Earticle

소외라는 세계적 실존적 위기는 개인이 인생의 다양한 단계에서 마주하 게 되는 보편적인 현상이며, 이는 감정적 단절과 인간관계의 긴장으로 이어지곤 한다. 캐서린 맨스필드와 앨리스 먼로의 문학 작품에서는 이 주제가 부부 사이에서 내면화 된 소외감으로 인해 관계가 무너지는 과정을 통해 탐구된다. 맨스필드의 『미스 브릴』과 먼로의 『플로팅 브리지』의 지미는 모두 고립되고 주변과 단절된 상태로 이야기를 시작한다. 그러나 시간이 흐르며, 그들의 외로움은 보다 깊은 희망과 감정적 갈망으로 변화한다. 이야기의 결말에 이르러, 두 인물 모두 개인적인 충만감과 진정한 관계를 향한 추구에 몰두하게 된다. 본 연구는 이 주인공들의 감정적 여정을 분석하며, 고립 의 경험이 궁극적으로 자기 발견과 성장을 이끌어냄을 보여준다. 소외는 큰 고통을 안 겨줄 수 있지만, 동시에 변화를 촉진하고 의미 있는 관계 형성을 가능하게 하는 계기 가 될 수 있다는 점을 논증한다. 두 인물은 감정적 회복력을 바탕으로 내면의 갈등을 극복하며, 치유와 충족을 향한 길을 찾아간다. 따라서 본 논문은 외로움의 고통 속에 서도 그것이 오히려 변화의 가능성을 열어주며, 더 깊고 진실된 관계에 대한 희망을 키워줄 수 있다는 역설을 강조한다.

This paper asserts that alienation in Katherine Mansfield’s Miss Brill and Alice Munro’s Floating Bridge represents both an emotional rupture and a catalyst for transformation. By examining Miss Brill, an elderly woman who derives fleeting solace from her imagined companions, alongside Jimmy, a man grappling with marital and existential challenges, this study explores how emotional isolation evolves into a yearning for authenticity and healing. In Miss Brill, the protagonist’s delight in observing life is shattered by overheard ridicule, leading to a profound confrontation with her solitude. Similarly, Jimmy’s ambiguous encounter with a stranger in Floating Bridge results in a moment of emotional clarity that alters his self-perception. These pivotal narrative moments illustrate how alienation, despite its painful nature, can become a pathway to self-awareness and latent hope. The paper contextualizes these internal journeys within broader social and cultural frameworks, highlighting how factors such as gender, age, and societal perspectives contribute to each individual’s emotional estrangement. Ultimately, this analysis reveals that alienation in the works of Mansfield and Munro is not merely a source of suffering but a peculiar force that can initiate a journey toward deeper emotional understanding and the quest for more genuine human connections.

디지털환경의 확장과 고도산업화를 추구하는 현대사회를 가리켜 많은 사회 과학자들은 ‘소외’(疎外)의 시대로 규정하는데 주저하지 않는다. 나아가 인간은 자연의 일부라는 사실을 확인할 때, 인간의 자연소외는 더욱 근원적인 문제로 다가온다. 연구목적은, 광고일러스트레이션에 드러난 현대인의 소외 양태의 확인과 그러한 양태가 어떻게 일러스트레이션으로 형식화되는지 그리고 소외에 관련된 일러스트레이션이 어떻게 송신자의 이익과 연합하는지의 규명이다. 분석대상의 선정은 자연을 소재로 한, 일러스트레이션이 표현의 중심이 된 것을 대상으로 하였다. 연구방법은, 소외 이론의 발전에 공헌한 주요학자들의 선행 연구를 비평적 차원에서 검토한 후, 자연소외를 개념화하고 그러한 논의를 바탕으로 연구대상들을 분석하였다. 자연소외 양상의 분석에서 발견되는 사실은 인간에게 있어 자연 소외 양상이 근원적이었으며 자연소외 주제는 송신자의 메시지를 매우 설득적으로 만들고 그 주장을 대변했다. 결과적으로 자연이 소재가 된 광고일러스트레이션은 자연과 인간의 관계를 왜곡시키는, 또 다른 사태(이데올로기)였다.

Many sociologists regard today’s society as the age of alienation and natural alienation is a more fundamental problem in that human beings are a part of nature. This study is to look into the aspect of contemporaries’ alienation in ad illustrations, and to clarify how the aspect is formalized in illustrations and how alienation-related illustrations are associated with the sender’s interest. This study was conducted on the illustrations based on nature. After a critical review was performed on the studies of the main scholars who contribute to the theory of alienation, natural alienation was conceptualized and the objects were analyzed on the authority of the discussion. In result, natural alienation was fundamental to human beings and the theme of natural alienation made the sender’s message highly persuasive and stood for the insistence. In conclusion, ad illustrations, based on nature, were another event (ideology) that distorted the relationship between man and nature.

