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Kwon, Iksoo. 2015. Revisiting the Korean Sentence-Final Suffix –Ney Once More: Response to Chung (2014). Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 287-305. This squib aims to show that Chung’s (2014) efforts to undermine Kwon’s (2013) counterargument against her original claim (Chung 2012) with regard to the identity of the sentence final suffix -ney are not successful. Her argument that -ney is not an epistemic modal marker loses its ground in that it DOES interact with epistemic modal adverbials, in that -ta does not belong to the same grammatical paradigm as –ney (rather, -e/-a does), and in that -ney still accompanies with conceptual distancing. Furthermore, another main claim of Chung (2014), which is that -ney should be given an assertive mood marker indicating that the proposition in question is informative to the speaker, would not be convincing until Chung provides clearer explanation of relationship between the categories of assertive mood and of her own ‘spatial deictic tense,’ the latter of which she originally claims -ney belongs to. Based on the discussion, this squib suggests that -ney can still be claimed to be an epistemic modal marker with mirativity and further shows that its conceptual distancing actually accounts for some seemingly non-canonical examples in Chung’s accounts (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies).

Kim, Jihyun. 2015. Animacy Effect on L2 Acquisition of English Psychological Verbs. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 307-332. The present study aims to specify a factor that causes Korean learners of English to experience many learnability problems when learning English psych verbs, especially focusing on Experiencer-Object verbs (henceforth, E-O verbs). In doing so, it was hypothesized that Korean speakers’ strong preference for animate subject is one of the main reasons for it. In order to test the hypothesis, the present study examines Korean speakers’ animate subject preference and how much it affects their acquisition of English psych verbs. The following are the three important findings. The results of the study show that (1) Korean speakers strongly prefer animate subject when expressing a psychological state compared to English natives. With this point at hand, theoretical arguments (Han, 2000; Kim, 1999; Park, 2001) on Korean speakers’ animate subject preferences are experimentally confirmed. (2) Korean speakers’ preference for animate subjects can change with their English proficiency. (3) Korean speakers’ animate subject preferences and their acquisition of English E-O psych verbs are correlated negatively. This means that the more Korean participants prefer animate subjects in psych verb construction, the less they understand English E-O psych verbs. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that Korean speakers’ preferences of animate subject play a significant role that hinders their acquisition of English E-O psych verbs. (Korea University)

Hyun-ju Kim. 2015. The Interaction of Prosody and Vowel Epenthesis in Loanword Adaptation: Phonology, Phonetics, and Learnability. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 333-359. This study investigates phonetic qualities of Korean epenthetic vowels to provide an account of accent-epenthesis interaction in Kyungsang Korean (KK) loanwords. Accentuation of KK loanwords is generally predictable in words consisting of only light syllables, following a default accent pattern where the penultimate syllable is accented (Kim 1997; Kenstowicz and Sohn 2001). However, epenthetic vowels tend to resist accent in KK loanwords (Kenstowicz and Sohn 2001; Broselow 2008; Rhee and Kim 2003). The results showed that epenthetic vowels were identical phonetically to lexical vowels. This finding suggests that the different behavior of epenthetic vowels and lexical vowels cannot be attributed to acoustic differences between lexical and inserted vowels. Therefore, if information concerning the status of epenthetic vowels is not available in the acoustic signal, a learnability question such as how KK speakers learn the relationship between accentability and lexical status is raised. It is suggested that other informative cues such as probabilistic information of distinct phonotactic distribution in loanwords help learners to access the nonlexical status of epenthetic vowels. (The State University of New York, Korea)

