Earticle

Detecting exoplanet transits in Kepler light curves is challenging due to severe class imbalance and the highly localized morphology of transit dips. Standard oversampling approaches such as SMOTE generate synthetic minority samples through feature-space interpolation, which can distort or blur transit structures in phase-folded representations. We introduce a structure-preserving data augmentation method tailored to folded Kepler light curves. Our approach identifies transit dip regions in positive samples and applies controlled perturbations—phase jitter, constrained depth scaling, and realistic noise injection—while maintaining transit morphology consistency. Using 2048-bin folded signals and a 1D convolutional neural network trained under KIC-grouped splits to prevent target leakage, we compare the proposed method against a weighted baseline and SMOTE. Across 10 random seeds, the proposed soft augmentation configuration achieves higher and more stable AUPRC than SMOTE and provides consistent improvement over the weighted baseline. Ablation studies indicate that phase jitter is the primary contributor to performance gains, while overly aggressive depth perturbation can degrade results. These findings highlight the importance of domain-aware, structure-preserving augmentation for robust imbalanced classification of Kepler exoplanet candidates.

Exercise-associated muscle cramps are thought to arise from impaired regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis; however, the cellular mechanisms controlling aberrant calcium release remain incompletely defined. In this study, we utilized Dictyostelium discoideum , a conserved model for calcium signaling, to examine endoplasmic reticulum(ER)-derived calcium release and its modulation by magnesium, taurine, and caffeine. cAMP stimulation elicited a robust intracellular Ca2+ increase, which was suppressed by ER calcium store depletion, confirming the ER as the primary calcium release source. Extracellular magnesium inhibited Ca2+ release in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal responses observed in magnesium-free conditions and saturating inhibition at concentrations ≥ 0.5 mM; magnesium oxide exhibited a comparable inhibitory effect. Conversely, caffeine and taurine modestly reduced Ca2+ release amplitude while slightly accelerating the time-to-peak response, indicating fine-tuned modulation of ER calcium dynamics rather than complete inhibition. These findings demonstrate differential regulation of ER-mediated calcium release by widely used nutritional and pharmacological agents, providing cellular insights into calcium dysregulation underlying exercise-associated muscle cramp pathophysiology.

Bertrand posed the following problem: What is the probability that a randomly selected chord from a circle has a length greater than the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed within the circle? He derived three different answers: 1/2, 1/3, and 1/4, depending on how the chord was selected. This problem, known as Bertrand's paradox, demonstrates that different meanings of "randomness" can lead to different results and raises the question of whether the principle of indifference, a core concept of classical probability theory, can be applied to infinite set. In this paper, the three solutions proposed by Bertrand are rigorously constructed within Kolmogorov's axiomatic probability theory framework and the features of the probability spaces generated by each method are presented. We also examine the characteristics and limitations of various methods proposed in the literature to resolve Bertrand's paradox. Based on this analysis, we analyze the causes of paradoxes in geometric probability problems, including Bertrand's problem, and present mathematical considerations for resolving them.

This study developed and empirically analyzed a regression-based translation model to elucidate the mechanism by which college basketball(U League) performance records transition into early-stage outcomes in the Korean Basketball League(KBL). Utilizing integrated data from the U League(2010–2023) and the KBL(2012–2025), we examined the transition of college-level box score metrics into key performance indicators including points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks during a player's second professional season. To ensure analytical robustness and capture potential non-linear interactions, a comparative performance analysis was conducted using four machine learning algorithms(SVR, RF, GB, and ANN) alongside multiple linear regression models. The analysis revealed that the final regression models yielded significant explanatory power(R2) ranging from 0.54 to 0.77. Notably, physical and defensive metrics, such as rebounds and blocks, maintained high structural consistency across leagues, with machine learning models achieving R2 values of up to 0.982(GB) and 0.918(RF), respectively. Conversely, offensive metrics like points, assists and steals exhibited relatively lower predictive performance in the machine learning models, suggesting higher volatility caused by tactical shifts and role adjustments in the professional environment. By quantifying the performance transition between college and professional levels through continuous metrics, this study provides a robust empirical foundation for refining data-driven rookie scouting and player evaluation frameworks in the KBL.

This study assessed hygiene and nutritional management practices in facilities participating in a community-based meal support program for older adults and examined differences by facility characteristics, particularly the employment of a full-time dietitian. Thirteen facilities were evaluated through on-site inspections using a reconstructed checklist comprising six domains, with all scores converted to a 100-point scale. The overall mean total score was 81.25, but marked inter-facility variability was observed(range: 56.67–96.19; SD=13.97). Among domains, personal hygiene achieved the highest mean score(90.77). In contrast, ‘other management aspects’ showed the lowest mean score(73.85) and the largest variability, indicating both weaker performance and inconsistency across facilities. Storage and processing management(77.08) and food service management(78.46) were also identified as areas requiring improvement. Facilities employing a full-time dietitian scored significantly higher than those without(88.17 vs. 75.31, p<0.05), whereas objective indicators such as surface contamination and meal salinity did not differ significantly. In facility-type comparisons, Social Enterprises performed significantly worse than other facility types in the facility environment and storage and processing domains(p<0.05). Overall, although the general level of management was acceptable, substantial disparities and domain-specific weaknesses remain. Strengthening standardized quality management and expanding stable professional staffing and targeted support are needed to improve meal safety and service quality for older adults.