Complaining that the legacy of early modern despair caused many writers to enlarge a particular sensitivity to banality and ugliness, Bellow accepted Judaism, which was positive, affirmative, optimistic. This essay deals with the alienation, recognition and rebirth of hero in Herzog from the view of Judaism. The hero is alienated from his family and friends because of his ego-centric character. He feels self-pity and expresses himself through incomplete and unmailed letter writing. But this letter writing means a forward step to solve his problem, even though the pattern of his thinking and feeling circulate only within himself. He still blames others for his sufferings, and not himself. In Judaism, suffering is essential to a recognition. After witnessing the trial of insane mother who kill her three-year-old poor baby and seeing his ex-wife and her paramour wash his daughter, he begins to understand the reality of life. He understands that life can not be explained and should be experienced. By abandoning his own ego and accepting the others as they are, he is reborn spiritually. Also Suffering is a bliss for the recognition of brotherhood, the uniqueness of an individual, the dignity and the divinity of man.

본 연구는 대학생들의 스마트폰 중독 경향성에 심리적 소외감이 영향을 미치는 과정에서 스트레스 지각의 매개 역할과 마음챙김의 조절 역할을 파악하고자 하였다. Hayes의 PROCESS Macro 4.0의 모델 7로 연구모형을 분석하였다. 충청남도의 대학생 217명이 질문지에 응답하였다. 분석결과를 종합할 때, 소외감은 스트레스 반응을 매개하여 또는 직접적으로 스마트폰 중독 경향성에 영향을 준다. 이때 마음챙김 수준이 높은 사람들은 스트레스 반응을 완화함으로써 스마트폰 중독 경향성을 낮추는 경향이 있었다. 본 연구의 시사점은 소외감이 스트레스 반응 을 거쳐 스마트폰 중독 경향성을 유발하는 심리적 과정을 밝혔다는 점과, 마음챙김이 스트레스 반응 완화와 스마트 폰 중독 경향성을 낮출 수 있는 역할을 한다는 점을 밝혔다는 점이다. 향후 스마트폰 중독 진단을 받은 사람들을 대상으로 본 연구의 모형을 적용해 볼 필요가 있다.

This study tried to understand the mediating role of stress perception and the moderating role of mindfulness in the process of psychological alienation affecting college students' smartphone addiction tendency. Two hundred seventeen university students from Chungcheongnam-do answered the questionnaire. The research model was analyzed with model 7 of Hayes' PROCESS Macro 4.0. When synthesizing analysis results, feelings of alienation mediate stress responses or directly influence smartphone addiction tendencies. At this time, people with high levels of mindfulness tended to lower their smartphone addiction tendencies by alleviating their stress response compared to those with a low level of mindfulness. The implication of this study is that it revealed the psychological process that causes alienation to induce smartphone addiction tendency through stress responses, and that mindfulness plays a role in alleviating stress response and lowering smartphone addiction tendency. In the future, it is necessary to apply the model of this study to people diagnosed with smartphone addiction.

The purpose of this study is to discuss the causes and substitutes of economical alienation of post-war society in 1950s novels. In the Preferment(榮轉) written by Lee, Moo-yeong, the alienation from ‘human nature’ and ‘others’ is disclosed, showing the distorted vocational ethics of post-war Korean society and power structure in an electric power company through the power struggle. In the Jang’s Family(張氏一家) written by Ryu, Joo-hyeon, the alienation from ‘organization’ and ‘family’ is disclosed, showing concealed truth of military and political organization and ethical corruption of high society through the characters. Kim, Kwang-sik disclosed the alienation in the everyday life through the ‘labor’ and ‘alienated consumption’ based on the certain spatial background, a bank and a printing office, in his works A Landscape of Chair(椅子 風景) and House 213(二一三號 住宅). However, they are more developmental than the works uttered previously, because the heros in the works objectively recognizes the situations surrounded them and prepares some plans to overcome the situations, even though they are reckless. Kim, Dong-nip shows characters who could not escape from the influence of war in his work Public Officials(大衆管理). They alienate themselves and stick to a desire for material gain to overcome their anxiety. And the writer presents that a way to overcome one’s anxiety is ‘recovery of selfidentity’ through self-expression. It is meaningful that the heros began to understand an aspect of the capitalistic alienation and to recognize human nature recovery as a method to overcome the alienation. The novels uttered above should be systematically studied more. It means that the discussion about the post-war novels has not yet to deal with the economical alienation because it has focused on just war itself. Therefore, this study can make the objects for the discussion of the post-war novels various, and can be a chance to establish a balanced viewpoint about the post-war novels.

