Earticle

까마귀과 조류는 성별에 따른 외형적인 차이가 없으며, 까마귀과에 속하는 물까치 역시 성적 동형성을 가지므로 야외조사 시 육안으로 성별을 동정하기 어렵다. 따라서 물까치의 성별에 따른 외부형태 차이 유무를 확인하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 물까치 개체는 광주광역시, 나주시 일대에서 포획하였으며, 머리-부리 길이, 부리 길이, 편/접은 날개 길이, 부척 길이, 꼬리 길이, 몸길이(전장), 몸무게 등을 측정하고 혈액 샘플을 채취하였다. 성별은 이전에 사용된 P2/P8(Griffiths et al. 1998) 프라이머를 사용한 PCR 증폭을 통해 결정하였고, 통계 분석을 이용해 성별 간 외부 측정값의 차이를 비교하였다. 성별 간 외부 측정값 중 전장과 편 날개 길이에서 수컷이 더 길게 나타났다. 전장과 편 날개 길이를 이용한 판별분석 결과 71.7%의 정확성으로 성을 구별하였으며, 동형의 물까치에 있어서 두 변수의 중요성을 논의하였다.

Most sexually monomorphic species, including the family Corvidae, are visually indistinguishing in field investigations. We investigated intersexaul morphological differences of the Azure-winged magpie (Cyanopica cyanus). We caught 86 adults (67 males, 14 females, and 5 unidentified), measured their morphological characteristics (head-bill length, bill length, maximum and minimum wing length, tarsus length, body length, tail length, and weight), and collected blood samples. Sex was determined by PCR amplification using the previously used P2/P8 (Griffiths et al. 1998) primers. Statistical analysis was used to compare morphological differences between sexes. Males were longer in body length and maximum wing length, and discriminant function analysis using the two variables showed the sex was distinguished with an accuracy of 71.7%. We discussed the significance of the two variables in the monomorphic Azure-winged magpies.

일본어와 한국어의 오노마토피아(어)는 다른 나라 언어에 비해 풍부하다고 알려져 있다. 일상 회화 중 오노마토피아(어)를 듣는 경우도 많고, 오노마토피아(어)는 동사나 형용사만으 로 나타내기 어려운　동작이나 상태를 생동하게 나타낼 수 있어 어린 아이들이 많이 접하는 만화나 그림책에서도 자주 사용된다. 일본어의 오노마토피아(어)에 관한 연구는 선행연구에서 매우 활발히 진행되고 있었다. 그 러나 일본어와 한국어의 오노마토피아(어) 비교에 대한 연구는 그다지 활발하지 않다. 또한 일본어와 한국어의 오노마토피아(어)를 '만화'를 통해 고찰한 선행연구는 명확하지 않다. 따라서 본고에서는 같은 제목, 같은 내용의 일본판, 한국판 만화 「도라에몽」을 이용해 오 노마토피아(어) 사용에 어떤 차이가 존재하는지 형태적 특징과 의미적 특징으로 나누어 분석 하려한다. 그결과, 형태적 특징의 경우, 가장 출현빈도가 많은 형태는 일본어와 한국어 모두 2음절이 었다. 또한, 일본어도 한국어도 1음절어나 2음절어 같은 순간적인 음을 나타내는 단어가 압도 적으로 많이 존재하였다. 의미적 특징의 경우, 일대일 대응, 설명식 대응, 대체식 대응, 추가식 대응이라는 네 가지 형태가 존재하였다.

