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This article is related to scope of protection of pharmaceutical use invention including dosage regimen According to Korean Patent Examination Guideline, medical activities such as methods for treatment of the human body by surgery, therapy or diagnosis is being regarded as industrially inapplicable inventions, therefore, cannot be patented even though they satisfy the requirements of novelty, inventive step and so on. Meanwhile, Korean supreme court usually held that new dosage regimen, correspond to a medical activity, is not a constitutional element of pharmaceutical use invention. As a result, in Korea, there was no need to discuss as to scope of protection of dosage regimen. However, recently there was a Supreme Court en banc decision ruling that in cases where the administration and dosage are added on top of the target disease or efficacy of a medicine as an invention of a product, such administration and dosage should be viewed not so much as a medical practice itself, as an expression of those features through which a medicine may fully realize its efficacy, thereby constituting an element of invention that attaches an entirely new significance to the medicine as a product. A new patent may be granted to a medicine meeting the patentability requirements, including novelty and nonobviousness, by virtue of the addition of administration and dosage. Under these circumstances, it is urgent to establish the scope of protection of pharmaceutical use invention including dosage regimen and this article suggested the reasonable protection range.

본고는 문말의 ‘というか’를 독립적인 연구대상으로 하여 형식 및 용법을 분석하는 것을 목 적으로 하였다. 또한 코퍼스를 기반으로 Stata를 활용한 통계처리 방법을 시도하여 균형적인 정량 및 정성 분석을 수행하고자 하였다. 분석결과, 이전의 논의들과는 달리 문말의 ‘というか’는 이를 구성하는 본래의 통사적 구성 요소에 의해 용법과 의미 해석이 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 본래 ‘というか’가 문의 종결부에서 사용이 시작된 표현이라는 측면에서 논리적인 설명의 배경을 찾아 볼 수 있을 것 이다. 또한 선행연구에서 ‘というか’를 언급할 때 항시 전제가 되었던 부정의 의미를 포함하지 않는 경우도 다수 존재하여 차이점을 보였다. 이에 더하여 ‘というか’의 관련 변이형들과 구분 되는 문말 ‘というか’의 성질도 찾아 볼 수 있었는데 구체적으로는 화자의 단순한 추측표현으 로서의 완곡용법 이외에도 강한 추측 표현이 일부 예문에 출현하는 것에 의해 이를 확인할 수 있었다. 본고의 결과는 지금까지의 다수의 선행연구가 ‘というか’와 이형태가 구분없이 혼재되어 다 루어져 온 것에 대하여 ‘というか’에 대한 구분의 필요성과 ‘というか’의 위치의 중요성을 시사 하는 것이라 볼 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigates the types and usage of TOIUKA in relation to an expression in a final-sentence. Using Stata to analyze the Japanese Corpus including TOIUKA, this research aims to investigate whether and how TOIUKA serves as a quoted question ends in a sentence and what is the characteristic of TOIUKA through both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The result of analysis shows that, first, a basic expression of TOIUKA is likely to function as a quoted question in a final􋹲sentence. Second, it showed that TOIUKA is used in various ways for not only quoted questions but also examples of enumeration in a final􋹲 sentence. Especially, TOIUKA can be used as an example of enumeration in a mid􋹲sentence. Also, when TOIUKA is expressed in a sentence twice or more, it was statistically more likely to projected as examples of enumeration. The result of analysis can be seen as suggesting that other forms related to ‘TOIUKA’ and ‘TOIUKA’ and independent uses and meanings of ‘TOIUKA’ should be distinguished.

This article is related to patentability of medicinal invention characterized in which dosage and administration is specified. According to the practice of Korean Intellectual Property Office, medical procedure such as treatment method of human being is unpatentable for the reason that requirement of industrial applicability is not met, even though it satisfies the requirements of novelty, inventive step and so on. Meanwhile, a medicinal use invention, an invention of a product, can be patented. In accordance with exhaustion of new material, the importance of medicinal use invention is growing. Recently, there are a lot of applications for medicinal use inventions which are based on discovering of a new dosage and administration as well as based on discovering of a new medicinal use of a material itself. A new dosage and administration of a medicine may be considered as treatment method of human being even though it is claimed as an invention of a product. For that reason, European country and Japan did not give a patent to a medicinal invention characterized in which dosage and administration is specified. However, according to revised EPC 2000, any substance or composition for any specific use in a method for treatment of the human can be patented provided that such use is not comprised in the state of the art. In addition, according to revised version of Japanese Patent Examination Guideline, a medicinal invention characterized in which dosage and administration is specified is also patentable provided that it satisfies the requirements of novelty, inventive step and so on. Through comparative research this article suggests to revise Examination Guideline for medicinal use invention to permit patentability of medicinal invention characterized in which dosage and administration is specified.