구술사는 역사적 사실을 보충하거나 대체하는데 중요한 근거가 된다. 또한 시간, 공간, 사건 중심의 역사 서술을 인간 중심의 그것으로 돌려놓기 위해 필요하다. 무엇 보다 구술사는 전쟁사로부터 소외된 참전자들이 상실한 자아를 되찾는데 중요한 역할 을 할 수 있다. 구술사 연구는 사회로부터 소외되고 전쟁사의 주변인이 된 참전자들이 사건의 중심에 주체로 서도록 도울 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 참전자 구술사의 사회적 기능과 가능성을 ‘소외’와 ‘소외의 극복’ 문제에 중점을 두어 설명했다. 본문에서는 ‘참전자’를 ‘소외된 사람들’과 등치시키고, 구술사의 쟁점과 포함요소를 정리했다. 제 시한 구술사 사례들은 실제 구술 채록 작업에서 일어났던 참전자의 변화와 한계를 담 았다. 참전사 구술사 연구는 참전자의 기억을 살려내고 역사의식을 재구성함으로써 억압된 상태를 해방하고 정체성 회복을 도울 수 있다. 현재 6.25전쟁 참전자 구술사 는 6.25전쟁사 담당자들이 선호하지 않는 극주변부에 있다. 소외된 참전자들을 만나 그들을 중심으로 되돌려 놓으려면, 연구자가 전쟁사 연구의 소외된 영역으로 가야하 는 역설이 있기는 하나 그것이 전쟁사 연구자의 본령이기도 하다. 특히 학도병, 전시 노무자, 비정규전 부대원, 보급병, 군악병, 여군 등 전쟁의 주변부 중에서도 더 알려지 지 않은 극주변부의 참전자들이 소외를 극복하도록 도우려면 연구자가 그들에게 다가 가 구술 채록을 하고 연구, 치유 활동을 지속하는 것 외에 다른 방법이 없다.

Oral history serves as an important basis for supplementing or replacing historical facts. Above all, oral history can play an important role in helping veterans, who were alienated from war history, regain their lost sense of self. In this paper, the social functions and possibilities of oral history of war veterans are explained by focusing on the issues of ‘alienation’ and ‘overcoming alienation.’ Oral history research on war history can liberate the oppressed state and help restore identity by reviving the memories of war veterans and reconstructing their historical consciousness. Currently, oral histories of the Korean War participants are located in the extreme periphery, where those in charge of the Korean War history do not prefer them. In particular, in order to help participants in the more unknown peripheral areas of the war, such as student soldiers, wartime workers, irregular warfare unit members, supply soldiers, military musicians, and female soldiers, overcome their alienation, researchers should approach them, record their oral histories, and conduct research and healing activities. There is no other way than to continue with such efforts.

『마이너리그』중역본인 『汉城兄弟』는 유머러스하고 비판적인 분위기로 한류 (韩流)가 한창 유행하던 시기, 독자들에게 많은 사랑을 받은 매력적인 작품이다. 이 책을 번역한 두 역자는 출발어가 가진 이질적인 요소들을 추가 번역, 대체 번 역, 모방 번역과 같은 번역 방법을 활용하여 번역하였다. 본 연구는 자국화와 이 국화 번역 전략의 바탕인 “차이(异)”와 “거리”에 착안하여 『汉城兄弟』을 분석하 였다. 본 연구는 원본과 번역본을 대조하여 논지의 전형성을 띠는 양상들을 제시 하고 나아가 그것들을 분석하는 방식으로 진행하였다. 이를 통해 『汉城兄弟』의 번역 방법과 전략을 분석하고 나아가 『汉城兄弟』에 채택된 번역 전략의 형성 원 인까지 탐색하고자 한다.

The Chinese translation of “Minor League“ has a critical spirit of humor and satire, which is unique in the period of “Korean wave“.In translation, the translator adopts the main translation methods of addition, metonymy and imitation to deal with the translation problems related to the heterogeneous factors in the source language. According to the definition and essence of domestication and foreignization, this paper studies the typical translation phenomena, translation methods and translation effects of the Chinese translation of “Minor League“ by means of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis. Finally, the paper also explores the reasons for the influence of translation strategies.

