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Kwon, Young-Kook & Moon, Grace Ge-Soon. 2014. Notes on Trisyllabic Shortening in Early English. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 701-717. The status of Trisyllabic Shortening or TRISH has been solid as a phonological process in historical phonology of late Old English and early Middle English since Luick (1921), who asserted that analogical leveling based on trisyllabic shortening was required to account for the exceptions to Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening or MEOSL. Minkova (1982) and Minkova and Stockwell (1996) have claimed, however, that MEOSL must be regarded as compensatory lengthening due to the loss of schwa in word-final position and that there is no place for TRISH in the quantity adjustment processes in early English. In line with Minkova (1982), Bermúdez-Otero (1998) has proposed an Optimality-theoretic analysis of MEOSL and criticized the role of analogical leveling and in particular that of TRISH in the account of alternations within the inflectional paradigms of nouns in early English. The aims of the current paper are twofold: we will review the arguments of both sides over TRISH in phonological literature of early English; adopting Lahiri and Fikkert’s (1999) view that TRISH, interacting with MEOSL, played a crucial role as a prosodic constraint in the phonology of early English, we will propose a unified constraint system within Optimality that can account for MEOSL and TRISH. (Dongduk Women's University)

Kim, Dae-Young. 2014. Communication, Argumentation and Relevance. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 719-748. The purpose of this paper is to argue that a theory of argumentation can be incorporated into a theory of communication (i.e. Relevance Theory). Whereas argumentation is the process of justifying something in an organized or a logical way, which is composed of one or more claims and shows one or more grounds for maintaining them, communication is sharing communicators’ intentions. A speaker’s conveying of his intention to hearer is to create an effect in the hearer’s mind. Two pragmatic theories, Relevance Theory (henceforth RT) and argumentation theory (henceforth AT) are involved in this approach, which is based on the position that communication is always accompanied with argumentation. However, RT has been more focused on explaining how the utterance is interpreted by the hearer, not how argumentation is performed. For this reason, this approach presented here argues for the needs to extend the scope of RT’s application. This integrated approach within a single principle of relevance ultimately contributes to pursuing a more economic and coherent explanation of argumentation. (Jeonju University)

Kim, Haeyeon. 2014. A Corpus-Linguistic Analysis of the Meanings and Uses of the Basic Color Terms and Their Derivatives in a Korean Written Corpus. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 749-771. Since Berlin & Kay(1969)’s study on basic color terms, a great amount of research on color terms have been carried out in anthropology, linguistics, cultural studies, and so on. In line of this research, the present study examines meanings and uses of the basic color terms and their derivatives through an analysis of Korean written corpus. Adopting the claim that basic color terms are black, white, red, yellow, and blue/green, this research examines the frequency rates, co-occurrence relations, collocation patterns, and extended meanings of the basic color terms and their derivatives in Korean. First, Korean is characterized by displaying subtle shades of meanings, using vowel-harmony based derivatives of the basic color terms. Second, examination shows that in Korean color terms are dominantly used attributively though they can also be used predicatively. Third, almost color terms used to modify concrete nouns in most cases, rather than abstract nouns. Fourth, basic color terms and their derivatives have specific collocation patterns, resulting in some limited fixed idiomatic expressions. Fifth, certain color terms can co-occur with specific abstract nouns, displaying metaphorically extended meanings, but with relatively limited use of metaphorical meanings of the color terms. Finally, this research shows that a text-based analysis of Korean color terms is one of the fruitful methods in exploring meanings and uses of certain types of words in lexical semantics. (Chung-Ang University)

Park, So-Young, 2014. Verb Serialization in Korean and the Interface of Syntax and Morphology. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 773-795. This paper presents a syntactic analysis of two types of verb serialization structures in Korean: compound and serial verbs. Compound and serial verb constructions have syntactic structures in common where the second verbs take the first verb phrases as complement. Those verb serialization constructions semantically represent one event by involving only one v projection, the locus for the existence of a grammatical event. But compound verbs are distinct from serial verbs in that the former involve incorporation while the latter lack this process. Idiomatic interpretations of compound verbs correlate to their local syntactic structures, which thus form a single unit of semantic search at the Conceptual Interface. This paper supports the approach of Distributed Morphology, which argues for word-formation in the syntax. (Pusan National University)

Song, Myounghyoun & Lee, Chungmin. 2014. CF-reduplication in English: Dynamic Prototypes and Contrasive Focus Effects. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 797-818. CF-reduplications refer to three different levels of a category: the prototype of a category, the subcategories in a category or a category itself. The CF-marked modifier receives the intension of a base word and produces a contingently determined denotation of CF-reduplications, on the basis of dynamic prototypes in the minds of speakers. The Contrastive Focus exhaustively selects the denotation of the CF-reduplications out of immediately relevant alternatives given in the discourse with the exclusive implication that only the denotation of the reduplicated expression is intended by speakers. CF-reduplications semantically have dynamically changing denotations and pragmatically facilitate the communication between speakers with contrastive focus effects. (Seoul National University)

