Earticle

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of volunteer participants of disabled sport events’ participation motivation on the participation satisfaction and persistence intention. A survey was conducted on 177 people who were involved in disable sport events as a volunteer. the data were analyzed by reliability analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model using SPSS Win 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. The results is as follows : First, career advancement which is the sub-factor of participation motivation about volunteer participants of disabled sport events has a positive effect on satisfaction. Second, satisfaction about volunteer participants of disabled sport events has a positive effect on persistence intension.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the perceptions of referees working for the Korea Volleyball Association (KVA) and the Korea Volleyball Federation (KOVO) on their organizational commitment. A total of 121 referees were surveyed using questionnaires, and then factor analysis of the collected data was conducted to test the independence between variables. Moreover, a t-test and one-way ANOVA were carried out to test differences. In addition, regression analysis was performed to analyze the effect relationships. The results are as follows. 1) Differences in the referees’ perceptions according to the background variable As for the marital status, the referees’ perceptions of environment was higher among married participants than among those unmarried. Moreover, perceptions of fairness, environment, career as a volleyball player, and self-esteem were greater among professional participants than among amateur participants. As to referee class, C-Class referees had higher perceptions of fairness than A-Class referees. Their perceptions of self-esteem were greater among professional participants than among amateur participants. 2) Differences in organizational commitment according to the background variable The volleyball referees did not show any difference in organizational commitment according to the background variable. 3) Effects of the referees’ perceptions on their organizational commitment Among the referees’ perceptions, self-esteem, environment, and career as a volleyball player had effects on their affective commitment. Moreover, their continuance commitment was influenced by their self-esteem.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the leadership types of physical education teacher affect the lesson satisfaction in a Middle School. To investigate the influence of the lesson satisfaction on the leadership types of physical education teacher, this study analyzed the total 386, co-educational students of Middle School located in S City and I City. Such data analysis as Frequency Analysis, Reliability Analysis, T-Test, One-Way ANOVA, Correlation Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis was carried. The following conclusion was deduced from this research method. Firstly, there is a significant difference in train type and direction type about the leadership types of physical education teacher by the sexual distinction. Also the leadership type difference of physical education teacher by the grade showed that there was significant difference in such all types as train and direction type, democratic behaviour type, authoritative behaviour type, social support type, and affirmative feedback type etc. Secondly, the significant difference in the lesson satisfaction by sexual distinction was not found. There was a significant difference in such all types as physical environment, instructional behaviour, physical ability, and physical score etc in the lesson satisfaction by grade. Thirdly, the leadership types of physical education teacher had a significant effect on the satisfaction of physical environment, instructional behaviour, physical ability, and physical score among subordinate factors of the lesson satisfaction.

The purpose of this study is to grasp the form of participation in sports for all, to examine causal relation among physical self-concept, exercise satisfaction and exercise adherence in relation to the social demographic characteristics of the subjects, and to provide basic materials for the method to vitalize participation in sports for all to maintain healthy life in people with physical disabilities participating in sports for all programs in commercial sports centers. In order to achieve these purposes, a questionnaire survey was conducted with 209 people with physical disabilities who participated in sports for all center. For data analysis, SPSS 17.0 program was operated, and analyzed such as t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression were implemented to achieve the study aims. Results are as follows. 1. physical self-concept. In the sex, the male appeared high level than female in the “physical fitness realm, and the female appeared high level than male in the “appearance” and “health”. In the age, the fewer old people high level than the old people in the “physical fitness realm”. In the athletes experience, the higher players appeared high level than other players in the “physical fitness realm”. 2. exercise satisfaction. In the age, the old people high level than the fewer old people in the “healthy life”. In the athletes experience, the higher players appeared high level than other players in the “healthy life”. 3. exercise adherence. In the sex, the male appeared high level than female in the all exercise adherence factor. In the athletes experience, the higher players appeared high level than other players in the “predisposing” and “enabling”. 4. relationship among physical self-concept, exercise satisfaction and exercise adherence. The higher the degree of physical self-concept and exercise satisfaction, the higher the level of exercise adherence. The influence that physical self-concept and exercise satisfaction types have on exercise adherence are “healthy life satisfaction”, “healthy concept” and “physical fitness realm concept”.