Kim, Hyung-Sun & Kim, Baeg-seung. 2015. A Cognitive Approach to Polysemous Verbs: Lexical Networks of Make, Get, and Keep. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 361-388. As a follow-up study of Kim & Kim (2011), this study attempts to examine the highly polysemous verbs make, get, and keep in addition to take in a cognitive perspective. The lexical network (LN) theory explains the relationship of multiple senses of a lexeme as a lexical network where senses are connected to each other by links. The LN models constructed from multiple senses of those three verbs identified from previous research are verified through corpora and cognitive experiments in an L1 vs. L2 setting. In searching for tangible evidence of the reality of lexical networks, the research design was motivated by the concept of prototypicality often defined by frequency and saliency. The frequency examination on the basis of a four-year compilation of the articles contributed to an English magazine revealed that the prototypical senses in the networks did not correspond to those that were most frequent in the data. On the other hand, the results of the saliency experiment that thirty L1 and fifty-five L2 speakers participated in concurred with the prototypical senses of the polysemous lexemes overall. Pedagogical implications from the L1 and L2 comparison are discussed as well. (Chosun University & Chonnam National University)

Park, Mi Sun. 2015. Orthographic Input and the Acquisition of Second Language Phonology: A review. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 389-401. Research in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) has attempted to understand how learners acquire a new phonological system, taking account of various universal and developmental factors. The type of input—that is, whether it is written (orthographic/visual) or spoken (acoustic/oral)—has also been found to be crucial in formation of mental representations of phonology in second language (L2). The role of orthographic input on second language acquisition has received attention in recent years, in light of the fact that L2 learners are often exposed to L2 written input from early stages of the learning process: there is a qualitative difference between preliterate children’s early phonological acquisition and literate adults’ L2 phonological acquisition. This presentation attempts to discuss the positive and negative influence of orthographic input on the acquisition of L2 phonology by reviewing relevant studies that investigated learners of different languages. It also aims to address some potential issues that need to be taken into account in conducting and/or interpreting L2 orthography-phonology research. (Teachers College, Columbia University)

Bae, Hee Sook. 2015. Orthographic, Morphological, and Syntactic Development of School Age Children Depending on Sentence Completion Writing. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 403-421. The purpose of this study is to investigate the aspects of orthographic, morphological, and syntactic development of school age children depending on SCT(sentence completion test) by writing. In this study, 70 children(36 boys and 34 girls) of an elementary school in Seoul were participated. The averages of their age for 2nd, 4th, and 6th grade were respectively 94 months, 119 months, and 118.2 months. Classifying the writing skills first in three categories(orthographic, morphological, and syntactic skills) and then in nine sub-categories(spacing, spelling, grammatical morphemes, clause density, and 4 embedded clause frequency), we analyzed the writing test results of the participants. As the results, we found that the orthographic and the morphological error rate decrease and the frequency of embedded clause increases according to the grade from second to sixth. The difference of orthographic and morphological error rate was most significant(p<0.001) between fourth and sixth grades. The difference of the frequency of four embedded clause types was most significant(p<0.001), especially adverbial clause, and remarkable between second and fourth grades. These results suggest that, in the completed writing, the syntactical ability such as embedded clause use are stabilized earlier than the grammatical skills such as word spacing and spelling rules. Furthermore, the adverbial clause can be an index predicting the syntactic development of school age children. (Woosong University)

Yun, Gwanhi. 2015. English L2 Speakers’ Processing of Morphologically Simplex and Suffixed Words Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 40-3, 423-448. Recent studies on morphological processing have shown that morphologically complex words such as class II affixed words or regular inflected words are processed by decomposition whereas class I affixed words and irregular inflected words are processed as whole-word units. The present study aims at exploring whether such patterns found for native speakers of English emerge differently in accordance with L2 proficiency. First, the results attained for intermediate proficiency learners show that complex words benefit from more processing efficiency than simplex words, derivational words cost more difficulty processing than inflected words for high-frequency condition, and class II suffixed words suffer heavier processing burden than class I suffixed words. Second, the results for advanced learner group show that simplex words are processed more efficiently than complex words, inflectional words are processed with more difficulty than derivational words in low-frequency words, and class II suffixed words pay more processing cost than class I suffixed words in high-frequency condition. These findings suggest that L2 processing mode for complex words is contingent on proficiency level and surface frequency is mediated in the processing. Furthermore, it is implied that though the extent of dual-route processing is not as strong as that of target language users, L2 learners seem to be under progress towards dual-route processing as the growth of proficiency. (Daegu University)