Song, Jaemog. 2014. Evidential Suffix -ney in Korean: A Reply to Chung (2007, 2012). Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 819-850. This paper analyzes the sentence-terminal suffix –ney in Korean and argues that it is a direct evidential marker. It criticizes Chung (2007, 2012) which argues that –ney is a spatial deictic present tense marker. She proposes that the spatial deictic tense in Korean induces an evidential environment and that the evidentiality itself is determined by evidential markers such as -ass-, -keyss-, or ø which immediately precedes the spatial deictic tense. This paper looks at Chung (2007, 2012)'s proposals and refutes them. It claims that the seemingly counter-examples to the evidential assumption for –ney can be explained without relying on Chung(2007, 2012)'s proposals. Governing domain of evidential markers, multiple marking of evidentials, and a distinction of reported evidential and quotation construction help to understand these examples. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

Shim, Ji-Young. 2014. Null Subject in Obligatory Control. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 851-877. This article concerns the nature of the empty category in Korean obligatory control (OC) in comparison with OC null subject in English. It demonstrates that the syntactic distribution of the null subject in Korean OC is not the same as that of the null subject in English OC, with respect to standard diagnostics for OC PRO, such as uniqueness of the overt antecedent, locality, and c-command. The variation in the null subject in Korean OC poses several problems to purely structural approaches, such as the Movement Theory of Control (e.g., Hornstein 1999) and the PRO analysis of Control (e.g., Landau 2000). Alternatively, this paper proposes that Korean OC null subjects are a subclass of pro with specific restrictions on occurrence, based on the fact that the syntactic distribution of OC null subjects is indistinguishable from that of null and overt reflexive and pronoun subjects in a non-control complement clause; moreover, the OC effect is created not by a distinct structure, but by an intricate array of heterogeneous factors, such as morphological cues, the semantics of a verb and certain discourse conditions. Adopting recently developed discussions on null subject (cf. Holmberg et al. 2009; Phimsawat 2011; Holmberg & Robert 2013), this paper attempts to offer a unified analysis of different types of Korean null subject by reducing OC null subject to the very same empty category, pro. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

An, Young-ran. 2014. The Syllable Contact in C Insertion Revisited. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 879-897. There may be a myriad of factors affecting the choice behavior, given many potentially possible consonants to be inserted in a certain position, like the onset of a reduplicant in a form of VCVC-CVCVC. Inter alia, this paper picks up the matter of local relationship, focusing particularly on a consonant preceding the segment to be inserted. It was previously found that the neighboring consonants on the border of syllables respect the constraint of syllable contact, in terms of sonority profile. This paper expands on this idea and provides a microscopic analysis on the data in point, arguing that seemingly SYLLCON violating cases turn out not to be the true instances of violation. (Korea Christian University)

Um, Hong Joon. 2014. A Study of the Properties of Korean Reflexive 'Caki'. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 899-919. The purpose of this paper is to identify the properties of Korean reflexive 'caki', adopting Chomsky's (1981, 1986) Binding Theory and Reinhart & Reuland's (1993) Binding Condition. Korean reflexive 'caki', unlike reflexives of other languages, e.g., English himself, can be used variously: it functions as a long distance bound anaphor, a locally bound anaphor and a variable (bound by quantifiers). Since the pronoun can be long distance bound and bound by quantifiers, Choi (2014) argues that Korean reflexive 'caki' is a bound variable pronoun. However, if it is the pronoun, it violates Principle B of Chomsky's (1981, 1986) Binding Theory and Reinhart & Reuland's (1993) Binding Condition. Futhermore, in VP ellipsis constructions, 'caki' requires only sloppy readings which means that 'caki' is a bound anaphor, according to Cole, Herman & Huang (2006). Therefore, this paper claims that it cannot be a bound variable pronoun, but a bound variable anaphor. Lastly, it is proven, again, that the null argument in Korean cannot be properly explained by Pro analysis using the theories. (Keimyung University)

Yoo, Eun-Jung. 2014. A Base-generated Approach to Why-Stripping in English. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 921-943. Recently, Yoshida et al. (2014) propose a movement-plus-ellipsis analysis of the Why-Stripping construction with base-generation of why in the clause initial position. While agreeing with the idea of base-generated why in this construction, this paper argues that Yoshida et al. have a number of limitations, especially with respect to the clausal ellipsis requirement and the analysis of Stripping constructions with other adverbials. In this paper, a non-movement, non-ellipsis based analysis of the construction will be proposed on the basis of Ginzburg & Sag’s (2000) approach to fragment clauses. By incorporating Minimal Recursion Semantics representations, this paper also provides an account of question interpretations, focus-sensitive readings, and scope relations in why and other adverbial Stripping constructions. (Seoul National University)