The purpose of research was to provide basic data when putting distances were 1m, 3m, and 5m, then how the kinetic analysis provides the basis for improved technology. To achieve this data we prepared 5 male adults who have at least 10 years pro careers and less than 4 handicaps with 4 digital cameras to take films. The research analyzed the filmed footage using by Kwon3d 3.1 program to DLT (Direct Linear Transformation) way. The research have done a comparative analysis in swing time per putting distance, travel distance of putter head, speed of putter head, speed of rotation of the upper body, and right and left angle of the shoulder joint. Analysis of the results obtained to the following conclusions. First, swing time: As the putting distance increased, back-swing and follow-through also increased, but the impact of the interval time was relatively constant. Second, distance of the putter head: As the putting distance increased, the travel distance of the putter head also increased. Additionally the most significant change was the back-swing distance. Third, speed of the putter head: As the putting distance increased, the average of the putter head speed also increased. Also, the most important things were the impact and follow through that they controlled the distance. Fourth, torso angle: The rotation of the upper body and the putting distance’s variations was small, but the follow-through after impact showed the changes in the action of rotation of the upper body. Fifth, angle of the shoulder joint: As the putting distance increased, the angle of the shoulder joint also increased variation. The medial movement of the right upper and the lateral movement of the left upper were simultaneously moved.

The purpose of this study was to identify differences of proprioception and muscle strength in five years over chronic hyperextension stretching event in female athletes. Twenty-eight Female university students(Control, n＝7; Gymnastics, n＝7; Taekwondo, n＝7; Ballet, n＝7) were assigned to 1 of 4 groups. Subjects were excluded if they had a lower extremity injury, vestibular problems, visual problems or concussion in the 12 weeks before the study. Experimental data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA using Window SPSS/PC program. And then, LSD was used as post hoc test. A significant level was considered as p<.05. The results are as follows; 1.There were significant differences in muscle function among groups. 1)There were significant differences in left knee extensor strength at 60°/sec among groups(p<.05) 2)There were significant differences in right and left knee extensor strength at 180°/sec among groups(p<.05) 3)There were significant differences in left knee flexor strength at 180°/sec among groups(p<.05) 2.There were no significant differences in proprioception among groups. In conclusion, muscle function among Gymnastic, Taekwondo, Ballet and Control group were significantly different, but differences of proprioception were not significant among groups.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of perceived career barriers variable to the career decision making level of the examinee of physical education department. Among this population, 431 students were selected as a valid sample through stratified cluster random sampling, and were used in the analysis process. To test the hypothesis of this study, exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's α, correlation and multiple-regression analyses were used, the following results have been drawn from this study. The conclusions of this study based on the results are as follows: First, the relationship between career barriers variable and career decision level was significant negatively Second, the result of multiple regression analysis according to gender revealed that perceived career barriers by male(lack of information, interest, self-concept clarity and conflicts with important others) account for the greatest variance in career decision level, and then perceived career barriers by female(lack of information, interest and conflicts with important others) was found to be the greatest predictor of the career decision level. Finally, according to the criteria of career selection, perceived career barriers of selection by others(lack of information, interest and conflicts with important others) and perceived career barriers of selection by your-self(lack of information, interest, self-concept clarity and conflicts with important others) were revealed as predictor of the career decision level.

