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Kang, Sang-gu. 2013. Disjunction and the Distinction of Also and Even. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 225-238. The standard approach to also and even as additive or inclusive focus particles is reconsidered. Given their striking behavioral differences within disjunctive coordination, it is argued that the two focus particles don’t form a natural class. Under the assumption that disjuncts coordinated with or represent independent potentialities, thereby not allowing the information of the second disjunct to be added to that of the first disjunct, the common occurrence of even within second disjuncts contrasts clearly with the overall unacceptability of also within second disjuncts. This strongly suggests that even does not trigger the existential presupposition, and therefore necessitates a new typology of focus particles. (Seoul National University)

Kang, Sang-Gu & Lee, Miseon. 2013. Lexical Diversity and Functional Categories in English Attrition of Korean Returnee Children. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 239-258. A longitudinal study of two Korean sisters who returned to Korea after living in the U.S. for two years shows how English attrition can affect their active vocabulary and use of functional categories. A story-telling task was used to collect data from these children for more than three years. The pace, the selective nature, and the pattern of change involving the attrition process were examined. The results show that the lexical diversity of both children decreased consistently over three years since their return to Korea while the accuracy of functional category use declined only in the younger sister's data, with IP affected earlier than DP. The different attrition patterns of lexical diversity and functional categories suggest that language attrition may be a complex process exposing diverse changing patterns of selective linguistic aspects occurring at a distinct pace. (Korea University & Hanyang University)

Kang, Eungyeong. 2013. Name Truncation in Korean. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 259-278. This paper analyzes name truncation in Korean. First, I present name truncation patterns in Korean. In addition to hypocoristic formation such as [ho] ~ [ho-ja] from /kim toŋ ho/, I provide two additional possible truncated name patterns: [kim.toŋ] and [kim.ho]. They are often heard from school children and teenagers at school. Second, I provide an optimality-theoretic analysis of name truncation patterns in Korean. I argue that name truncation patterns in Korean provide evidence for the symmetrical nature of edges. Different name truncation patterns in Korean and their analysis provide the cases in which the right edge of a constituent plays an equally important or even more important role than the left edge contra the proposals for the prominence of the left edge in truncation and in phonology and morphology in general. (Sangmyung University)

Kim, Ki-tae. 2013. Macrolinguistically Specified References to Biomedicine in Korean Oriental Medical Discourse: Forms and Distributions. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 279-303. This paper explores various forms of the linguistically unmarked references to biomedicine in Korean Oriental medical discourse with the certainty of marked expressions. First, it identifies such intertextual references as the macrolinguistically specified. Then, it examines a range of such forms and their distributions in naturally-occurring audio-taped consultations between Oriental doctors and their patients. The analyzed forms include references to biomedical specializations, specialists, facilities, medications, diagnostic codes, and tests and procedures that are otherwise unmarked, but macrolinguistically unambiguous. Their distributions are also examined even though the small sample size leads to mostly qualitative investigation. (Keimyung University)

Kim, Ilkyu. 2013. On Blocking Effects in Chinese: Syntactic, Pragmatic, or Both?. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 305-325. Chinese shows an interesting phenomenon, called blocking effects, according to which, long-distance binding of a reflexive is possible only in case all antecedents agree in person. Most previous studies provide syntactic accounts of blocking effects mainly based on agreement. The purpose of this paper is to show that the nature of blocking effects is purely pragmatic. Three main pieces of evidence for the pragmatic nature of blocking effects are 1) that there exist various counter-examples to previous syntactic analyses of blocking effects, 2) that pragmatic accounts of peculiarities of ba- and bei- constructions in terms of blocking effects are superior to previous syntactic accounts, and 3) that blocking effects can be overridden by discourse contexts. (Yale University)