본 연구의 목적은 노인의 심리적 특성을 파악하고 이러한 심리적 특성들 중 노인들의 삶의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 변수의 탐색에 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 자존감, 소외감, 상실감, 우울감 등의 심리적 특성을 선정 하였으며, 광주광역시에 거주하는 노인들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 총 218부를 회수하여 부실한 응답을 제외한 203부를 분석대상으로 하였다. 연구문제에 대한 연구결과를 얻기 위해 설문지를 통한 양적분석 방법을 택하였 으며, SPSSWIN 21.0 통계 프로그램을 활용하여 분석하였다. 분석방법으로는 빈도, 비율분석, 기술적 통계분석, 이변량 상관관계 분석, 선형회귀분석 등을 활용하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 노인들의 심리적 특성들 간의 관계에 있어서 노인들의 자존감, 소외감, 상실감, 우울감, 삶의 만족 등은 서로 유의미한 상관성을 보여주었다. 둘째, 노인들에게 있어서 소외감 과 우울감은 삶의 만족에 부적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 자존감은 삶의 만족도에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 상실감은 삶의 만족에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 이러한 내용들을 종합해 볼 때, 노인들의 삶의 질을 향상시키기 위해서는 자존감 향상, 그리고 소외감과 우울감 감소를 위한 정책과 프로그램들을 개발해 운영할 필요성을 시사하였다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the psychological characteristics of the elderly and to investigate the variables that affect the life satisfaction of the elderly. To achieve this purpose, psychological characteristics such as self-esteem, alienation, loss, and depression were selected. A survey was conducted on the elderly living in Gwangju Metropolitan City. A total of 218 copies were collected and 203 copies were analyzed, excluding poor responses. To draw the results of the research, quantitative analysis was conducted through questionnaires, and SPSSWIN 21.0 statistical program was used as an analysis tool. The analysis methods were frequency and ratio analysis, technical statistical analysis, bivariate correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis. The results of the analysis are as follows: First, the relationship between the psychological characteristics of the elderly showed significant correlations among the self-esteem, alienation, loss, depression, and life satisfaction of the elderly. Second, for the elderly, alienation and depression had a negative effect on life satisfaction, and self-esteem had a positive effect on life satisfaction. However, loss did not have a significant effect on life satisfaction. In conclusion, it suggests that it is necessary to develop and operate policies and programs to improve self-esteem and reduce alienation and depression in order to improve the quality of life of the elderly.

이 글은 메를로-퐁티가 『지각의 현상학』에서 중심적으로 다루고 있는 신체론을 검토한 다. 그것은 게슈탈트론의 도입으로 신체의 의미문제를 해명하려는 현상학적 시도이다. 그 런데 정신분석에서도 신체의 게슈탈트적 측면을 주된 발상으로 다루는 개념이 있다. 라캉은 자신의 거울단계 이론의 ‘조각난 몸’과 ‘통합된 몸’이라는 비유적 두 신체를 설명할 때 퐁티의 게슈탈트적 신체를 도입한다. 한편 퐁티는 또 다른 저서인 『유아과 타자의 관계』에서 라캉의 거울단계를 직접 언급하며 신체와 타자의 관계를 공통된 게슈탈트적 지반 위에 서 설명한다. 또한 『에크리』 곳곳에서 라캉은 거울단계를 소개하면서 퐁티의 게슈탈트적 신체와 거울단계의 상관성을 보여주는 서술을 한다. 이론적 상황이 이러한 바, 퐁티의 ‘신 체’를 이해하기 위해서는 그가 참조하는 라캉의 거울단계(특히 조각난 몸의 상황)를 적극 적으로 독해해야 한다. 퐁티의 게슈탈트적 신체개념과 라캉의 거울단계는 단순히 유사한 개념만이 아니며, ‘게슈탈트’라는 공통의 지반 위에서 상보적 관계를 갖고, 나아가 존재론 적 지평도 공유하고 있음을 유추해 볼 수 있기 때문이다. 본고는 두 사상가의 각 개념에 대하여, 퐁티는 ‘신체-세계’의 지향적 관계에서 게슈탈 트적 의미통합체로서 신체를, 라캉은 ‘신체-의식’(조각난 몸-자아)의 반성적 관계에서 게슈탈트적 통합체인 신체를 제시함으로써 접점을 형성하고 있다고 제안한다. 즉 라캉의 개념에서 실재적 방식으로 구성되는 주체의 구성 과정이 ‘분리-통합’의 형태를 취하고 있 다는 것에 주목해, 퐁티의 신체개념에 적용한다. 그것은 신체와 세계의 관계에 ‘분리-통 합’적 방식이라는 해석을 부가함으로써 확장된 검토를 제안하는 것이다. 퐁티의 신체론 에서 이러한 해석을 적용할 때 의의는, 신체론 중심의 『지각의 현상학』이 단순히 신체의 의미론 연구에 그치는 것이 아니라 존재론 연구에 귀속되는 하나의 개념으로서 ‘신체현상학-신체존재론’으로 재조명될 수 있다는 것이다. 이에 신체에 대한 전통적 방식의 해석을 넘어서 신체가 그 자체로 하나의 사건이 되는 개념으로 해석될 단서를 발견하고자 한다.