본 연구는 한중일 삼국에서 1800년대 중후반 편찬한 영어 대역사전과 신문 기사를 주 자료로 하여 「愛人」의 의미･용법 변화를 살펴본 것이다. 「愛人」의 의미･용법은 「사람을 사랑하다」라는 격관계와 「사랑하는 사람」이라는 연체 수식 관계로 나눌 수 있다. 이 가운데 연체 수식 관계인 「愛人」은 중국에서 『英華大辭典』(1908)에 영어의 번역어로 실리고 1920-30년경 중국 공산당의 남녀평등 사상에 의해 중국만의 의미인 「배우자」로 그 의미 확장이 일어나는 것을 알 수 있다. 일본에서는 1800년대 중후반 이후 영어의 번역어로 연체 수식 관계인 「사랑하는 사람」의 의미로 사용하기 시작했다. 초기에는 「恋人」과 유의 관계였지만 1920-30년대에 「부정적 의미의 사랑하는 사람 즉 情婦、情夫」로 점차 그 의미･용법이 변화했다. 한국에서 「사랑하는 사람」의 의미로 「愛人」을 사용하게 된 것은 신문에서는 1918-20년경이며 영어 대역사전에서는 『最新鮮英辭典』(1928)으로 보인다. 본 연구에서는 선행연구에서 언급하지 않았던 한국어 「愛人」의 의미･용법의 변화에 관해 밝혀낼 수 있었으며 한중일 삼국에서의 의미 변화가 선행연구의 주장보다 좀 더 이른 시기에 일어났다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다.

In the present study, changes in the meaning and usage of ‘愛人’ were examined using English dictionary and newspaper articles from Korea, China, and Japan in the late 1880s. In China, An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary(英華大辭典, 1908) began to include ‘愛人(aireon)’, as a translation of English in 1908. It can be seen that between 1920 and 1930, the meaning of Chinese word ‘spouse’ was expanded. In Japan, since the mid to late 1800s, ‘愛人’ began to be used as a translation of English. In the early days, ‘愛人’ had a relationship with ‘恋人(koibito)’, but in the 1920s and 1930s, an example was found where the meaning gradually expanded to ‘(negative meaning) the person I love (情婦, 情夫(jyohu))’. In Korea, and ‘愛人(aein)’ was confirmed in The New Korean-English Dictionary(最新鮮英辭典, 1928) in the English dictionary. The use of ‘愛人(aein)’ which is the overdue modifier of ‘the person I love’, started to be used between 1918 and 1920 in the newspapers. This study was able to explain the changes in the meaning and usage of the Korean word ‘愛人(aein)’ which was not done in the previous studies.

본고에서는 「真面目」「まじめ」를 예로 코퍼스에 나타난 표기 병존의 실태를 다각적으로 기 술하는 작업을 통해 한자와 히라가나 혼용 표기의 구분 기준을 분석하는 방법을 예시하고자 하였다. 본고의 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 2,719예 중 「真面目」 1,598예(58.8%), 「まじめ」 971예(35.7%), 「マジメ」 150예(5.5%)가 추출되었다. 빈도 면에서 「真面目」가 「まじめ」의 20% 이상 많이 사용되고 있다. 이 점은 단 어의 표기별 학습항목과 도입순서의 선정에 있어서 사용 빈도가 객관적 기준이 될 수 있음을 시사해 준다. 2. 「真面目」「まじめ」의 히라가나 선호율은 70년대(34.8%), 80년대(28.8%), 90년대 (41.5%), 2천년대 (38.6%) 와 같은 변화를 나타냈다. 80년대에 최저였던 「まじめ」의 비율이 90년대에 급증하고 2천년대에 들어서는 다소 감소하고 있으나 과거 40년간 한자 표기 「真面 目」가 히라가나 표기 「まじめ」보다 지속적으로 선호되어 왔음을 알 수 있다. 3. 「真面目」「まじめ」 공히 서적, 잡지, 웹텍스트에서 주로 사용되며 반대로 법률 조문에는 전혀 사용되지 않는다. 또한 백서, 운문, 교과서, 국회회의록, 홍보지 등 공적인 텍스트에서의 사용은 매우 드물며 신문기사 등에 사용되는 빈도는 낮다. 4. 서적, 잡지, 웹문서에서는 「真面目」 「まじめ」가 혼용되는 경향이 있는데 이러한 혼용은 각 서브코퍼스를 구성하는 샘플의 분야와 관련이 있다. 자연과학, 기술공학, 산업 등의 분야 는 객관적으로 사실을 기술하는 텍스트의 성격이 강하여 홍보지, 교과서 등의 공적 텍스트와 마찬가지로 「まじめ」를 선호하는 비율이 높은 반면, 문학 등 인문사회 분야와 예술 분야에서 는 주관적인 서술과 표현이 사용되어 「真面目」의 비율이 상대적으로 높아 진다. 5. 연용수식의 「真面目(まじめ)に」와 연체수식의 「真面目(まじめ)な」가 주된 용법이며 소수 「真面目(まじめ)だ」의 술어로 사용되기도 한다. 「真面目」가 60% 이상의 사용 비율을 나타내 고 있어 모든 용법에서 한자 표기가 우세하나 体言止め, 명사의 병립, 복합명사, 접두사 파생 어 등에서는 「まじめ」가 사용되는 경향이 있다.