Japanese and Korean languages are rich in onomatopoeia compared to other languages. In daily conversation, we can often hear onomatopoeia, which cannot be expressed by verbs or adjectives. As onomatopoeia can express actions and states very well, it is very practical. Whether in Japanese or Korean, “onomatopoeia” is a good representation of sound, and it is easily found in the cartoons that many children are exposed to at an early age. There exists an abundance of previous research on Japanese onomatopoeia. However, the comparative research on Japanese and Korean “onomatopoeia” is rare. In addition, any research on Japanese and Korean “onomatopoeia” found in “manga” is almost nonexistence. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine the different uses of onomatopoeia in the phonological and semantic forms in Japanese and Korean laguages through “Doraemon”, a cartoon with the same title and the same content in both Japanese and Korean. In terms of phonological features, the highest frequency in Japanese and Korean is 2 syllables. In both Japanese and Korean, the number of words that represent an instant sound, like one or two syllables, is overwhelming. In the case of semantic features, there were four forms such as one on one response, explanatory response, substitutive response, and additive response.

본 논문에서는 2006 2017년까지 일본의 ‘U-can 신어 유행어 대상 관련어’를 분석 자료로 하여 일본의 신어 유행어의 형태적 특징을 ‘어종’과 ‘어구성’의 2가지 관점에 서 고찰하였는데, 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. ‘어종’은 ‘단종어’ 와 ‘혼종어’로 나 누어 사용양상을 살펴보았다. ‘단종어’는 ‘고유어’, ‘한자어’, ‘영어’, ‘기타어’로 분류하 였고, ‘혼종어’는 ‘한자어+고유어’, ‘영어+한자어’, ‘영어+고유어’, ‘영어+한자어+고유 어’, ‘기타어 포함’ 으로 분류하였다. 그 결과, 단종어는 357개(55.8%)가 사용되었고, 혼 종어는 283개(44.2%)가 사용되어, 신어 유행어는 혼종어보다 단종어의 사용비율이 다 소 높음을 알 수 있었다. 한편, 단종어에서 어수가 가장 많은 것은 ‘한자어’로 143개가 나 타났으며, 혼종어에서도 ‘한자어+고유어’, ‘한자어+영어’의 사용비율이 높아 한자어가 많이 사용되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. ‘어구성’은 ‘단순어 합성어’, ‘약어’, ‘기타’의 3가지 관점에서 사용양상을 살펴보았다. ‘단순어 합성어’의 경우 단순어는 62개, 합성어는 578개로 합성어의 사용비율이 압도적으로 높았다. 또한 합성어는 ‘복합어’, ‘파생어’, ‘재합성어’, ‘문’으로 분류하였는데, 이 중에서 ‘복합어’의 어수가 208개로 가장 많이 나 타났다. 한편, 약어는 신어 · 유행어 전체의 약 27.4 %를 차지하고 있었는데, 머릿 글자 약어에서는 생략되는 곳이 한 개에서 다섯 개까지 다양하게 나타났으며, 일반 어휘의 약 어도 다양한 형태로 사용되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그 외에도 다양한 방식으로 만들어진 단어도 많았는데, 그 중에서도 ‘패러디어(もじり語)’의 사용비율이 압도적으로 높았다.

In this study, morphological features of new words and buzzwords were analyzed from 2 perspectives: ‘word type’, ‘word structure’. The results can be summarized as follows: First, ‘Word type’ was divided into ‘single kind of words’ and ‘hybrid words’. ‘single kind of words’ was classified into ‘native words’, ‘kanji’, ‘English words’, and ‘other words’. ‘Hybrid words’ were classified into ’kanji+native words’, ‘English words+kanji’, ‘English words+native words’, ‘English words+kanji+native words’, and ’including other words’. The number of ‘single kind of words’ was 357 (55.8%), and the number of ‘hybrid words’ was 283 (44.2%). This confirms that ‘single kind of words’are used more than hybrid words. In ‘single kind of words’, the number of ‘kanji’ was the highest with 143 words; in ‘hybrid words’, the number of ‘kanji+native words’ was the highest with 145 words. The usage patterns of ‘word structure’ was examined from 3 perspectives: ‘simple words· synthesized words’, ‘abbreviations’, and ‘other words’. In ‘simple words· synthesized words’, the number of simple words was 62 and the number of synthesized words was 578, which shows more ‘synthesized words’ are used than ‘simple words’. ‘synthesized words’ were classified into ‘compound words’, ‘derivatives’, ‘re-synthesized words’, and ‘sentence’. Among them, the number of ‘compound words’ was the highest with 208 words. ‘Abbreviations’ were divided into ‘abbreviation of initials’ and ‘abbreviation of ordinary vocabulary’ to examine usage patterns. ‘Other words’ were classified into 5 types of formation: ‘analogical words’,‘imitative words’, ‘mixed words’, ‘anastrophe’, and ‘types of symbol’.