This thesis is examines the body theory that Merleau-Ponty deals with centrally in Phenomenology of The perception. It is a phenomenological attempt to clarify the problem of meaning of the body through the introduction of Gestalt. However, similar attempts are found in psychoanalysis. Although not conceived for a direct explanation of epistemology, Lacan affirms and introduces Ponty s phenomenological Gestalt in his Mirror-stage theory. Meanwhile, Merleau-Ponty directly refers to Lacan s Mirror-stage in another text, ‘The Child s Relations with Others’. In addition, Lacan emphasizes the influence of Merleau-Ponty Gestalt-Body while explaining the Mirror-stage in various places in crits. Therefore, this article attempts to clarify the complementarity of the two thoughts by examining specific theories. In conclusion, it is suggested that the two concepts share a similar ontology. According to this thesis, even though each concept of the two philosophers is on a different basis of phenomenology and psychoanalysis, if the similarity of thought is examined, an extended study of the two theories will be possible.

Background/Objectives: The objective of the research was to develop User Created Content (UCC) videos to enhance basic nursing skills for Chinese smartphone users studying in Korea. Methods/Statistical analysis: Working together with Korean students and professors, Chinese international students produced two UCC videos for the inculcation of postoperative nursing skills and instruction in intravenous fluid injections. The videos contained both Korean and Chinese captions. Findings: The process of producing UCC videos by Chinese students was found effective: They participated in the selection of the topics and in the production of the videos. The effectiveness was determined through individual and group interviews. Greater instructional value was also due to the fact that Chinese international students acquired a greater sense of community in working with Korean students and professors in making the videos. Chinese students who participated in the production of the UCC videos could conveniently and effectively learn from their all-too-familiar smartphones. Improvements/Applications: Production of UCC videos by Chinese international students with Korean students and professors enhances learning basic nursing skills and helps to overcome linguistic and cultural differences. This outcome can present a way to enhance the quality of education and social well-being of international students in Korea.

This study was to analyze bullying experiences, physical fitness, and stress and social support in young students who have taken part in a soccer program for approximately 3 years. Fifty-two participants who were divided into two groups: a control group that had not experienced alienation (NAG; n=45, 86.5%) and an experimental group that had ex-perienced alienation (AG; n=7, 13.5%). The frequency of alienation in AG was ‘1–2 times’ or ‘a few times’ per week. NAG believed their in-volvement in the soccer program helped them improve their relation-ships with friends, cope with alienation, and overcome bullying. Muscle mass and basal metabolic rate of NAG showed higher levels than those of AG. Strength of NAG was significantly higher than that of AG. Stress levels of NAG were significantly lower than those of AG. Although so-cial support was not significantly different between groups, there was a higher tendency in NAG to have stronger social support compared to AG. In conclusion, this study suggests that physical fitness and stress levels can be improved by playing soccer. In particular, participating in a soccer program for an extended period of time can benefit individuals who are socially alienated.

Caryl Churchill is considered a leading British female playwright who has radically and consistently tried to dramatize social issues in the context of history, class, and politics through new and experimental theatrical styles beyond the traditional theatrical forms. As her first socialist feminist play, Vinegar Tom was completed by cooperating with the Monstrous Regiment, a socialist and feminist theatre group, which was mainly interested in the political orientation and theatrical techniques of Bertolt Brecht. The play consists of 21 scenes with 7 songs. The scenes show the past events in which socially and economically deserted women who were condemned as witches under patriarchal social norms. The songs by the female performers in modern dresses interrupt a natural flow of the consequent scenes so as to allegorically criticize the history of women distorted by a male-dominated perspective. The female performers play the roles as both singers and characters. Such crossing roles of singers out of the characters produce the alienation effect by which the audiences are induced on purpose to compare and contrast the past and the present in respect to the oppression of women. The songs containing the feminist themes connect concretely social prejudice and abuse of the witches in the 17th century with the issues of socialist feminism the present women still experience as oppression. The feminist themes that the songs contain are of the female body socially regarded as a tool of reproduction, nonsensical social perspectives on the roles of female gender, and slave-like domestic situation of some married women. The themes of the songs are also expanded into other realms of historical oppression beyond feminist concerns in regard to lunatics, blacks, and Jews. In Vinegar Tom Caryl Churchill progressively tries to rewrite existing history from a feminist perspective by means of the Brechtian techniques of songs accompanying an alienation effect. It is intended for the audiences to reflect on their own past and present conditions in history. As the song lyrics suggest, our awakening alliance will bring about the new vision of social change full of progress and hope by looking into the relationship between individuals and society, and making correction of any historical errors.