In this paper, by examining the actual patterns of orthographic coexistence observed in a corpus—using 「真面目」 and 「まじめ」 as examples—I aimed to demonstrate a method for analyzing the criteria that distinguish the mixed use of kanji and hiragana. The conclusions of this study are as follows. 1. Among the 2,719 instances, 1,598 cases (58.8%) of 「真面目」, 971 cases (35.7%) of 「まじ め」, and 150 cases (5.5%) of 「マジメ」 were extracted. In terms of frequency, 「真面目」 is used more than 20% more often than 「まじめ」. This suggests that usage frequency can serve as an objective criterion when selecting learning items and determining the order in which orthographic variants of a word should be introduced. 2. The preference rate for the hiragana form of 「真面目」/「まじめ」 shows the following changes by decade: the 1970s (34.8%), the 1980s (28.8%), the 1990s (41.5%), and the 2000s (38.6%). Although the proportion of 「まじめ」, which was lowest in the 1980s, rose sharply in the 1990s and then declined slightly in the 2000s, the data indicate that the kanji form 「真面 目」 has been consistently preferred over the hiragana form 「まじめ」 for the past forty years. 3. Both 「真面目」 and 「まじめ」 are primarily used in books, magazines, and web texts, whereas they do not appear at all in legal statutes. In addition, their occurrence in official texts—such as white papers, poetry, textbooks, parliamentary proceedings, and public information materials—is extremely rare, and their frequency in newspaper articles is also low. 4. In books, magazines, and web documents, 「真面目」 and 「まじめ」 tend to be used interchangeably, and this variation is related to the subject areas represented in each sub–corpus. Fields such as natural sciences, engineering, and industry, which generally involve objectively describing facts, show a higher preference for 「まじめ」—similar to official texts such as public information materials and textbooks. In contrast, in the humanities and social sciences, as well as in the arts, where subjective narrative and expressive language are more common, the relative frequency of 「真面目」 increases. 5. The primary usages are the adverbial form 「真面目(まじめ)に」 and the attributive form 「真面目(まじめ)な」, with a smaller number of cases in which 「真面目(まじめ)だ」 is used predicatively. Since 「真面目」 accounts for more than 60% of all occurrences, the kanji form is dominant across all grammatical functions. However, in constructions such as sentence–final noun phrases (体言止め), noun coordination, compound nouns, and prefix–derived forms, the hiragana form 「まじめ」 tends to be used.