The purpose of this study was to examine the age-related changes of physical fitness in the elderly people living at the rural community and to use for exercise prescription data. The criteria index for health physical fitness was developed by 30 percentile for absolute evaluation about physical fitness level and the criteria index for relative evaluation was developed in five groups(5-aged interval from 65 and over 90). One thousand hundred ninety three elderly(858 woman, 335 man) was participated in senior fitness test(SFT) consisted of 7 test items(upper and lower muscle endurance, flexibility, agility, balance, vascular endurance). The result showed that the criteria index of age-related physical fitness level was suitable for elderly women but not in flexibility(chair sit and reach test) and agility(2.54m up and go test) for elderly man. There was no distinction in balance test(one leg stance with closed eye) in all groups. SFT has to examined in whole country elderly to development of the criteria index for physical fitness evaluation in next study.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of role stress, job burnout of leisure satisfaction through sport for all participation in elementary school teachers. The subject for study totalled 272 elementary school teachers participating in sport for all. Instruments of this study were used leisure satisfaction scale (Kim, 2004), role stress scale (Kim, 2000) and job burnout scale which developed Maslach (1982) translated by Kim (1999). The statistical methods utilized in the study for analyzing the collected data were reliability analysis, correlate analysis and multiple regression analysis using statistical package of SPSS(PASW) 18.0. The results obtained through the above analyses are as the following. Firstly, role stress, job burnout and leisure satisfaction through sport for all participation in elementary school teachers correlated. Secondly, leisure satisfaction through sport for all participation in elementary school teachers statistically and significantly influences role stress, Thirdly, leisure satisfaction through sport for all participation in elementary school teachers statistically and significantly influences job burnout, and lastly, role stress in elementary school teachers statistically and significantly influences job burnout.

The purpose of this study was to Analysis on Kinetic in order to improve the skills of Elite 100m Sprinters for the preparation of London Olympic and Universiade Game . This study was aimed to provide the quantitative data sets with a focus on an improvement of technique and training program for korean 100m sprint coaches and athletes. These subject were 6 elite male 100m sprinters. The following summarizes the major observations of this analysis; Firstly, The average record of 100m were A group 10.78 seconds and B group 11.14 seconds. Secondly, The average velocity in each distance were A group(6.50m/s, 10.58m/s, 10.51m/s, 10.24m/s, 10.22m/s) and B group(6.44m/s, 10.15m/s, 10.20m/s, 9.89m/s, 9.62m/s). Thirdly, The best velocity in each distance were A group(20m-40m, 10.58m/s) and B group(40m-60m, 10.20m/s). Fourthly, The decrease of the velocity were A group(40m-100m, 0.36m/s) and B group(60m-100m, 0.58m/s). This type of research is done in hopes of figuring out effective methods of training that help improve the 100m record, give improvement to the level of competition, and to pass on the necessary data to the athletes and coaches.