Yoon, Junghyoe, Shin, Eun Young, & Chung, Taegoo. 2015. Formality and Syntactic Dependency in the L2 Acquisition of Preposition Stranding and Pied-piping by Korean College EFL Learners. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 449-472. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the acquisition of preposition stranding (PS) and preposition pied-piping (PP) in relative clauses by Korean learners of English. These alternating constructions have been reported to be restricted by the level of formality and the syntactic dependency of a prepositional phrase on the predicate verb (Hoffman 2005; Ko 2009). The current study investigates whether the Korean EFL learners can recognize formality and dependency and appropriately use the alternating patterns compared to native English speakers. The findings of the present study showed that the learners' grammatical and pragmatic knowledge was not complete in that they failed to associate syntactic dependency with obligatory stranding or pied-piping constructions and their pragmatic sensitivity to formality was not always mapped onto a proper structure. (Korea University)

Lee, Sechang. 2015. Phonological Alternations in Suppletive Allomorphs of Korean Noun Particles. Korean Journal of Linguistics 40.3, 473-490. This paper aims to provide a unified explanation of Korean allomorph alternations when particles are attached to nouns. Lee(2008, 2010) takes a default position that a phonologically simple allomorph is preferred when phonological markedness constraints are not crucial in selecting the optimal output. His expansion of this line of argument led to the adoption of Local Conjunction, which is known to undermine strict domination, a core principle of OT. Evidently, there is something going on here that must be remedied. I take a basic position that a phonologically more complex allomorph is preferred, exactly the opposite of what Lee claims. I also propose a revised version of the Onset Constraint in the sense of Prince and Smolensky(1993). I claim that the unmarked status of a linguistic form should be captured in the process of syllabification and create a couple of new constraints. I argue that the new constraint is more inclusive than the old one in the overall scope of application, proving that the Local Conjunction is an unnecessary apparatus. In a nutshell, the central advantage of a solution of allomorph alternations along these lines is that it enables us to maintain a single ranking of constraints, dispensing with any additional stipulations, which is a basic tenet of standard OT. (Sookmyung Women’s University)

Lee, Juhee, Koonhyuk Byun & Sang-Cheol Ahn. 2015. Loanword Adaptation of Russian Obstruents in Korean. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 491-510. This paper examines the loanword adaptation pattern of Russian obsturents in Korean. We observe the loan adaptation patterns of Russian in the Seonbong newspaper (published between 1922 and 1937) in Yeonhaeju (Primorskij Kraj). Based on the collected data, we first provide an extensive analysis on the loan adaptation of Russian obstruents into Korean and show the general loan adaptation pattern. We then focus on the adaptation pattern of the Russian /v/ showing the <p>~<ph>~<w> alternation. To investigate the mysterious variation, we conduct a perception test with 24 real Russian words in various phonological environments. The experimental result indicates that the variation is sensitive to the syllable position. Moreover, it resolves earlier controversy on the nature of the Russian /v/ (Avanesov 1956, Hayes 1984, Padgett 2002), showing that the Russian /v/ is phonetically [+sonorant]. (Kyung Hee University, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, North-Eastern Federal University)

Jung, Yeun-Jin. 2015. Subjacency Revisited: Is It Real or a Reflex of Performance Biases? Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40.3, 511-542. In the studies of wh-in-situ in Korean/Japanese, grammaticality judgments over wh-island constructions have been notoriously unstable, variable, and even chaotic. For this prevailing controversy over the Subjacency issue, Kitagawa (2005) claims that the alleged Subjacency effect reported for wh-island constructions in Japanese is a “pseudo-grammatical” phenomenon; that native speakers’ preference over the subordinate wh-scope interpretation in wh-island constructions is a reflection of native speakers’ performance-related biases imposed on the perception and production of wh-questions. In this paper I will argue that Subjacency does exist as a real (i.e., formal) syntactic constraint, serving as a pivotal condition on ruling out illegitimate wh-questions in the narrow syntax; that the confusion and chaos in the judgment of Korean/Japanese wh-island constructions stem from the sound-meaning mismatch in the interpretation of wh-questions at the SM interface, which is the locus of linguistic variation in detectable forms. In so doing, I will show how Jung’s (2015) alternative analysis of wh-constructions can capture the precise nature of wh-licensing and Subjacency controversy in wh-in-situ languages like Korean/Japanese. (Dongeui University)