The purpose of this study is to investigate on usage for 'Kajang, Deo, Deol' of degree adverbs and extract a list of co occurrent words with 'Kajang, Deo, Deol by the part of speech presented in Korean University textbooks for Korean learners. For this study, the corpus was analyzed through classifying 59 Korean university textbooks to extract co occurrent words named predicates by the part of speech at different level of textbooks. The result shows that 'Kajang' and ‘Deo’ has a higher frequency of cooccurrence with gradable antonym adjectives in each level. In contrast, ‘Deol’ has rare cooccurrence with adjectives. In the aspect of usage with verbs of ‘Kajang’ and ‘Deol’ is highly collocated with ‘like’ verb in every level. Especially, ‘Kajang’ is collocated with some psychological verbs. ‘Deo’ is highly collocated with some kind of action verbs intermediate and advanced level. In the aspect of usage with adverbs, ‘Kajang’ is collocated with ‘mani’ ‘Deo’ is collocated with ‘jom’ in basic level and ‘jeomjeom, jogeum, holshin’ in intermediate and advanced. In the aspect of usage with nouns ‘Kajang’, ‘Deol’ is collocated with ‘static noun’ but ‘Deol’ has rare frequencey of ‘noun’. Noteworthy results are that ‘Deo’ and ‘Deol’ has some marked meaning when collocated with special action verbs. Deo has a marked meaning of ‘ strengthening’ when combined with action verbs such as ‘eat, give, wait, go’ and 'Deol' have a marked meaning of 'incompletion'.when combined with action verbs such as ‘wake up, do, leak, write. In hence, I will also present some possibility of application for Korean Language Education for Korean learners based on Corpus analysis. Eventually I expect that the results of this study will be applied to teaching methods of the degree adverbs 'Kajang', 'deo', 'deol' for Korean learners, and construction of Korean textbooks.

The purpose of this study is to investigate on usage for 'Kajang, Deo, Deol' of degree adverbs and extract a list of co occurrent words with 'Kajang, Deo, Deol by the part of speech presented in Korean University textbooks for Korean learners. For this study, the corpus was analyzed through classifying 59 Korean university textbooks to extract co occurrent words named predicates by the part of speech at different level of textbooks. The result shows that 'Kajang' and ‘Deo’ has a higher frequency of cooccurrence with gradable antonym adjectives in each level. In contrast, ‘Deol’ has rare cooccurrence with adjectives. In the aspect of usage with verbs of ‘Kajang’ and ‘Deol’ is highly collocated with ‘like’ in every level. Especially, ‘Kajang’ is collocated with some psychological verbs. ‘Deo’ is highly collocated with some kind of action verbs intermediate and advanced level. In the aspect of usage with adverbs, ‘Kajang’ is collocated with ‘a lot(mani)’, ‘Deo’ is collocated with ‘a little(jom)’ in beginning and ‘jeomjeom, jogeum, holshin’ in intermediate and advanced. In the aspect of usage with nouns ‘Kajang’, ‘Deol’ is collocated with ‘static noun’ but ‘Deol’ has rare frequencey of ‘noun’. Noteworthy results are that ‘Deo’ and ‘Deol’ has some marked meaning when collocated with special action verbs. Deo has a marked meaning of ‘ strengthening’ and 'Deol' have a marked meaning of 'incompletion'. In hence, I will also present some possibility of application for Korean Language Education for Korean learners based on Corpus analysis. Eventually I expect that the results of this study will be applied to teaching methods of the degree adverbs 'Kajang', 'deo', 'deol' for Korean learners, and construction of Korean textbooks.

본고에서는 동사 “悩む(Nayau)”와 “苦しむ(Kurushiu)” 앞에 격조사 “ニ(ni), デ(de), ヲ (wo)”가 접속하는 용례를 코퍼스에서 수집해 분석을 실시했다.그 결과 ①조사 앞에 오는 명사구가 감정을 나타내는 경우 “ニ(ni)”, 감정을 나타내지 않는 경우 “デ(de)”, 직접적으로 감정을 나타내지 않으나 숨어 있는 감정을 읽어낼 수 있는 경우 “ニ(ni), デ(de)”가 접속한다. ②용법 면에서 보면 “목적, 상대”의 용법인 경우 “ニ(ni)”, “내용”의 용법인 경우 “デ(de)”가 접속한다. ③문장 구조상, “고민, 고생”하는 주체와 그 원인이 되는 대상의 주체가 동일한 경우 “ニ(ni)”, 동일하지 않은 경우 “デ(de)”가 접속한다. ④문장 구조상, 조사의 중복을 피하기 위해 “デ(de)”와 “ニ(ni)”를 선택적으로 사용하는 경우도 있다. ⑤“ヲ(wo)”는 일반적으로 “ニ (ni), デ(de)”가 접속하는 문장에서 “높은 주체성(의지, 적극성)”을 나타내기 위해 사용한다.