Finding a means to discriminate the commercial herb medicines when they were dried and sliced is a very important and imminent project in Korea. To differentiate plant origins and the commercial herb medicines of Atractylodes japonica and A. macrocephala, two discriminative methods using anatomical characteristics and SCAR marker were applied. It was possible to discriminate plant origins and the commercial herb medicines between A. japonica and A. macrocephala by anatomical characteristics: development of periderm, layer of stone cell, distribution of laticiferous vessels, development of xylem fiber in xylem ray, contained quantity of clustered crystals and others. While, two SCAR markers were developed rom RAPD clones: SAjR2 (600 bp) from AjR2 and SAmR1 (1,200 bp) from AmR1. These two markers were macrocephala. The result of application of anatomical characteristics and SCAR markers to investigate current status in domestic herb market, Daegu and Kumsan herb market, it was identified to be current herb medicines of A. japonica.

Soybean sprouts presoaked to leaf extracts were on sale as taking a growing concern about wellbeing foods. The study was carried out to compare the effects of culture period after presoaking tea (Thea sinensis L.) and hard rubber tree (Eucommia ulmoides Oliver) leaf extracts on lateral root formation, growth and morphological characters of the sprouts. Seeds of three cultivars, Pungsannamulkong, Sowonkong and Junjery, were imbibed for 5 hours into 10% solutions immediately before 5, 6 and 7 day cultures. The cultured sprouts were classified into 4 categories to calculate their composition rates on the base of hypocotyl lengths; > 7 (A), 4 to 7 (B), < 4 (C) and not germinated (D), and their morphological characters, fresh and dry weights were measured. Rate of A was the lowest in Junjery of the three cultivars, while that of C showed reverse result compared to A. Similar results to that of A were observed between the three cultivars in sprout length including hypocotyl and root, diameters in middle and hook parts of hypocotyl, total fresh and dry weights. Regardless of tea and hard rubber tree leaf extract treatments, longer culture periods increased rate of A due to decrements of B, C and D, and also did the growth and the morphological characters mentioned above. Although longer culture periods reduced the increment of lateral roots, the latter treatment was more delayed in their formation and less in the roots per sprout than the former one. The growth and the morphological characters above were less in the latter treatment than in the former one in general, meaning that hard rubber tree leaf extract could more repress growth of soybean sprouts than tea leaf extract.

This paper focuses on two questions: what kind of linguistic features the so-called ‘essential information’ possesses, if embedded in the context and whether professional interpreters have group characteristics in distinguishing between essential and secondary information. To answer these questions, an empirical study was conducted in which seven professional interpreters and 77 students were asked to select essential information from two different types of text. Especially carefully examined were focus information (recognizable by Korean focus-markers according to Lee (2000)), predicate and proper names. All in all, the results of the two groups do not differ much from each other, but in details, professional interpreters showed some group-specific features. Interpreters were more inclined to omit deducible information as well as chose discourse markers more often than students. The rate of topic-information was higher for interpreters than it was for students. As for the sentence functional distribution of the essential information, the predicate, object and subject were frequently selected in this order. Based on these results, professional interpreters’ comprehension process – compared to those of non-interpreters – is remodelled.