This study was designed to identify factors affecting participation adherence decision by the elementary Taekwondo practitioners with focus on factors of participation environment, participation motivation, participation satisfaction, participation flow and participation attitude to build a research model and hypothesis. In order to test the hypothesis, 559 elementary Taekwondo practitioners in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area has been selected to causal relation between participation environment, participation motivation, participation satisfaction, participation flow and participation attitude and participation adherence decision. For data analysis, SPSS 15.0 and AMOS v6.0 were operated, and analyzed such as CFA, Cronbach's α, correlation and structural equation modeling analysis were implemented to achieve the study aims. Results are as follows. The participation environment influences on the participation satisfaction, flow and participation adherence decision. The participation motivation influences on the participation satisfaction and flow. The participation satisfaction influences on the participation flow, attitude and participation adherence decision. The participation flow influences on the participation attitude and participation adherence decision. The participation attitude influences on the participation adherence decision. In conclusion this study result showed direct effect on participation adherence decision by environment. And participation motivation does not affect participation adherence decision directly but participation adherence decision is mediated indirectly by participation motivation through channels such as participation satisfaction, participation flow and participation attitude.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of chiropractic treatment and/or training to reinforce the trunk position on spinal posture (X-ray, Formetric II) and function (Isometric muscle power, VAS, Interleukin-6, TNF-α). For the purpose of this study, we perform chiropractic treatment and/or Abs & back training to elite badminton player with chronic low back pain (CLP). All subjects were divided into two groups (chiropratic group or chiropractic and core training group). Treatments were applied for 2week (6 time/each week-1). According to spinal posture, pelvis width and height (X-ray) were significantly different after treatments in both groups(p<.01). Both groups have a remarkable decrease of VAS and significant increase of trunk isometric power (extension, flection p<.01). Furthermore, chiropractic treatment and/or core training led to reduction of serum TNF-α (p<.05). These results show that chiropractic treatment and/or core training has ability of reinforce the spinal posture and function, which can improve performance in badminton player with CLP.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of elementary school student's participation in after-school physical activity on interest in physical education class and intention to exercise adherence, and further to suggest ways to improve and vitalize after-school physical activity having its implications to provide a basic data for the development of after-school physical activity program which can satisfy various desires. For the study subjects, a survey was conducted on the up to 3th grade students in elementary school in Kyunggido, and total 476 questionnaires were used. For the data treatment, the statistical methods used for analyzing the data were the descriptive statistics analysis, one-way ANOVA and standard multiple regression analysis. Through such processes and method of the study as above, the results of this study are as follow. First, it shows the differences in the interest in physical education class and intention to exercise adherence by the the demographic variables of elementary school student. Second, it shows the differences in the interest in physical education class and intention to exercise adherence by the elementary school student's participation in after-school physical activity. Third, the interest in physical education class influenced the intention to exercise adherence. Summing up the above findings, it turned out that elementary school student's participation in after- school physical activity influenced the interest in physical education class and intention to exercise adherence.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of 12 weeks weight training programme(WT) or circuit weight training(CWT) programme on body composition, performance, lactate level, CPK, LDH and stress related hormone and in badminton players. Twenty male badminton players were participated and randomly divided to WT group(n＝10) and CWT(n＝10) group. The data were analyzed by using SPSS WIN ver 12.0, Two-way repeated ANOVA(p<.05). First of all, after 12weeks WT and CW programme, body weight, fat and skeletal muscle mass tend to be decreased but not showed statistically difference in both group. Also, the agility, endurance training, anaerobic power and lactate level have tendency to be increased but not statistically difference. Stress related hormone(epinephrine, norepinephrine) and cortisol were increased after 12 weeks training but not significant difference in both group. Finally, after 12 weeks training, muscle damage index(CPK, LDH) were somewhat increased but not reached significantly difference in both groups. In conclusion, the effect of WT and CWT programme showed that there was no significant differnece between group, but CWT programme was positively affected in exercise performance.

This study focuses on the symbol at the Paso Doble with any symbol of how and what is its implicit meaning within it the role of dance and sport are jongmokbyeol identify that were explored. Paso Doble in the format and content of the mantle, holding a matador fighting a bull in a bullfight scenes to the story, totally different from other sports as a symbol showing the Paso Doble in this study only those were included in the study. And the Paso Doble to the symbol of the limited representation of the target text by introducing the holistic way in terms of aesthetic nature is revealed. Paso Doble and the thematic core of the symbolic importance of bullfighting with a discussion of the evident analogy of bullfighting and cape. For men tackled the bull matador, the women used to fight cattle and cloaks, the two relationships with symbolic meaning than can be said. In other words, he can dance the title role of the two men into the role of the bullfighter and the bullfighter cape are used as a tool in the role of women, because two symbolic targets. Let me ask you more specifically, a matador and the cape Paso Doble or the focus of the hit. Of men and women focus on different aspects of dance hit. Charged symbol to be effective in a way that can be called. But the problem is like a matador in the bullring is not a confined space, to be tame bull, and no deaths from fighting each other for there is a tool that can be defeated. However, would be shown in Dance Sport competitions, but in reality does not appear Made using the body as an act of courage of men with women between the Paso Doble own indirect way through the symbol of male and female couples is because, reflecting. That is to include a symbol for artistic reflection of reality, which means the reality depicted in art acquired new significance and the fact that another chain was described. And already a new look from its own ttigo will appear on art, will be adopted as one of the argumentation. Based on the discussion of this symbolism Paso Doble Dancing with the study subjects were reviewed in emblems. Paso Doble as a symbol of the artistic sense and opens up the possibility of the kind of jumeuroseo Paso Doble dance as art in the will that holds a deeper symbolism.