The purpose of this study is to derive the proper usage through the examination and analysis of particles connected before the verb “Nayamu, Kurushimu”. Examples obtained from “BCCWJ : Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese”. “sortKWIC” and “BNAnalyzer” are used for analysis of examples. The results of the analysis are as follows. Firstly, particle “ni” is used for words expressing emotions. Particle “de” is used for the words expressing causes. Secondly, for purpose and opponent usage, use “ni”. For contents usage, use “de”. Third, if the subject is the same, use “ni”. If the subject is different, use “de”. Fourth, when representing a strong will, use particle “wo” rather than “ni, de”. Fifth, if both “ni” and “de” can be used, one particle is optionally used in order to avoid duplication of particle.

Under the premise that an automobile can be included in the concept of operating that the automobile is understood as the means of tool of transportation under the circumstance of the use or management, the automobile is responsible for taking out a liability insurance policy of the Act on Guarantee of Compensation for Loss Caused by Automobile. If such automobile is used by the stated circumstance, any accidents during the use or management of the automobile can be considered accidents by operation. This way of defining a concept of operation is more helpful to protect victims by the automobile as a means of transportation. In addition, the meaning of operation becomes clear and the predictability of operation can be given, therefore debates about the concept of operation will surely decrease. According to the article 726-2 of Commercial Act, the insurer of the automobile insurance contract shall be bound to indemnify for any loss by accidents which have occurred while the insured owns, uses and manages automobile. The Standardized Contract of Comprehensive Automobile Accident Insurance implies that the article 726-2 regarding Personal Indemnification I, Personal Indemnification II, and Substitute Indemnification. These grounds considered, the 'ownership' provided in the article 726-2 is understood as one who is responsible for loss while the insured has the control of operation over the insured automobile with the interest of operation. Then the meaning of the ownership should be understood that it is identical to the driver of the Act on Guarantee of Compensation for Loss Caused by Automobile, and the 'use or management' of the article 726-2 should be thought that it is restrained by the automobile usage same as it is restricted by the Act. Therefore it should be considered that the article 726-2 of Commercial Act is a provision that the insurer has a responsibility to indemnify for any loss by accidents which have occurred while operated by the driver of the Act on Guarantee of Compensation for Loss Caused by Automobile.

Many EFL students often find it difficult to grasp the exact differences between ‘will’ and ‘be going to’ as they think many English native speakers seem to use the two expressions without any difference in meaning or in use. The basic meaning of ‘will’ and ‘be going to’, prediction for the future and the future resulting from the present situation, respectively, can explain the different uses of the two expressions related to temporal meanings, but not those like formal and informal style, interpersonal function and ordering in discourse. This paper suggested that ‘will’ and ‘be going to’ should be given the revised basic meanings, hypothetic future of high probability and factual future resulting from the present, respectively; with which we could explain better the uses related to the temporal meaning and exceptional ones as well.

本稿は日本中世キリシタン文獻にあらわれる「しあはせ」を對象としてその語義變化について考察したものである。 鎌倉ㆍ室町時代の語彙を考察するにあたって、その時代の言語を知る上で特別に重要な文獻はキリシタン關係の資料である。キリシタン資料は十六世紀後半から十七世紀前半にかけて來日したカトリック宣敎師たちが、キリスト敎の布敎のため作成したもので、そのなかには日本語をローマ字で記した文獻がある。その中には天草版『イソポ物語』『平家物語』『金句集』等をはじめとして、當時のキリシタン文學の代表的である『ぎやどぺかどる』『こんてむつすむん地』等の宗敎書がある。これらの資料は『狂言』『捷解新語』などの文獻とともに當時の日本語を知る爲の貴重な資料である。本稿ではキリシタン語彙の中で、キリシタンの敎えにとって重要である「しあはせ」を對象として、その意味と特質、語義變化を歷史的に考察した。多樣な語彙變化の中で、現代と違う意味で使われている語彙、「しあはせ」について考察した。又、人間の感情をあらわす「しあはせ」の意味の變遷にはその類義語である「さいはい」と「幸福」との關係もあって、その系譜についても考察した。 意味用法、そして語彙の變化をまとめてみると、「しあはせ」は室町時代頃から用いられるようになり、「さいはい」によってかわるようになる。 意味面においては「しあはせ」は「運、なりゆき」といった元の意味から、現在のような「幸運、幸福」といった意味にかわってきた。それには「さいはい」の意味が大きく關係していて、元來には<めぐりあはせ>といった中立的な意から江戶中期頃から意味の變化が進み、<よいめぐりあはせ><幸運、幸福>へと意味が變化し、プラスとかマイナスの評價的の意味に變化する語義變化の一例である。以上、その意味變化についてまとめてみると、「しあはせ」の場合は元、中立的意味の語が評價の語義への變化する例であると思われる。 本稿ではキリシタン資料の中で特殊な意味用法に使われた用語についてその語義變化を大系的に考察して明らかにした。敎育の場においては語義變化を大系的にまとめて語彙史の硏究と日本語の敎育に利用すれば效果をあげると思われる。しかし、まだ體係的硏究には殘された課題が多くて今後も引き續き硏究して行く考えである。