Park, Haeil. 2013. Neural Evidence for Speech Perception Mirroring Speech Production. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 327-343. The primary objective of the present study is to explore the relationship between speech perception and production by investigating how differently pseudoword stimuli are perceived and produced in the brain using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) technology. Specifically, this study was designed to test if either the Motor Theory or auditory theories of speech perception are valid by determining whether or not the motor-related areas critical for expressive language (e.g. the premotor cortex) are activated during a passive listening task. More of the premotor cortex was involved not only in the perception of pseudoword stimuli but also in the production of the same stimuli. The data show that receptive language is based on articulatory gestures rather than auditory sounds per se, supporting the Motor Theory of speech perception. Additionally, the results of this study identified articulatory-phonological brain network linked to speech production that consists of the premotor cortex (BA 6), the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and the superior frontal gyrus (BA 9). (Myongji University)

Suh, Ji-Hye, Jun, Jongsup, & Lee, Sun-Young. 2013. English-Speaking Children’s Acquisition of Comparatives: Based on the Data from the CHILDES Database. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 345-366. This study investigated English-speaking children’s acquisition of comparatives based on the CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System) Corpus. The type- and token-frequency and the type-per-token ratio (TTR) were calculated and compared on the two forms of English comparatives: ‘more + Adjective’ and ‘Adjective+-er’ to examine their developmental order and overgeneralization patterns. A total of 3,712 morphologically-tagged files of children of ages from one to seven were analyzed including 1,726,002-word USA files and 753,225-word UK files. The results of this corpus analysis showed that children started using 'Adjective+-er' at age one, and 'more + Adjective' at age two. The overgeneralization errors were also found at ages from two to six. Children made overgeneralization errors for both types (e.g., *gooder, *more big) with occurrences of double marking errors (e.g., *more bigger). American and British children showed different overgeneralization patterns, which was interpreted as an indication of input effects on children’s acquisition of comparatives. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies & Cyber Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

Son, Minjung. 2013. Gestural Reduction of Lateral Approximant /l/ in Triconsonantal Environments in Korean. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 367-396. This study examine what kinematic characteristics a Korean lateral /l/ demonstrates in a triconsonantal context (/jəlp+ta/) in comparison with biconsonantal (/jəl+ta/). Unlike other previous studies, we did not observed any single instance of deleting /l/ in the triconsoanntal sequence. Nevertheless, it was obvious that speakers had a lateral /l/ in the /lp+t/ sequences reduced. Looking at data pooled across subjects, there was a main effect of Cluster type (/lp+t/ vs. /l+t/) on five variables (i.e., the peak velocity, movement duration, acceleration duration, displacement, and constriction duration) while it was not so on five variables (i.e., the constriction maxima, transconsonantal duration, horizontal tongue tip position at the time point aligned with the left and right edges of the vertical tongue tip gesture, and horizontal tongue tip travel distance). Regardless of the results from data pooled across subjects, there was inter-speaker variability, consistently being indicative of gestural reduction, if there was any, for triconsonantal /lp+t/ sequences. Based on the results, two issues pertinent to gestural reduction of /l/ were discussed. First, we found that, for some speakers, there were close relationships among speech of articulator's movement, temporal duration, and spatial displacement (i.e., lower peak velocity - longer duration - greater displacement). The results, being distinct from stop effects in Korean, boundary effects or accentuation effects in American English, could be accounted for as we referred to a dynamics principle. We also observed coarticulatory effects of a lateral in the triconsonantal /lp+t/ sequences, whose articulation reflected more assimilatory articulation in the interaction with a labial /p/. This was interpreted as another indication of gestural reduction. (Hannam University)

Ahn, Hee-Don & Cho, Sungeun. 2013. Notes on Apparent X0 Replacement of Pro. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 397-412. This paper aims to resolve the puzzle that certain interpretations are systematically missing in null argument constructions related to multiple case marking. According to Ahn & Cho (2012a,b), the interpretations cannot be obtained because pro cannot replace X0 category. An (2012, 2013), by contrast, suggests that apparent NP ellipsis in some multiple case constructions involves pronominalization. In this paper, we suggest that apparent instances of X0 replacement of pro as observed in An (2012, 2013) indeed involve XP replacement. (Konkuk University & Yeungnam University)