이 연구는 제주도 연안에 서식하는 큰열매모자반(Sargassum macrocarpum)의 종 동정을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 형태적 특성과 계통 유연관계를 조사하였다. 형태학적 분석 결과, 수집된 큰열매모자반은 원추상 부착기, 직립하는 줄기 그리고 주지의 치상돌기 등 형태적으로 기존에 보고된 연구결과와 유사한 양상을 보였다. 하지만 암생식기탁의 모양은 긴 주걱형과 도피침형에서 드물게 Y자형도 나타나 형태적 다양성이 관찰되었다. 부착기의 모양은 생육기간이나 부착기질에 적응하여 전형적인 원추상 에서 뭉툭한 다각형까지 여러 가지 형태적 변이를 보였다. 조천읍 조천리와 북촌리 연안에서 수집된 큰열매모자반의 mtDNA cox3 서열은 한경면 용당리에서 보고된 서열과 100% 일치하였는데, 이는 제주도 전 해역의 큰열매모자반이 유전적으로 동일한 기원 에서 유래된 것으로 판단되었다. 또한 큰열매모자반의 mtDNA cox3 서열이 Sargassum yamadae, S. siliquastrum의 서열들과 동일하여, 분류체계의 재조명이나, 교잡가능성과 생식적 격리에 대한 후속연구의 필요성을 시사하고 있다. 이번 연구결과는 해양생태계에서 해중림을 구성하는 주요 종 중 하나인 큰열매모자반의 형태적 특성과 계통 유연관계에 대한 정보를 통하여 모자반류의 종 동정 자료에 적용될 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationship to provide information for the classification of Sargassum macrocarpum inhabiting Jeju Island, Korea. The morphological characteristics of S. macrocarpum such as conical holdfast, erect stem and denticle protuberances on both edges of the main branches were similar to those of previously reported for Sargassum morphology. However, morphological variation was observed as the female receptacle is long spatulate or oblanceolate and rarely Y-shaped. The shape of holdfast showed various morphological variations from a typical cone to a blunt polygon by adapting to the age or substrate shape. The nucleotide sequences of mtDNA cox3 gene obtained from Jocheon-ri and Bukchon-ri, Jocheon-up in this study were identical to those previously reported in Yongdang-ri, Hangyeong-myeon, suggesting that the S. macrocarpum populations over whole Jeju Island seacoast might be genetically derived from the same origin. In addition, the cox3 sequences of S. macrocarpum were identical to those of S. yamadae and S. siliquastrum, suggesting that it is necessary to review their taxonomic position and to carry out future studies on inter-specific hybridization and reproductive isolation among related species. The results of the present study will be applied to Sargassum species classification through the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationship of S. macrocarpum, as one of main species that form forests in marine ecosystems.

The paper analyzes linguistic features of translation productsperformed on Computer-aided translation(CAT) tools, while comparing them with translations that are not translated with CATtools. This study aims to find linguistic grounds of review criterionfor CAT-based collaborative translations by selectively examiningreadability indicators. The analysis focuses on morphologicaldifferences on sentence(segment) level, employing quantitativemethodologies that are used to validate translation universals aswell as to analyze corpus stylistics and translation readability suchas sentence length, demonstrative pronoun and conjunctive adverb. The analysis result can be considered as review criteria whileevaluating and training collaborative translation.

Over the last decade, advancement in technology and increasing creativity of film production have brought about significant changes in the way subtitles are crafted and displayed on screen. For example, in Chonwik: rirodŭ (John Wick: Chapter 2), Korean subtitles fade slowly in and out, in sync with the original text image, and appear suddenly in the middle of the screen to mingle with an on-screen image. However, little has been reported on formal aspects of subtitling, with AVT researchers still focusing on shifts in meaning. Against this background, this study aims to formulate a narrative theory-based model on how formal aspects of subtitles are displayed on screen and to establish a checklist of points to look for when determining the ‘appearance’ of Korean subtitles. For this purpose, scores of English movies with Korean subtitles are analysed in detail, using six parameters, namely (1) font size, (2) font colour, (3) location of subtitles, (4) punctuation marks and symbols, (5) font effects, and (6) font editing.