The purpose of this study was to investigate about effect of Graded Exercise Test(GXT) on respiratory gas variables in acute normobaric hypoxic chamber. Further more, we tried to secure a data for development of a new LH-TL training medel. The subjects of this study were sixteen male in university tennis players. We observed differences in respiratory gas variables between sea level and hypoxia(2,200m; 16.2% O2) during maximal exercise test. All observed respiratory gas variables were expressed by mean and standard deviation and were analyzed by independent t-test to verify between groups differences. The results are as follows. There were significant reduction(P<.01, P<.05)) in exercise duration time and VO2max at normobaric hypoxia maximal exercise test. But, there were no significant differences in maximal breathing capacity(VE) and maximal heart rate(HRmax) between sea level and acute hypoxia condition. Therefore, we found that training exercise method in normobaric hypocia has the possibility to improve exercise performace. We put forward the several suggestions that later study will have to approach with more detailed and accurate method and try to find the causality between hypcoxia condition and decrement of SaO2, heart rate and gas exchange in pulmonary alveolus.

The purpose of this study was to suggest the current situation and promotional strategies for the disabled skiing. This study sought for solution to expend the base for the disabled skiing on people participation to sports for all. Furthermore, the ways to improve the disabled skiing's performance and for the outstanding performer discovery have been tried to find through the research. Data was collected from the disabled who participated in the ski camps held by the disabled establishment and organization and non-the disabled participants. Data was analyzed through the descriptive statistics, and a delpai technique from a structured group of experts was used to obtain the information for the building of the disabled skiing system and forecast the ways to vitalize the disabled skiing. Results from data indicated that an institutional strategy which the disabled can easily reach the skiing need to be provided. The promotion and information of the effect and safety for the disabled skiing are required for building the disabled skiing-base. Moreover, the high-quality program and financial support from government branch should be provided to the disabled.

The purpose of this study were to analyze of injuries records related to the style, Greco-Roman and Free-style, of elite wrestling. The data that were collected during 12-month were analyzed for this study. There were 784 injuries in total athletes that were divided into 540 in Greco-Roman style wrestling and 244 in Free-style wrestling. SPSS 17.0 program was used to analyze the injuries records. (chi-squire) analysis was used to establish the significant difference. Alpha level was set at 0.05. The result was followed. There was a statistically significant frequency difference in each style (Greco and Free) among the categorized injury region, ＝116.710, p＝.001. There was a frequency difference in each style among the categorized injury tissue. There was also a frequency difference in each style among the categorized injury cause. There was a statistically significant frequency difference in each style among the categorized injury time (technical training, running, sparing, competition, weight training), ＝14.946, p＝.005. There was a statistically significant frequency difference in each style between acute phase and chronic phase, ＝5.316, p＝.021. There was not a statistically significant frequency difference in each style among the categorized load of injury (overload, overuse, momental), ＝1.477, p＝.478. There was not a statistically significant frequency difference in each style between the participation of exercise and absence of exercise, ＝.747, p＝.388. In conclusion, this study may help elite wrestling athletes and coaches predict injuries in each style, and the proper preventing programs that is made and applied to training will help the early rehabilitation for injuries that are predictable.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship model of participant motivation, leisure satisfaction, and leisure flow in water sports participants. To achieve the goal of this study, a total 324 surveys collected from windsurfing, water-ski, skin-scuba, and yacht participants in Seoul, Incheon, Kyunggi, and Kangwoon areas were utilized for analyzing. The participant motivation scale(Jung, 1997), leisure satisfaction sclae(Ahn, 2009), and leisure flow scale(Kim, 2005) were used for collection data. Frequency, reliability, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equating modeling were conducted using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. Main findings were as follows: First, participants motivation had p positive effect on leisure flow. Second participant motivation had a positive effect on leisure satisfaction. Finally, leisure satisfaction had a positive effect on leisure flow.