Chae, Hee-Rahk. 2015. A Comprehensive Syntactic Analysis of Korean [... V ... V] Expressions I: Auxiliary Predicate Constructions and Case Alternation. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 543-578. This paper is an attempt to achieve the goal of providing a comprehensive analysis of Korean [... V1 ... V2] expressions. Under the assumption that these expressions can be divided into auxiliary predicate constructions (APCs), converb/adverbial constructions and idiomatic constructions, we focus on the analysis of APCs in this paper. APCs are distinguished from the others in that the auxiliary predicate V2 takes a VP/S in which V1 occurs as its complement. In typical APCs, the unit containing V1 is a VP, and V1 and V2 share their subject (i.e., their subjects are the same). There are other (non-typical) types of APCs. In some APCs, V2 takes an S (rather than a VP) as its complement and, hence, the two Vs do not share their subject. In other APCs, V2 triggers case alternation in some complements of V1. In addition, different types of V2s (i.e., auxiliary predicates) can occur sequentially and their interactions show interesting phenomena, including complex patterns of case alternation. Despite the large quantity of previous studies, they fail to provide a systematic account of these phenomena. In this paper, under the spirit of mono-stratal approaches, it will be shown that the properties of individual V2s and their interactions can be accounted for effectively with reference to the subcategorization frames of the V2s involved. We do not employ any other mechanisms only for APCs. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

Hong, Dal Oh. 2015. A Cognitive Lingustic Study of the Network Characteristic of ‘Sigan + Predicative’ Metaphors Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-3, 579-599. This study analyzed the network pattern of ‘sigan + predicative’ metaphors using network analysis tool Pajek. For this study, first, the frequency of predicatives combined with Sino.Korean word ‘sigan (時間: time)’ was extracted from daily metaphors, and it was visualized using the network program. In time metaphors of everyday language, the top 20 expressions occupied over 80% of the total frequency. When this was represented in network, the pattern showed powerful centrality. This is probably because the time perception of the words restricts possible expressions severely. Such a characteristic of time metaphors in everyday language is even clearer when they are compared with literary time metaphors. The same expressions observed in daily metaphors are used actively in literary metaphors, but there are various other literary expressions, though occurring at very low infrequency, which are not used at all in everyday language. Literary metaphors show both centrality and eccentricity at the same time. This is because authors are influenced by the powerful cognitive norms of daily metaphors but try to avoid the influence intentionally. Next, this study examined the network structure of ‘sewol (歲月: time) + predicative’ and ‘ddae (time) + predicative,’ which are in a synonymic relation with ‘sigan + predicative’ metaphor. Using program Pajek, we can get a view of the entire network because expressions are networked in the concept of distance according to the frequency of occurrence of metaphors. According to the results of analysis, ‘sigan,’ ‘sewol,’ and ‘ddae’ have source domains that are ‘moving objects’ by nature. ‘Sigan’ has a more extensive source domain than the other two, and its use is active. [+ historical situation] is found only with ‘sewol.’ Accordingly, ‘sewol’ is combined with a psychological adjective. Different from ‘sigan’ and ‘sewol,’ ‘ddae’ indicates [+ length]. In addition, one of its remarkable characteristics is that it has the meaning of [+ opportunity]. When the Jaccard similarity of the three metaphors were examined, the synonymy between ‘sigan’ and ‘sewol’ was higher than that between ‘sigan’ and ‘ddae’ or between ‘ddae’ and ‘sewol.’ (Chung-Ang University)