카프카는 자신의 작품 속에서 인간의 실존에 대한 끊임없는 논의를 전개한다. 프라하의 이방인으로서 자신의 삶 속에서 다양한 방식으로 소외를 경험했던 카프카는 『변신』 , 『판결』, 『선고』, 『유형지에서』,『학술원에 드리는 보고』 등에서 이러한 인간의 실존과 소외경험을 자신만의 독특한 문체로 제시하고 있다. 글쓴이는 이들 작품 중에서 『변신』에 주목하는데, 이 작품 속에 카프카의 실존철학적인 문제의식이 잘 드러나 있다고 보기 때문이다. 이러한 실존의 문제는 카프카와 같은 작가들뿐만 아니라 20세기에 두 번의 세계 대전을 겪었던 실존철학자들에게도 중요한 것이다. 글쓴이는 이런 점에서 니체와 하이데거의 철학을 바탕으로 『변신』에 나타난 카프카의 실존개념들을 고찰하고자 한다. 허무주의의 도래 앞에서 위버멘쉬로의 길을 포기하고 마지막 인간으로 전락해버리는 인간존재를 비판하는 니체의 철학 그리고 존재가 아니라 존재자에 집착하면서 현존재의 본래성을 상실해버리는 일상인의 문제를 다루고 있는 하이데거의 철학을 통해서 그레고르의 변신에서 드러나는 인간의 실존과 소외의 문제를 기술하는 카프카의 문제의식을 적극적으로 고찰하려는 것이 본 논문이 의도하는 바이다. 카프카의 이러한 실존적 문제의식은 근대인들이 추구했던 소위 실체적이고 모나드적인 주체의 해체와 자기기만 그리고 타자와의 관계에서 고립되는 인간의 소외현상에 대한 기술을 통해서 잘 드러난다. 또한 이러한 카프카의 문제의식은 소수문학의 토대를 제공하며 왜곡된 의사소통행위와 타자와의 갈등 속에서 끊임없이 불안한 삶을 살아가는 현대인의 문제점을 적극적으로 진단해주는 역할을 한다. 이 논문에서는 카프카의 『변신』에서 드러나는 실존개념의 의미들을 앞서 언급한 니체와 하이데거의 철학을 바탕으로 고찰하도록 한다.

Kafka is constantly mentions human beings in their work setting. It was Kafka who experience alienation in their lives as a stranger in a unique style of Prague discussion about human beings and these in turn alienated his work. Problem of existence and existential alienation is an important problem for philosophers as well as Kafka. I will discuss the concept of existence, Nietzsche and Kafka on the basis of Heidegger's existential philosophy in this paper. Because there are tight junctions between Kafka and these existential philosophers. We are able to experience a variety of problems meant Kafka consciousness through the transformation of Gregor representing through this method. Kafka is denying the subjectivity of modern and and focuses on the alienation caused by others. Especially those in relation to the family and is closely linked with the individual's existence. This work provides a foundation of Kafka's minority literature. I will deal with claims about how the interpretation of the existential philosophical Kafka in this paper.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the aspects of black community’s internalization of the dominant cultural discourse and resistance against it in The Bluest Eye. Toni Morrison dramatizes the story of Pecola Breedlove who, internalizing racial self-loathing originated from the dominant culture of white supremacy, wishes to have blue eyes. On the other hand, Claudia MacTeer shows resistant spirit against the white dominant cultural practice in the black community and in white America. The essay, first, focuses on the racial self-contempt for dark skin, which is pervasive in black community. White skin and blue eyes are considered as ideal beauty and dark skin as ugliness in Pecola’s surrounding world, which eventually conspires to make Pecola insane. Second, Morrison delves into the cultural hegemonic process by exploring the connection among consumer goods, Hollywood movies, and alienation, which affect the lives of the female characters. Accordingly, The Bluest Eye unfolds the social process of cultural colonization and alienation in the industrialized northen America in 1940s. Third, with Cholly’s traumatized experiences from the early age to adult life, Morrison suggests the inheritance of trauma from Cholly to his daughter, Pecola. Finally, young Claudia shows a potential black woman critic by revealing her critical attitude toward a white doll and bourgeois ownership. Unlike the case of Pecola’s victimization, Claudia survives by struggling against the white dominant value with her double consciousness.

1930년대는 도시인구가 급격히 증가하면서 전통적인 삶의 방식에서도 변화를 촉구하였다. 근대라는 제도적 장치에 의해 고유한 가치 질서는 인간의 소외와 더불어 금전의 절대적 통치로 변화하였다. 급격한 사회변동과 가치변화의 유동적인 현실 앞에서 당시 지식인들마저도 그러한 흐름을 따라잡기 어려웠다. 최명익의 <비오는 길>과 스저춘의 <장맛비가 내리던 저녁>은 모두 30년대 지식인의 소외감과 외로움을 주인공의 심리 세계를 부각시키는 것과 동시에 ‘비’, ‘방’, ‘우산’이란 이미지를 도입하며 인물 심리를 상황에 맞게 나타낸다. 삶에 대한 불만을 가진 채 살고 있는 지식인은 ‘비’를 계기로 자신들의 마음을 혼란하게 만드는 사람을 만나게 된다. 하지만 서로 의사소통이 되지 않은 것을 통하여 주인공은 자아의식을 확대하고 상대방의 생각을 추측하는 장면이 소설에 흔히 등장하며 인물의 이중적 심리를 여실히 보여준다. 주인공을 흔들고 괴롭히던 이중심리는 어느 순간 꿈에서 깨어난 듯 주인공에게 아무 일도발생하지 않고 다시 원점으로 회귀하는 비슷한 틀을 가진다.