Lee, Eun-Ji. 2014. Ergativity in Korean. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 945-969. In this paper I investigate the ergativity in Korean. I argue that the nal-li- type verb is the ergative verb, claiming that the causative suffix is the same as the passive suffix in Korean. The agent can never be the subject of an ergative verb. The differences between Korean ergative verbs and English ones are i) that the former have the (passive) suffixes, whereas the latter have no suffixes at all; ii) the causer can show up overtly with the former, whereas it cannot with the latter. Next, I argue that nal- type verbs are middle verbs, showing that they are very similar to nal-li- type ergative verbs in nature so that the former can be an alternative if the latter are not available. The causer is less likely to show up with the middle verb than the ergative verb, given that the former has no passive suffix added. The nal- type middle verb in Korean is quite different from that in English in i) that it does not describe a property of its subject; ii) it does not need a modifier nor allow only the present tense. Finally I investigate the matter of derivation in ergative constructions, concluding that the ergative/middle constructions are not derived from the causative, or vice versa, with the supporting evidence that the nal-li- type causative and ergative/passive constructions in Korean derived from nal- type middle constructions (or some transitive constructions). (Sehan University)

Lim, Jiryong. 2014. Aspects of Semantic Extension of ‘chakhata’ and Its Senses. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 971-996. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the aspects of semantic extension and senses of the adjective 'chakhata''. The main results are as follows. First, the basic definition of ‘chakhata’ refers to 'a person or attitude/behavior that is correct, right, and merciful.' When used with an inanimate object, it has affirmative aspects such as 'moral', 'behaving well', 'health-friendly', 'environment-friendly', 'learner-centered', ‘superior', 'economic', and 'aesthetic'. But when used about a person and an inanimate object, it can take on a negative aspect, such as 'depersonalized'. Second, the semantic extension of ‘chakhata'’ can be best captured by the usage-based model and explained by the semantic network and meaning chain model. The direction of semantic extension is: (i) ‘person→ animal→ plant→ inanimate object’ in the basic meaning category; and (ii) ‘behaving well’→ ’moral‘→ ’learner-centered‘→ ’health-friendly’→ ’environment- friendly‘→ 'superior'→ ’economic‘→ ’aesthetic‘→ ’depersonalized’ in the extended meaning model. Semantic extension is peculiar in that various types form polysemous words, while their reception aspects differ according to generation. Oxymoronic collocation and negative meaning of ‘chakhan+noun’ are conspicuous. Lastly, because semantic extension of ‘chakhata’’ is very active and entrenched in terms of the extent and frequency of its usage, it is suggested that its polysemous senses and usage information should be listed in dictionaries. (Kyungpook National University)

Chung, So-Woo. 2014. A Corpus-based Analysis of the Frequency and Text Coverage of Coxhead (2000)’s Academic Words in Research Articles on English Education. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 997-1019. The purpose of this paper is two-fold: 1) to examine whether the vocabulary size of a text or its topic affects the overall text coverage of AWL words, and 2) to analyze the frequency and text coverage of AWL words in research articles on English education written in English by Koreans. Using a concordance program, Antconc, this paper found that the number of AWL words occurring in a text may increase in proportion to its vocabulary size, but the overall AWL text coverage does not. It showed that the text coverage of the AWL words accounted for around 11.83% in 55 research articles on English education written by Koreans and published in Korea, which was a little bit higher than the coverage ratio of 11.49% observed in the data of 33 research articles on teaching English as a foreign language, published in England and the USA. But, it was much higher, by around 2.31%, than the coverage ratio of 9.52% in the data of 20 research articles on teaching English as a mother tongue that were published in the USA. It also revealed that, in research articles on teaching English as a foreign language published in Korea, England and the USA, the AWL text coverage was a little bit higher in the abstract, introduction and conclusion sections than in the methods and results sections. It further identified 45 word families which are not included in West’s General Service List and Coxhead’s AWL, but whose average frequency is higher than that of the word families in those two lists. (Sungshin Women’s University)

Cho, Chae-hyung. 2014. A Study on Comparing basic meaning of ‘-e(에)’ with ‘-eseo(에서)’. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 1021-1041. This paper is for study the relationship between ‘-e(에)’and ‘-eseo(에서)’with comparing their basic meanings. Since in this way, the functions of the Case markers are discussed within the functions of Case, there are a lot of studies in which the Case Markers' functions are mixed with the Case functions. Especially because Korean Adverbial Case Markers have various forms and functions, their systems are not easy to catch with accuracy. Accordingly, many attempts are made to analyze the various functions of the meanings of the Adverbial Case Markers. Most of the works, unfortunately, show the limitation on the meaning function analyses of the Adverbial Case Markers. In order to solve these problems, First, we prove that Case markers not only function as Case-marking but have their own meanings with various examples from a synchronic perspective. At the next step, applying Metaphor and Localism in Cognitive grammar, we deduce its abstract meanings from various meanings of ‘-e(에)’ and derive its semantic feature, ‘[+surface, -empty, -movement]’. We also apply the same principle to ‘-eseo(에서)’and establish its semantic feature as ‘[-surface, +empty, +movement]’. (Chonnam National University)