本考は日本中世キリシタン文献と現代聖書にあらわれる「自由」を対象としてその語義変化について考察したものである。鎌倉室町時代の語彙を考察するにあたって、その時代の言語を知る上で特別に重要な文献はキリシタン関係の資料である。キリシタン資料は十六世紀後半から十七世紀前半にかけて來日したカトリック宣教師たちが、キリスト教の布教のため作成したもので、そのなかには日本語をローマ字で記した文献がある。その中には天草版『イソポ物語』『平家物語』『金句集』等をはじめとして、当時のキリシタン文学の代表的である『ぎやどぺかどる』『こんてむつすむん地』等の宗教書がある。これらの資料は当時の日本語を知る為の貴重な資料である。 本考ではキリシタン語彙の中で、キリシタンの教えにとって重要である「自由」を対象として、その意味と特質、語義変化を歴史的に考察した。多様な語彙変化の中で、現代と違う意味で使われている語彙、「自由」について考察した。又、キリシタン用語の「自由」の意味の変遷にはその類義語である「自在」との関係もあって、その系譜についても考察した。 意味用法、そして語彙の変化をまとめてみると、「自由」は室町時代頃から用いられるようになり、「自在」によってかわるようになる。 意味面においては「自由」は「自在、勝手」といった元の意味から、現在のような「解放」「自律的自由」「解脱」「神」といった意味にかわってきた。それには「自在」の意味が大きく関係していて、室町時代頃から意味の変化が進み、「自在、勝手」「解放」「自律的自由」「解脱」「神」へと意味が変化し、プラスとかマイナスの評価的の意味に変化する語義変化の一例である。以上、その意味変化についてまとめてみると、「自由」は元、日本語に藤原朝時代からあったことばで、近代思想とともに訳 語として意味が変って高い理念の言葉で語義への変化する例であると思われる。 本稿ではキリシタン資料の中で特殊な意味用法に使われた用語の「自由」についてその語義変化をキリシタン資料と現代聖書を中心に考察して明らかにした。教育の場においては語義変化を大系的にまとめて語彙史の研究と日本語の教育に利用すれば効果をあげると思われる。しかし、まだ体係的研究には残された課題が多くて今後も引き続き研究して行く考えである。

문자가 없었던 시대부터 전해오던 옛 전승을 기록하기 위해 󰡔古事記󰡕의 편자가 상당히 의식적으로 용어를 선택하는 등 많은 노력을 기울였음은 이미 주지하는 바인데, 본 논문은 특히 종래에 여러 논의가 있어 왔던 󰡔古事記󰡕의 ｢請｣과 ｢乞｣의 용법에 대해 고찰함으로써 󰡔古事記󰡕의 문자표현의 세계에 다가가고자 시도한 논문이다. 먼저 󰡔古事記󰡕에 보이는 ｢請｣과 ｢乞｣의 전용례를 조사하여 그 구문적 특징과 󰡔古事記󰡕의 문맥에 근거하여 두 글자가 사용된 상황 등에 대해 검토하였다. 그 결과 󰡔古事記󰡕의 ｢請｣은 모두 자력으로는 解決(遂行, 成就) 등이 곤란한 문제에 직면했을 때 타인의 힘을 기대하고 상대쪽으로 찾아가서 자신이 처해 있는 상황이나 문제의 경위를 설명하고 상대의 힘으로 문제를 해결하고자 한다는 비슷한 상황에서 사용되고 있다는 점과 ｢請｣을 받는 쪽은 ｢請｣을 발하는 쪽보다 능력이나 신분에 있어서 상위자이거나 강자에 한정된다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 이에 비해 ｢乞｣은 대상이 명시되어 있는 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우가 있는 ｢請｣과 달리 문맥상 자명한 경우를 제외하고는 반드시 그 대상이 명시되는 것이 일반적이며, 명시되는 대상도 모두 사람이나 사물과 같은 구체적인 것에 한한다는 점에서 명령 등과 같은 추상개념을 대상으로 하는 ｢請｣과는 다르고, ｢乞｣의 받는 쪽은 오히려 대등하거나 하위자인 경우가 많다는 차이점을 지적할 수 있었다. 아울러 종래의 연구는 ｢請｣을 ｢乞｣의 同訓異字로 보아 ‘고우’라는 음으로 읽게 하고 있는데 이상과 같은 ｢請｣과 ｢乞｣의 용법을 고려해 보면 역시 ｢請｣은 ‘고우’라고 읽히는 ｢乞｣과는 다르며, ｢請｣이 사용되는 상황도 역시 단순히 아뢰거나 말하는 ‘모오스’와도 구분할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각되어 필자의 소견으로는 ‘세이스’라고 음독하는 것이 좋다고 생각하지만 이에 대한 구체적인 논의는 향후의 과제로 삼고 싶다.