The purpose of this study was to change of muscle fatigue recovery methods on blood fatigue elements and physiological fatigue factors in Taekwondo players. Fifteen Taekwondo athletes were conducted to undergo passive recovery, dynamic recovery, sports massage recovery, ice therapy recovery and whole body vibration recovery by practice during Taekwondo play on five day interval. In measurements index, blood fatigue elements were determined lactate, ammonia and inorganic phosphorus. And physiological fatigue factors were determined heart rate, oxygen partial pressure, median frequency. The results of this study were following: In the blood fatigue elements, dynamic and whole body vibration recovery were significantly difference than that at the passive recovery, sports massage recovery and ice therapy recovery. In the physiological fatigue factors, dynamic and whole body vibration recovery were significantly difference than that at the passive recovery, sports massage recovery and ice therapy recovery. In conclusion, we suggest that dynamic and whole body vibration recovery may be effective than passive recovery, sports massage recovery and ice therapy recovery in shortening the recovery time of muscle fatigue.

This study classified the factors of the motivation for spectating track and field events into personal factors(escape, accomplishment and health) and environmental factors(athletic performance, facility, and marketing). Moreover, this study verified the accommodative influence of sports involvement upon the influence relationship between the motivation for spectating track and field events and the intention to rewatch the game and also recommend to others. The analyzed data of the study was collected by survey. It was held on August,27,2011 targeting the Daegu IAAF(International Amateur Athletic Federation) World Championship audience, people of all ages, using simple random sampling method. Total 374 copies were used, and the analyzed results are as follows; First, the result of analysing the relationship between the motivation for spectating track and field events and its influence relationship on the intention to rewatch the game and also recommend to others shows that health, athletic performance, facility, and marketing had a positive effect on the intention of rewatching the game, and escape, accomplishment, athletic performance and marketing had a positive effect on the intention of recommending to others. Second, the result of analysing the accommodative influence of sports involvement on the influence relationship between the motivation for spectating track and field events and the intention to rewatch the game and also recommend to others reveals that as the involvement of sports got higher, accomplishment, health and athletic performance were more influential on the intention to rewatch the game. In addition, athletic performance, facility, and marketing had a bigger influence on the intention of recommending to others. Therefor sports involvement has a accommodative influence on relationship between the motivation for spectating track and field events and the intention of rewatching the game and also recommending to others. Therefore under biased consequence accommodative influence partially affected the result.

The purpose of this study was to analyze kinematic factors at each turn and technique parameters in order to determine throw distance of Yun-Chul Lee, a national team player(height: 1.88m, body mass: 122kg, record: 71.79m, career: 14yrs). Three-Dimensional motion analysis for successful 60m trails using 5 video cameras(sampling frequency: 30Hz) for this study was performed, For the analysis of the kinematic factors at each turn, Kwon3D version 3.1 and Matlab R2009a program were used. As the number of turns increased, the results showed biomechanical characteristics as following. The single and double support time shorted as the number of turns increased. However, because the single support time in turn 3 and 4 showed a similar support time, the player appeared not to generate centripetal opposing to centrifugal force during the delivery phase. To obtain the rotation velocity, the player appeared that the orbit angle must increase a bigger angle gradually as the number of turns increased. Furthermore, trunk lean angle needs to sustain a erected posture at a vertical axis in order to generate centripetal opposing to centrifugal force while maintaining the lengthened radius, Additionally the knee angle of axis leg at the low point needs to pivots approximately 90 degree in order to it. In the velocity factors, the initial velocity after the preliminary wind swing showed relatively a slow velocity, while the velocity difference between the low point and high point showed a big decrease velocity of about 5-6m/s during each turn.