Yams (San-yak: Dioscoreae Rhizoma) are perennial rhizome plants, which belong to Dioscoreaceae family and Dioscorea genus has been used widely in Korean herbal medicines. They can provide for functional foods and promoting human health. The herbal medicine origin of Dioscoreae Rhizoma in Korea was described by the Korean Pharmacopoeia 10th Edition (2012). Several species of yams have been cultivated national widely in Korea. Especially, the cultivation status in Sancheong area and morphological characteristics information were provided in this report. Therefore, Dioscoreae rhizoma as Korean herbal medicine (San-yak) was used to introduce and to emphasize. A variety of yam species for production might improve future yam breeding programs and direction.

2022년 11월부터 2023년 10월까지 추동저수지에서 침입외래종 미국가재를 포함한 저서성 대형무척추동물에 대한 정밀 조사를 수행 하였다. 정밀 조사와 함께 미국가재의 영양상태를 평가하기 위하여 전장-체중의 회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 자연 생태계에서 쉽게 구별할 수 있도록 국내 가재와 외래종 가재 2종의 형태적 특징을 제시하였다. 조사 결과, 미국가재는 총 53개체 확인되었으며, 성체 37개체, 유체 15개 체로, 1년 중 3월부터 7월까지는 개체수가 증가하였으며, 8월부터 감소하여 10월까지 지속적으로 출현하였다. 10월 이후 수온이 낮아지면서 월동하는 것으로 나타났으며, 성체와 유체상태로 모두 월동하는 걸로 확인되었다. 추동저수지 미국가재의 전장-체중 분석결과, W=3L3.5715. 의 양의 상대 성장을 나타내 개체군의 영양상태는 매우 양호한 것으로 분석되었다. 저서성 대형무척추동물은 총 3문 4강 11목 25과 39종 1,007개체가 출현하였으며, 수서곤충류가 29종(665개체)로 가장 풍부하였으며, 다음으로 연체동물문 4종(126개체), 연갑강 3종(210개 체), 환형동물문 3종(6개체) 순으로 나타났다. 우점종은 하루살이목의 연못하루살이, 아우점종은 십각목의 줄새우로 확인되었으며, 1년 중 5월과 10월 두 번에 걸쳐 종과 개체수가 증가하였다. 이는 미국가재의 출현 시기와 유사한 패턴으로 저서성 대형무척추동물의 개체수 증가와 감소가 나타났다. 침입외래종인 미국가재와 마블가재의 형태적 특징과 함께 국내 토종 가재의 형태적 특징으로는 개체군의 크기, 채색, 무늬 패턴, 두흉부의 모양과 이마뿔의 형태, 갑각 가운데 양쪽의 융기선 모양의 특징을 제시하여 쉽게 구별할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 조사 결과를 통해 미국가재의 국내 출현 시기 및 서식지의 특성, 그리고 주요 가재들의 형태적 특징을 제시함으로써 국내에 침입 번식하고 있는 침입외래종을 방제하고, 국내 담수생물 다양성을 보존하는 데 있어 중요한 기초자료가 될 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we conducted a detailed investigation of the invasive Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), focusing on benthic macroinvertebrates in the Chudong Reservoir from November 2022 to October 2023. The investigation included an analysis of the length-weight relationship of P. clarkii and a comparison of the morphological characteristics of invasive and native crayfish species. The results revealed 53 individuals of P. clarkii (37 adults and 15 juveniles) from the Chudong reservoir. The population of P. clarkii increased during March-July, followed by a decline during August-October, during which the species continued to appear. Overwintering occurred in both adult and juvenile crayfish near rice fields around the reservoir. The length-weight relationship indicated positive allometric growth, expressed as W=3L3.5715. The investigation collected a total of 39 species of benthic macroinvertebrates (1,007 individuals) belonging to 25 families, 11 orders, 4 classes, and 3 phyla at the study sites. Aquatic insects (29 spp., 665 individuals) was the most species-rich group, followed by Mollusca (3 spp., 126 individuals), Malacostraca (3 spp., 210 individuals), and Annelida (3 spp., 6 individuals). The dominant species was Cloeon dipterum (Linnaeus, 1761) (Ephemeroptera), followed by the subdominant Palaemon paucidens De Haan, 1884 (Decapoda). Benthic macroinvertebrates exhibited increased abundance and species richness in May and October, reflecting seasonal patterns similar to the variations in P. clarkii populations. Morphological comparisons were conducted between the invasive species (P. clarkii and P. virginalis) and the native Korean crayfish (Cambaroides similis). Key characteristics, such as body length, coloration, patterning, carapace, rostrum shape, and the presence of an areola on the carapace, were documented to differentiate the species. This study provides foundational data on the seasonal occurrence and habitat characteristics of P. clarkii in South Korea, as well as the key morphological features of alien and native crayfish species. These results are expected to contribute significantly to the management and control of invasive crayfish species and the conservation of freshwater biodiversity in South Korea.