Yoon, Soyeon. 2013. The Korean Serial Verb Construction “V1 -eta V2.” Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 413-449. This study examines syntactic behaviors of the construction [V1 -eta V2] in Korean. In this construction, two verbs are combined by the connective morpheme, -eta. However, this construction has not been studied as much as other similar constructions, such as [V1 -e V2] and [V1 -ko V2]. This study shows that [V1 -eta V2] has syntactic properties with which we can conclude it as a serial verb construction (SVC). Also, this construction can be divided into three types depending on its syntactic behaviors, as other Korean SVCs have more than one types. This study suggests we can discuss the SVCs in a language on the continuum between a biclausal construction and an SVC in strict sense. (Rice University)

Lee, Wooseung. 2013. No Internal Structure in pros: A Reply to Park (2012). Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 451-472. This paper concerns itself with the constructions with null arguments. Despite a recent insightful proposal by Park (2012), we argue that pros are always DPs with no internal structure. Specifically, even when pros are referring to just an NP (that is, a smaller constituent than a full DP whatever we call it) in a correlate expression in a previous discourse, they are DPs in terms of syntactic distribution and behave as such. Other than showing evidence against internal structure of pros, we present another novel set of examples and solidify our original position that both pros and deletion operation are significant components of grammar to explain zero realization of arguments in Korean. In so doing, we revisit Park’s (2012) proposal and then point out problems with the view of attributing various interpretations of null arguments to structural ambiguity of pros. Instead, we argue that pros do not have an internal structure. Under this view, several interpretive possibilities are argued to come from various grammatical mechanisms available in the grammar. We argue that they include ellipsis followed by full or selective feature copying and pros with or without a linguistic antecedent. Finally, we classify nominals into those that, when not realized on the surface, need be given deletion operation and those that need be taken as an invisible counterpart of an overt pronoun, that is, a pro. In particular, zero realization of DPs with indefinite reference and elements lacking independent reference is explained by deletion followed by LF copying for the recovery of their contents. (Konkuk University)

Ha, Seungwan. 2013. Nominal Ellipsis with Focus Remnants. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 473-492. In this paper, I argue that nominal ellipsis with focus remnants forms a natural class with pseudogapping, in that both constructions involve the focus head bearing the [E] feature, licensing deletion of its sister XP. At first glance, they seem to show different syntactic distributions; nominal ellipsis exhibits multiple remnants which pseudogapping resists. I argue that the difference is just apparent; they involve exactly the same derivation, in that only one constituent may raise to the derived DP/TP-internal focus position. The focus remnant raises to SpecFocP, and the focus head bears the [E] feature licensing NP-ellipsis. I also argue that the DP-internal focus position is flexible in English, as opposed to the previous literature which fixes the focus position between DP and the highest AdjP. The empirical evidence comes from the ordering of various classes of adjectives in DP. Contrastive focus triggers focus preposing of an adjective, resulting in the re-ordering of adjectives. This implies that the focus head can be posited anywhere in the DP-internal position in English. (Kyungpook National University)

Han, Jeong-Im. 2013. Testing the Influence of Different Use of L1 Acoustic Cues between Two Age Group Speakers on the Acquisition of L2 Stops. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-2, 493-517. The present study investigated the production and perception of voiced vs. voiceless contrast of English stops by two age groups of Korean learners. The issue addressed in this study was whether young and older Korean speakers differ in the way they produce and perceive the English stops. Given recent diachronic change from VOT to onset F0 as a primary cue to the Korean initial stops, though VOT is employed primarily to distinguish the English stops, it was explored whether young speakers make greater use of the onset F0 than old speakers to signal the English stops in word-initial position. This was to test whether relative importance of specific acoustic properties in the native language affects the extent to which those acoustic properties are used in the production and perception of a target language contrast. The results showed that in both production and perception, both young and older speakers depended primarily on VOT to distinguish the English stops, and onset F0 was employed redundantly. Two possible explanations for this result were put forth based on the characteristics of the speakers and listeners: both age group speakers might acquire already how to use acoustic cues to the English laryngeal contrast; or the ongoing change in the use of acoustic cues for Korean laryngeal contrast might not be clearly shown in the two age group speakers in the present study. (Konkuk University)