󰡔古事記󰡕の編者が、かなり意識的な用字意識のもと、文字のなかった時代から伝わっている古伝承を記録すべく努力していたことは、すでに知られている通りであるが、本論文は特に従来様々な議論がなされてきた󰡔古事記󰡕の｢請｣と｢乞｣の用法について考察を行うことで、󰡔古事記󰡕の文字表現の世界に迫ろうとしたものである。まず、󰡔古事記󰡕における｢請｣と｢乞｣の全用例を調べ、その構文的特徴や󰡔古事記󰡕の文脈に基づいて両字の使われ状況などを中心に検討した。その結果、󰡔古事記󰡕における｢請｣は、いずれも自力では解決(遂行、成就)などが困難な問題に直面した時、他力を期待して先方に出向き、自分の置かれている状況や問題の子細(経緯)を説明し、先方の力によって問題の解決を図るという似たような状況で使われていることを明らかにした。また、｢請｣を発する側は｢請｣を受ける側より能力や身分において上位者、または強者に限られることがわかった。一方｢乞｣の場合は、その対象が明示される場合と、そうでない場合のある｢請｣とは異なって、文脈上自明な場合を除いては必ずその対象が明示される。その対象も抽象的な事柄に限られる側面をもつ｢請｣とは違って、人や物のような具体的な対象に限られる。また、｢乞｣の受ける側は、発する側よりむしろ対等であるか、又は目下の場合が多いことを指摘できた。以上のような両字の用法を考慮に入れて考えると、｢請｣を｢乞｣の同訓異字とし、｢請｣を｢こう｣などと訓ませている従来の説への再考も必要であろうが、この点については今後を期したい。

The purpose of this study, the estimated of results the variables affecting the visit demand of the Danyang Ondal Culture Festival using the Travel Cost Method (TCM). In order to purpose the research goal, the study conducted the survey in the venue of the festival and selected the research subjects at random sampleing. If you look at the results of the study, are presented as having relatively more tourists close to women and married visits. In addition, among the four factors that constitute the festival service quality, two factors are influenced by visit demand positive (+) and visitors to Danyang Ondal Culture Festival showed a positive effect on visit demand satisfaction in relation to the event contents and amenities. The economic benefit of tourists visiting the Danyang Ondal Culture Festival is estimated to be 157,978 won. In conclusion, In this study the Danyang Ondal Culture Festival was approached as a value of socio-economic and presented as such, implications for the socio-economic value of the local festival to be gained through the feasibility.

본 논문에서는 일본어의 「ようになる」의 의미와 용법에 대하여 고찰하였다. 「ようになる」는 기본적으로 내포절이 나타내는 상태로 변화하는 것을 나타내는 형식이며 내포절에 어떠한 사태가 오느냐에 따라 ‘항상적 변화’를 나타내는 용법과 ‘결과도달’을 나타내는 용법으로 나누어짐을 살펴보았다. 항상적 변화란 변화의 결과가 일시적인 것이 아니라 지속적으로 유지되는 변화를 말하며, 성질, 상황의 변화를 나타내는 용법과 행위, 상황의 반복을 나타내는 용법으로 나뉜다. 결과도달이란 상황이 점진적으로 변화하여 어떠한 결과에 도달하는 것 즉 새로운 사태의 출현을 뜻한다. 「ようになる」가 항상적 변화를 나타내는 경우에는 상태성 동사와 비상태성 동사가 모두 사용되며 결과도달을 나타내는 경우에는 비상태성 동사 중에서 한계동사가 주로 사용되고 있음을 밝혔다. 이와 같이 「ようになる」가 두 가지 용법을 가지고 있음은 「てくる」「ていく」와의 접속 가능성과 「ことになる」와의 교체 가능성을 토대로 확인할 수 있었다. 즉 항상적 변화를 나타내는 「ようになる」에는 「てくる」「ていく」가 접속 가능함을 살펴보았으며 결과도달을 나타내는 「ようになる」는 유사한 의미를 나타내는 「ことになる」와 교체 가능함을 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 수동문에 「ようになる」가 결합한 「V󰠏(ら)れるようになる」는 항상적 변화를 나타내는 경우와 문맥적인 요인이 작용할 때 「V󰠏(ら)れはじめる」와 유사한 의미를 나타내는 현상에 대하여 고찰하였다.