This study examined the characteristics of formative design elements of semi‐up‐style observed in wedding ceremonies in the mid and late 2000s focused on five elements (parting, position and volume of chignon, burial and exposure of the ear line, forelock style, and head pieces, corsage, and various accessories including wig) by comparing them with the characteristics late 1990s. First, with regard to the type of parting, late 1990s, parting in the middle or combing straight back was popular regardless of face shape, but in the mid and late 2000s, parting was made at the side to produce elegant and refined beauty. Second, with regard to the position and volume of chignon, late 1990s, chignon was raised up to the gold point (G.P) and the top point (T.P) or an excessive volume was given to TP, so it looked artificial and old, but in the mid and late 2000s, chignon was positioned at the nape point (N.P) and back point (B.P), and N.P gave a point volume at around the neckline to produce the feeling of moderation, elegance, and composure. Third, with regard to the burial and exposure of the ear line, late 1990s, the ear line was exposed completely with no consideration of the bride’s face shape, so it looked artificial and old, but in the mid and late 2000s, the ear line was styled in various images including full exposure, partial exposure, and full burial. Fourth, with regard to forelock style, late 1990s, forelock was combed straight back neatly, but in the mid and late 2000s, forelock was styled in various ways including bang hair, medium length, and oblique curl. Fifth, with regard to partial wig and accessories, late 1990s, simply corsage or a partial wig was used uniformly, but in the mid and late 2000s, a partial wig was seldom used and various pieces of different shapes, sizes, and materials were used including corsage, head pieces, and natural flowers to adorn the bride. That is, while up‐style late 1990,s was a classical style that put the hair up to the top, looking unnatural and old, that in the mid and late 2000s was mainly natural semi‐up‐style in harmony with place, makeup, dress style, etc.

This paper analyzes total reduplication and emphatic mora augmentation in Japanese mimetic words within the framework of Optimality Theory. It is assumed that two types of morphological structure in total reduplication of mimetics ― head initial with suffixal reduplicant (base + RED) and head final with prefixal reduplicant (RED + base). Akashi(2007) argued that emphatic mora augmentation of total reduplication can be predicted only by assuming head final structure. However, I will show that head initial is the right structure of total reduplication of mimetics with two arguments: that is, derivational paradigm of mimetic word (i.e., suffixation), and the relation with partial reduplication of mimetics. And I will account for the emphatic mora augmentation of total reduplication with head initial structure by assuming OO-correspondence.

