화를 촉진하여 우리나라 엔지니어링 건설 기업의 경쟁력 강화에 기여할 것이다.

For the continued growth of Korean engineering and construction companies, it is necessary to secure competitiveness and add high added value in technical bid projects in which orders from overseas markets have increased. In order to expand overseas orders and develop engineering technology, Korean government is also promoting the introduction of various technical bid methods that allow early participation of construction companies in the design stage. However, the purpose of introducing technical bid faded as the construction company's marketing ability rather than the engineering company's technical ability mainly determined orders. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the perceptions of entrepreneurs from the perspective of promoting design technology competition by expanding the role of engineering companies, diagnose the problems of the technical bid system, and suggest improvement measures. To achieve the research objective, I measured and analyzed the operation status of technical bid and awareness of major issues through a survey targeting 229 engineering firms. In addition, the importance of areas that affect overall satisfaction was derived through regression analysis, and key areas for improvement in technical bid were selected through ‘importance-satisfaction’ analysis. By combining the analysis results, problems and improvement measures related to ‘bidding method, bid preparation cost, successful bid method, appropriate price, evaluation fairness, and contract transaction’ in technical bid were presented. Areas with high importance but low satisfaction that require urgent improvement to revitalize technical bid were ‘adequacy of design compensation costs, reasonableness of engineering fee calculation, and fairness of evaluators.’ The results of this study can be usefully used in developing measures to revitalize technical bid that is a major issue in the industry, and can contribute to strengthening the competitiveness of Korean engineering and construction companies by promoting the advancement of overseas business models.