In 1930s, the traditional life-style had to be changed by the gallopingpopulation of the city. The modern times had shaken the traditional valueswith the alienation between people and the absolute domination of money. Evenfor the intellectuals, it was difficult to grasp the mainstream of that changingtimes. In the context of 1930s, <Raining Road> by Choi myong-ik and <OneRainy Evening> by Shi Zhecun both revealed the loneliness and alienationinside of the intellectuals by depicting their psychology. These authors also useimage of “rain”, “room”, and “umbrella” to express the character’s inner emotion. This intensified the sensitivity of psychological novels. In addition, thesenovels have similar structure. Even though, the two intellectuals were at peacethey felt a void in their life till they met the one who shook their peacefulhearts. Due to the failure to communicate openly made the characters toexpand their self-awareness. Besides, there were many scenes about thecharacters’ self-association and speculation which reflected their dualpsychology. Nevertheless, when the rain stopped, their life moved back to thebeginning like nothing had ever happened and it all felt like awakening froma dream.

세계화는 그 평가와 관련해 다양한 해석을 요구한다. 이 글은 부당한 경제적 세계화에 대항 하는 외침을 수용하며 노동하는 다수 현대인의 삶을 무력화시키고 있는 소외된 노동의 현상들 을 비판하고 그에 대한 실현가능한 치유책으로 기본소득의 도입을 제안하고자 한다. 필자는 이 목적을 위해 다음과 같이 논의를 전개할 것이다. 첫째로 노동은 현대인의 삶에서 어떤 의미와 역할을 수행하고 있고 그에 대한 적절한 평가의 기준은 무엇일지 논해보겠다. 둘째로 용어 노동 의 역사적 의미와 평가의 변화에 대한 약사(略史)를 서술하겠다. 셋째로 칼 맑스의 ‘소외된 노동’ 의 네 가지 측면을 중심으로 그 타당성과 치유책으로 제시된 ‘자유의 왕국’의 실천을 21세기 변 화된 문제의 틀 속에서 어떻게 수용할 것인지를 숙고해 보겠다. 넷째로 우리사회가 겪고 있는 소외된 노동의 두드러진 현상인 실업과 비정규직의 문제를 중심으로 양극화에 내재된 분열과 갈등의 심각성과 특히 가족친화적인 정책도입의 절박함을 강조하겠다. 끝으로 지구촌의 다수가 체험하는 소외된 노동을 극복하기 위한 일보(一步)로써 글로벌 차원의 정책적 치유담론인 기본 소득의 필요성과 그 도입과 관련된 몇 가지 문제점을 언급하겠다.

The Globalization requires very various interpretations regarding it's evaluation. This article will accept the call against the unjust economic Globalization and to criticize the phenomenal aspects of alienated labor in the life of contemporary working man, and I propose the introduction of Basic Income as feasible remedies. To this end, I would like to develop the following discussions in this paper. First, what's means the labor indeed in contemporary human's life, and what is the proper criteria of labour's assessment? Second, I'll present the historical meaning and the evaluation of the term labor with a brief history. Third, I'll deal with the four sides of Karl Marx's "alienated labor" in the relation of it's validity, and look at the practice of the 'kingdom of freedom' as the remedies within the changed framework of the 21st century. Fourth, I'll emphasize the social severity of the division and the conflict with the inherent polarization around the problem of unemployment and irregular polarization as a typical phenomenon of alienated labor, and the urgent introduction of family-friendly policies. Finally, I'll mention the introduction of Basic Income and the related some suggestions as a starting point for the political healing-discours against the daily alienated labor of many global Precariat.

이 연구는 실존을 경험하지 못하는 교사들에게 실존을 경험한 L교사의 사례를 제시하여 자 신의 삶을 되돌아 볼 기회를 제공하고자 했다. 연구 결과, 첫째, L교사는 여러 가지 악기를 배우면서 얻게 된 음악 경험을 통해 음악적 정 체성을 형성했다. L교사는 교사이기 이전에 한 인간으로서 자신만의 정체성을 가졌다. 둘째, L교사는 음악적 정체성을 발휘하고자 하였으나 여러 여건의 한계로 인해 이를 풀어내지 못함 으로써 소외를 경험 하였는데, 이런 경험을 통해 L교사는 자신의 정체성 안에서 소외를 극복 하고자 결심했다. 셋째, L교사는 학급 교육과정을 운영하면서 자신의 음악적 정체성을 발휘하 고 학생들과 ‘동반자적인 관계’와 ‘알아가는 관계’ 의 교육적 관계를 맺었는데, 이를 통해 실존 을 경험하면서 소외를 극복할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 한 초등학교 교사의 정체성과 관련하여 교직생활 중 겪게 되는 소외와 실존과정 을 보여줌으로써 교사의 실존 문제에 대한 이해를 높여 주었다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 이 사 례에 공감한 많은 교사들이 자신의 삶을 반성하고 실존 문제를 고민해 볼 수 있기를 바란다.