본 연구는 현존하는 금속활자 실물에 대해 크게 두 가지 측면에서 정리, 분석하였다. 첫째 금속활자의 시기별, 활자별로 나타나는 형태적인 특징을 분석하여 지금까지 알려진 금속활자 현황을 개괄적으로 정리하고 시기별, 활자별 금속활자 형태적 특징 및 경향성을 파악하고자 했다. 둘째로 세부 사항으로 개별 활자에 나타나는 특징적인 형태를 분석하고 이를 기초로 부자의 사용, 모형이 만들어지는 과정 등 주물사주조법에 의한 제작 과정에 대해 기존에 발표된 연구결과를 재확인하고 주조 과정을 재구성해 보았다. 금속활자에서 글자의 높이는 고려시대에서 후대로 오면서 얕아지는 경향이 있으며 활자 네측면은 대부분 연마가 이루어졌다. 활자의 뒷면 모양은 일반적으로 원형의 홈형에서 시작해서 네다리형 또는 사각홈형, V자형, U자형 순서로 변화, 개량되었다. 활자 종류별로 공통적으로 발견되는 특징은 활자 몸체에 분리선 또는 단층이 나타나는 것인데, 이는 주물사주조법에 의한 제작 과정에서 비롯된 것이다. 또한 많은 활자에서 역사다리 모양을 발견할 수 있는데 이는 부자의 영향도 있겠지만 대부분은 활자 측면의 연마과정에서 발생한 것으로 보인다. 재주정리자 제작 당시 기존 금속활자를 부자로 사용한 경우를 발견할 수 있었다. 부자로 금속활자가 사용될 수 있다는 사실, 한 몸의 부자가 사용된 점, 동일한 부자를 사용하였더라도 연마과정에서 역사다리 형태 등 다른 모양의 활자가 제작될 수 있다는 점을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study summarized and analyzed the existing metal types in two main aspects. First, I analyzed the morphological features of metal types by period and type to provide an overview of the known metal types and identify any morphological features and trends based on their periods and types. Second, I conducted a detailed analysis of the characteristic forms of individual letters. This allowed us to reconfirm previously published research on the production process using the green sand casting method, including the use of a parent type (mockup) and the cast-making process, and to reconstruct the casting process. Through this study, the overall shape and period of the existing metal types can be established, and the results of this study can be used as foundational data for authenticating new types when they emerge and offer insights into the actual casting processes used. The height of letters in metal movable types tended to decrease from the Goryeo period to later periods, with most letters having polished sides. Additionally, I noted changes in the shape of the back of the letters, evolving from a circular grooved shape to quadrupedal or a square grooved shapes, followed by V- and U-shapes. A common characteristic of these types is the presence of separation lines or layers within the body, a result of the green sand casting method. Many types also exhibit a back draft, likely influenced by the parent type or the polishing process on the side of the type. I found that the existing metal type was used as a parent type during the production of Jaejujeongrija. Furthermore, it was discovered that metal movable types could serve as parent types themselves, that single-body parent types were used, and that even when the same parent type was employed, variations in shape, such as a back draft, could arise due to the polishing process.

누에의 사료에 대한 섭식성 반응이 다른 2계통에 대한 두부의 형태적 차이를 전자현미경적 관찰을 하였다 이들 2계통의 두부와 촉각의 형태적 차이는 변이가 심하고 다양하다. 섭식성 반응이 높은 계통에 있어서는 소시지의 돌기가 매우 잘 발달되어 있는 반면 섭식성 반응이 낮은 계통에 있어서는 형태적으로 퇴화되어 있다. 또한 촉각의 셋째마디의 유병돌기가 발달되어 있지 않으며 사료에 대한 섭식 반응이 낮고 극단적으로 퇴화되어 있는 개체는 사료를 감지하지 못하여 결국에는 굶어 죽은 것으로 사료된다.

The silkworm feeding behaviour reveals two types of feeding response i. e., energetic and inert feeding response to diet. These two new technical terms are being introduced in the present study. The structures of functional organs of mouthpart and antenna of energetic and inert feeding response to diet were examined by scanning electron microscope. There is a big variations in the ultrastructures of different sensilla. The maxillary palpi or sensilla basiconica at the top of maxillary palpus of maxilla are well developed in the energetic larva while in the inert larva, these organs on the right side are extremely deformed. Similarly, these sensilla on the third segment of antenna are well developed in the larva energetic to diet has only two deformed sensilla basiconica, that is why silkworm can not show a proper form. This is related to abnormality and it is due to the fact that behaviour is too strong to select the food but fails and finally dies of the starvation.