이 연구의 목적은 초등학교 여학생들의 무용참여를 통하여 성취능력과 사회성의 인식을 통하여 앞으로 무용 이외에 다른 스포츠에 참여하는데 있어서 긍정적인 영향을 받게 할 수 있는 자료와 정보를 제공하는데 있다. 본 연구의 조사 대상은 총 224명 이었다. 표집 된 244명 중 실제 분석에 사용된 자료는 204명 이었다. 이를 기초로 Windows용 SPSS/PC 14.0 통계 패키지 프로그램을 사용하여 분석 하였다. 이상의 과정을 통해 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다 첫째, 인구통계학적 특성에 따른 성취능력과 사회성은 부분적으로 유의한 차이가 있다 둘째, 무용참여정도는 성취능력과 사회성에 부분적으로 유의한 영향을 미친다. 셋째, 성취능력은 사회성에 부분적으로 유의한 영향을 미친다. 즉, 성취자신감은 대인관계와 책임감에 영향을 미치며, 주도성에는 영향을 미치지 않는다.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the 12-week intervention targeting at an physical activity volume of 10,000 steps per day on obesity index, cardiovascular disease risk factors and health-related fitness in middle-aged women. The subjects had two clinics visits for the measurements of obesity index, cardiovascular disease risk factors and health-related fitness prior to and after the intervention program with an overnight fast, respectively. Paired t-tests were used to test the statistical significances of changed scores in the measured parameters, and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to predict any significant factors in determining individual variations of the measured parameters. The following results were found from the current study: 1) The intervention program with a physical activity of 10,000 steps per day resulted in significant improvements of body weight (P＝0.001), BMI(P＝0.001), percent body fat(P＝0.001), waist circumference(P＝0.001), WHR(P＝0.005), lean body mass(P＝0.028) in middle-aged women; 2) The intervention program with a physical activity of 10,000 steps per day induced significant improvements of systolic blood pressure(P＝0.001), triglycerides(P＝0.031), fasting glucose(P＝0.005), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(P＝0.001) in middle-aged women; 3) The intervention program with a physical activity of 10,000 steps per day resulted in significant improvements of cardio/respiratory fitness(P＝0.008), sit-and-reach(P＝0.003), sit-up(P＝0.001) in middle-aged women. The current findings of the study showed that the physical intervention targeting 10,000 steps/day is an effective and practical means of improving body fatness, cardiovascular disease risk factors and health-related fitness in middle-aged women.

The purpose of this study was to provide scientific data for an exercise prescription and improve body balance and muscular strength in male university students through K-Bar training. The Subjects in this experiment were 23 male university students who wanted to participate in the experiment actively, and they were divided into two groups. We investigated the differences in body composition, body balance, and lumbar joint between the two groups after 8-week K-Bar weight training. First, it is considered that there will be positive results in body lean mass, fat mass, and muscle mass through K-Bar training program, for at least 8 weeks. Second, performing K-Bar weight training more than 2 months, 4 days per week, and 1 hour per day is effective for body balance. Third, there is an improvement in K-Bar weight training, and it is Trunk imbalance, Trunk inclination, Surface rotation, Lateral deviation considered that there will be more positive result when performing long-term K-Bar program. Therefore, there is a need for longer period of time before planning K-Bar weight training.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of talented-educational in sports(TES) program on physique and physical fitness in elementary pupil. 37 students (male: 124.6±16.6 month, n＝21; female: 123.6±15 month, n＝16) were measured fitness factors(sit-up, push-up, basketball throwing, standing long jump, side-step, half-squat jump, arm hang(female), 20m shuttle-run, 50m run, sit and reach) and physique factors(height, weight, sitting height, chest girth, BMI, bone age) pre and post TES program for 24weeks. after TES program, push-up(p<.001), standing long jump(p<.01) and side-step(p<0.5) factors in male pupil and sit-up(p<.05), standing long jump(p<.01), side-step(p<.05), and chest girth(p<.05) factors in female pupil were significantly increased but not others physique and fitness factors in whole pupil. With these results, we concluded that TES program enhanced muscle endurance, power and agility in pupil.