The purpose of this study is to provide teachers with the opportunity which may experience to look back on their the existence. So I described a case about a teacher experiencing the existence. The results of this study is as follows. The First, a teacher formed the musical identity through musical experience gained while learning various instruments. A teacher has self-identity as a human being. Secondly, a teacher wanted to express the musical identity, but the teacher could not express the musical identity due to the limitations of the conditions. So a teacher experienced alienation. Through this experience a teacher determined to overcome the alienation by expression of identity. Thirdly, a teacher expressed own musical identity and formed the educational relationship with child as like 'relationship of partner' and 'relationship of Getting to know' while operating a classroom curriculum. So a teacher overcame alienation by experiencing the existence. This study is meaningful in that it enhances the understanding of the problem on the existence of teachers. Because it described the process of alienation and existential experience of teaching life. I hope a large number of teachers empathizing this case to reflect on their lives and explore the existential problem.

Marginality and alienation take place within the churches where Jesus Christ are supposed to become the symbolic authority and representative. Jesus was Himself a marginal man suffering from the conflict between two different cultures: between this human world and the God's world, between Hebrew-Judaism and Greco-Roman cultures. However, the churches tend to produce marginalized or alienated members by paying more attention to the members with power and authority. Then, the church suffers from chaos and despair. It happens because it fails to care for the marginal members of the church. They are weak and ignored easily. But pastors with Jesus' mind and heart will do a lot of efforts in stopping marginality phenomenon from happening in the churches. Rober E. Park and Stonequist did conduct a beautiful research work in the issue of marginality both cultural and social. Eric Erickson taught us the concept of identity. The theorists' work show that the church should not allow a member to become a marginal person. It should not allow a marginal group or situation come into being. Small groups in the church show different forms and colors. The pastors need to run the system in order not to repeat the same mistake that the worldly people make: always using the powerful people ahead of the powerless people. Less valued group or people should be invited into the position of taking power office. They need to have more opportunities for speaking loudly and making important decisions for many issues at hand. Finally marginal people, although they suffer from psychological marginality even before coming to the church, need to have chances for transforming their self-images from negative to positive. The church as the Lord's Kingdom should be a place for new life and for transformation of the world. The weak people should be encouraged to become strong in the church. In the words of marginality, marginal people should be empowered to become central within the church so that they can transform themselves toward strengths. Caring for the marginal people is the order brought to the pastors today. The essence of Gospel teaches us this kind of pastoral leadership.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine whether perceived parental alienation mediates the relationship between parental and adolescent depressive symptoms, and, if so, whether parents’ subjective health moderates this indirect effect. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized secondary data from the 2021 wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children, enrolling 541 parent?child dyads. Parental depression was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6, a self-rated health item, the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Chil- dren, and a 6-item perceived alienation scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and variance inflation factor checks were conducted, followed by mediation and moder- ated mediation analyses using PROCESS Models 4 and 7 with 10,000 bootstraps in IBM SPSS ver. 27.0. Results: Parental depression did not directly predict adolescent depression (B=.02, t=.87) but was significantly related to perceived alienation (B=.16, p<.001), which in turn pre- dicted higher adolescent depression (B=.20, p<.001). The indirect effect of alienation was also significant (B=.039; 95% confidence interval, 0.005?0.066). Subjective health moderat- ed the depression?alienation link (interaction B=.19, p<.001), with stronger indirect ef- fects observed among parents with better health. Conclusion: Parental depression symptoms indirectly increase adolescent depression through perceived alienation, particularly when parents viewed their health positively. These results suggest that interventions targeting parental mental health and fostering open-family communication may help reduce adolescent depression.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to understand the experience of social alienation in elderly lung cancer patients, to explore its causes, and to propose targeted intervention strategies. Methods: From July to August 2023, 16 elderly lung cancer patients attending the respiratory department of a tertiary hospital in Changsha City, Hunan Province, were selected for semi-structured interviews using a purposive sampling method. The Colaizzi 7-step method was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of four themes were distilled: the experience of social alienation in elderly lung cancer patients (pessimistic feelings, inferiority complex, and heavy psychological burden), subjective causes (disease-included shame, avoidant social behavior, and stigmatized labels), objective causes (isolated social states, and reduced amount of socialization), and rehabilitation support. Conclusion: The causes of social alienation in elderly lung cancer patients include multiple aspects of personal, family, and social support, and symptom management and psychological guidance should be strengthened for this population to construct a hospital-society-family triple-linkage care program to help patients recover.