한국어와 일본어의 오노마토페는 영어나 중국어 같은 언어에 비해 풍부해서 일상회화 속에서 오노마토페를 자주 접하게 된다. 또한 음성이나 상태 등을 있는 그대로 나타내려고 하기 때문에 의사소통에 있어서 훨씬 현장감이나 미묘한 뉘앙스까지 전달하는 것이 가능하다. 이처럼 일본어 오노마토페는 없어서는 안 되는 언어요소임에도 지금까지의 오노마토페는 연구대상으로 그다지 주목을 받지 못했다. 그 이유는 격식이 결여된 점, 어린아이처럼 유치, 일본인사이는 이해할 수 있다는 것이다. 최근에는 일본문화를 접할 기회가 많아지고 영화, 만화, 드라마 등 일본어와 관련된 것들을 손쉽게 접할 수 있게 되었다. 그리고 거기서 자주 나오는 오노마토페는 앞으로 일본어 교육에 있어 필요하다고 생각한다. 본고는 오노마토페가 가지고 있는 형태적･음운적 특징을 어감(語感)분석을 통해 한국인 일본어 학습자가 가지고 있는 일본어 오노마토페의 특징과 습득 방법 등을 고찰해 보고자 한다.

Onomatopoeia in both Korean and Japanese languages is so rich in comparison to other languages as it is in English and Chinese that it is often encountered in everyday conversation. It is also possible to convey a greater sense of field and a more subtle nuance in communication as it tries to represent speech and its state as it is. As such, Japanese onomatopoeia is a necessary language, but it has not received much attention as a subject of research. The reason is that it lacks form, attracts like a child, and can be understood among the Japanese. In recent years, there has been a greater chance of getting to know Japanese culture, and it has become easy to see things related to Japanese such as movies, cartoons and dramas. This paper examines the morphological and phonological characteristics of onomatopoeia through the analysis of the word sense and examines whether these features are correlated with their original meaning. The results of this analysis will examine the features and learning methods of Japanese Onomatopoeia possessed by Japanese learners in Korea.

2008년부터 2017년도에 제주, 홍천 등에서 산철쭉에서 모무늬 증상을 나타내는 잎을 채집하였다. 산철쭉모무늬 증상은 빈번하게 잎에만 발생하여 식물의 관상가치를 떨어트리고 조기낙엽을 유발하였다. 변색부는 잎의 윗면에 작고 담갈색 내지 흑자색 점무늬가 먼저 나타나며, 잎의 세맥으로 경계가 구분되어 모무늬 또는 부정형의 증상을 나타냈다. 산철쭉에서 분리한 균주를 동정하고자 형태적 특징과 actin (Act), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 28S nrDNA (LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) 염기서열을 분석하였다. 형태적 특징을 재확인한 염기서열 분석결과 Sp. azaleae와 99~100%의 상동성을 나타냈으며, 계통수를 작성하였을 때도 Sp. azaleae 계통군에 속하였다. 따라서 산철쭉에 모무늬 증상에 관여하는 곰팡이는 Sp. azaleae로 동정되었다.

From 2008 to 2017, Korean azalea (Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense) showing angular, necrotic leaf spots were found in Jeju and Hongcheon, Korea. The lesions occurred frequently, detracting from the beauty of the glossy green leaves of the plant and causing premature defoliation. Therefore, to identify the fungus associated with the lesions, morphological characterization and molecular phylogenetic analysis of actin (Act), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 28S nrDNA (LSU), and RNA polymerase II encoding the second largest subunit (RPB2) of the two representative isolates were performed. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the neighbor-joining method showed the isolates clustering in the Sphaerulina azaleae group. Therefore, the fungus associated with the angular leaf spots on the Korean azalea was identified as Sphaerulina azaleae.