This study conducted a 12-week walk program with obese women with intellectual disabilities to examine its effects on healthy-related physical fitness and blood lipid. The results of this study are summarized below. As regards healthy-related physical fitness, the body composition of exercise group was significantly different in weight and body fat(p<.001), strength(p<.05), endurance(p<.001), flexibility(p<.01), and cardiorespiratory endurance(p<.05). As regards blood lipid, the exercise group showed no significant difference in total cholesterol, but significant difference in triglyceride(p<.01). Moreover, while no significant difference was found in high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), there was a significant difference in low density lipoprotein cholesterol(p<.001). Based on the findings, the walk program was very effective to reduce weight and % body fat and risk at cardiorespiratory diseases in people with intellectual disabilities who tend to become obese because of limited physical activity, social participation, and reckless dietary habits. It also had positive effects on the prevention of lifestyle diseases such as obesity and cardiorespiratory diseases thanks to decrease and increase in blood lipid. The effects of exercise in people with disabilities may increase active interests and encouragement by other people other than exercise itself. Further study should focus on developing useful exercise programs for people with intellectual disabilities and provide coach training and institutional supports to help their easy participation. Then, they may enjoy doing an exercise and get mental treatment through the exercise.

The purpose of this study is to identify the difference in the body composition, functional fitness, related immune substances in summer season in the elderly women who exercise regularly . The targets include elderly women from two elderly care centers in Incheon who are at least70 years old and who have exercised for at least five years. The level of exercise perception strength level is in between 10 and 13. Difference among groups is analyzed with 7 in the exercise group (yoga) and 7 in the control group. The following conclusions are reached. The body composition did not show statistically significant difference, while the functional fitness had significant differencesn terms of Chair Sit-and-Reach (p<0.1) and Chair Sit-and-Reach (p<0.5.) Other elements did not show statistically significant differences. Of all the immune substances during the summer season, there was no statistically significant differences discovered. In this study, an adequate amount of Yoga exercise during summer turned out to help maintaining the immune during the season, while regular exercises over a prolonged period (5 years) did not cause any significant differences in terms of the body composition . The control group showed lower amount of immune substances during summer, which signified a higher immune sensitivity in the summer season.

The aims of this study are two things. One is to find the general features which are the important factors of Physiological age(PA): these factors are related to the aging process of middle aged group participating in soccer club. The other is to clarify how their regular exercise affects on the indexes of their PA and their life satisfaction. The objective participants are exercise group(regularly plays soccer, 31 members) and non-exercise group(sedentary occupations or office workers, 34 members) of 65 people who are 40s. The method of this study is to compare difference between exercises group and non-exercises group in the categories of the PA and the life satisfaction. The results of this study are as follows. First, it shows the significant differences between two groups as regarded to FEVI-A and TG. Second, the result of major counts of PA shows that the PA for exercise group is 40.96 yrs, and non-excercise group shows 43.91 yrs of PA. Comparing PA to their chronological ages, the exercise group is 2.95 yrs younger, but non-exercise group has no difference. Third, life satisfaction examining shows that the significant differences between two groups in categories of “satisfaction of health”, “satisfaction of social life”, and “positive attitude towards the aging process” among life satisfaction subordinate factors. In summary, the levels of PA and life satisfaction of exercise group are partially higher than those of non-excercise group.