This paper examined the meaning and usage of 「youni naru」 in Japanese. It revealed that 「youni naru」is a form that expresses the change to the state indicated by the embedded clause. It has two usages: one indicating ‘constant change’ and the other showing ‘achievement of result’ depending on what kind of event the embedded clause expresses. ‘Constant change’ means that result of change lasts long or permanently, not temporarily. It has two usages: one describes changes in poverties or situations, and the other describes acts or events that happen repeatedly. ‘Achievement of result’ means that a situation changes gradually and the change reaches the result that indicates the emergence of a new situation. In the case where 「youni naru」 expresses ‘constant change’, both stative and non-stative verbs are used, and in the case where it describes ‘achievement of result’, non-stative verbs especially telic verbs, are used primarily. That fact that 「youni naru」 has these two usages could be confirmed by examining the possibility of co-occurrence with 「te kuru」 and 「te iku」 and the possibility of replacing it with 「kotoni naru」. 「youni naru」 which expresses ‘constant change’ can be followed with 「te kuru」 and 「te iku」, and 「youni naru」 which expresses ‘achievement of a result’ can be replaced with 「kotoni naru」which indicates a meaning similar to it. This paper also revealed that 「V-(ra)reru youni naru」, which is a combination of the passive verb and 「youni naru」, has a meaning similar to 「V-(ra)re hajimeru」when 「youni naru」 expresses ‘constant change’ or when contextual factors are considered.

본 논문에서는 일본어 모어화자와 한국인 학습자가 산출한 「と」 「たら」의 사실적 용법 사용실태를 코퍼스 용례를 통해 분석했다. 본고에서 밝혀진 사실을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 같은 장면을 묘사함에도 학습자의 사실적 용법 산출수는 모어화자의 절반에 미치지 못했다. 둘째, 모어화자는 말하기, 쓰기 관계없이 전체적으로 「と」를 주로 사용하였으며 「たら」의 산출은 소수였으나 학습자는 「たら」가 「と」보다 많이 산출되었다. 셋째, 발견 용법에서 모어화자의 경우 후건에 「󰠏ている」를 주로 사용한 반면, 학습자는 모어화자보다 다양한 표현을 사용했다. 특히, 후건에 동작동사의 단순과거형이나 「󰠏てしまった」를 사용한 오용의 예가 압도적으로 많았다. 넷째, 학습자는 발현용법을 거의 사용하지 못해 습득이 어려운 것이 시사되었다. 다섯째, 연속 용법의 경우 학습자는 「と」를 사용해야 하는 곳에「たら」를 사용하거나 부적절한 문장을 산출했다. 이처럼 학습자는 전체적으로 사실적 용법을 적절히 구사하지 못했고 전건과 후건의 알맞은 형태의 술어를 사용하지 못했다. 이에 대한 적절한 지도가 필요하다.

In this paper, we analyzed the factual contitional TO and TARA produced by Japanese native speakers and Korean learners through corpus examples. The findings of this paper can be summarized as follows. First, even depicting the same scene, the learners produced TO and TARA less than half of native speakers. Second, native speakers mainly used TO regardless of telling or writing task, whereas learners used TARA more frequently than TO. Third, in [X TO/TARA Y TEITA] pattern(discovery), native speakers mainly used -TEITA, whereas learners used more diverse expressions. In particular, there were overwhelmingly many examples of misuse of action verbs in the simple past tense or -TESHIMATA in the consequent. Fourth, it was suggested that the learners could hardly use the [X IRUTO/ITARA Y] pattern(emerge). Fifth, in the case of continuous usage, learners used TARA where TO should be used, or produced inappropriate sentences. Thus, the learners can not use factual conditional appropriately overall, and use unconventional forms. Appropriate teaching is needed.