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Kim, Dae-Young. 2013. Analysing Connection of Metaphor and Irony in Advertisements. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 519-546. Within a pragmatic perspective (i.e. the Relevance Theoretical approach), this paper aims to examine and analyse a case of interactions by metaphor and irony, which I call connection. Whereas metaphor occurs at the conceptual level and relies on the inference from the similarity between two different entities or experiences (Lakoff and Johnson 1980), irony is elicited by the speaker's mentioning or copying another's statement and rejecting or dissociating himself from the opinion or the thought communicated by that statement (Sperber and Wilson 1981, 1995). This difference between metaphor and irony has made most previous pragmatic studies treat them in a separate way. However, sometimes metaphor and irony come together particularly in advertisements. One way in which metaphor and irony can do so is that they are explicitly or implicitly connected by a connective (e.g. but) and collaborate with each other, in order to achieve successful communication. (University of Sussex)

Kim, Yong-Myeong. 2013. An IP-related Morphological Developmental Sequence (IMDS). Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 547-567. The purpose of this study is to explore our research question: How can we capture the degrees of morphological complexity in IP-related structures by what mechanism? As a possible answer to this question, it proposes an IP-related morphological developmental sequence (IMDS) in terms of the associations of the unificational mechanism (UM) (Kim, 2006b) and the Split-IP hypothesis (Haegeman & Guéron, 1999) and the Split-AuxP hypothesis (Radford, 2004). The IMDS follows an implicational scale of Underspecified IP—(ModP—AuxP*)—TP—AgrP—ForP stage, on each stage of which the uniqueness condition (UC) applies to the domain of the [UIP...], the [ModP…], the [AuxP…], the [TP...], the [AgrP...], and the [ForP…] sequentially in terms of the UM, on each domain of which feature unification takes place, and hence modal systems, aspect systems, and aux systems are realized by interacting the locality condition (LC) with the Split-IP and the Split-AuxP hypothesis. Finally, it shows that feature unification processes on each stage of the IMDS will be examined on the interlanguage data from sequence-based SLA research by drawing on morphological gaps between the triggering force and the triggering cue. (Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation)

Kim, Jieun. 2013. Quantification in Korean Exceptive Constructions: Focusing on 'Oyey' and '-Pakkey'. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 569-584. Korean has two types of lexical items that compose exceptive constructions. One is called -pakkey, which consists of a sino-Korean word 'pakk' meaning 'outside', and the other one consists of pakk’s corresponding Chinese character called oi and particle -ey. I will call each construction -pakkey exceptive construction and oiey exceptive construction respectively. These two exhibit interesting differences. In this squib, I will propose semantics for each exceptive constructions as quantifying their related NPs and will show how this quantification process explicates the way the NPs are related to the predicates. Their primary semantic differences are proposed to appear in two aspects. First, while oiey introduces an existential quantifier in its propositional meaning, -pakkey introduces a universal quantifier. Secondly, -oiey produces only a single proposition and -pakkey derives two propositions. We will study how these semantic differences explain the observed surface differences between the two exceptive constructions. (University of Ulsan)

Kim, Jinsook. 2013. Verbal Routines in a Blind Korean Child’s Language Acquisition. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 585-603. This study investigates the strategies that a blind child uses to learn language in the absence of visual input. For the last several decades, numerous studies on blind children’s language learning have reported that many blind children use formulaic expressions and verbal routines in their speech; these expressions are composed of several unanalyzed chunks and are used as whole utterances. In this study, the data were collected from one visually impaired Korean child between 24 and 30 months. The child was audio- and video-recorded, and all data were transcribed. The Korean blind child used many verbal routines and formulaic expressions. The results support the ‘use first, analyze later’ strategy (Peters, 1987) in that the child used verbal routines creatively in different conversational contexts and became aware of meaning and the usage of formulaic expressions. This study shows that blind children can be actively involved in their own language learning and that through verbal routines, they learn not only linguistic structures but also social interactions. (Sookmyung Women’s University)

Park, Myung-Kwan & Chung, Wonil. 2013. Processing of Conventional and Novel Conceptual Metaphors by Korean L2 Learners of English: An ERP Study. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 605-627. The processing of conventional and novel conceptual metaphorical sentences by Korean L2 learners of English were examined with event-related potentials (ERPs). The four experimental conditions adopted from Lai et al. (2009) were used in this study; two factors such as [familiar] and [interpretable] produced literal, conventional metaphoric, novel metaphoric, and anomalous sentences. In particular, conventional metaphors were constructed based on the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor and were familiar and readily interpretable. Novel metaphors were unfamiliar and harder to interpret. We compared ERPs elicited by the same target word that ends all the four conditions. Amplitudes of the N400 ERP component (280-400 ms) were more negative for conventional metaphors, novel metaphors, and anomalous sentences, compared with literal sentences. Within the late window (400-520 ms), ERPs associated with the first three conditions remained to be more negative than the last literal sentences. The results showed that Korean learners of English were able to differentiate conventional metaphors from literal sentences in the early window, but were not able to resolve conventional metaphors meaningfully in the late window. (Dongguk University)

Park, Sun Hee. 2013. A Study on the L2 Acquisition of Korean Case Marking. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 629-655. The study has investigated the acquisition of Korean case marking of L2 learners. Case attachment, case alteration and case stacking in verb complements and adjuncts, were sub-categorized into 6 types which provided the linguistic context to examine these interlanguage phenomena. 30 native speakers of Korean(NK), 30 L1 Chinese speakers of Korean(CK), and 30 L1 Japanese speakers of Korean(JK) were asked to indicate their grammatical judgment on diverse case marking. A series of independent t-tests on the grammatical judgment of the participants were conducted to examine whether there existed differences between ‘Native speakers vs. Learners’(RQ 1), and to examine whether there existed differences upon L2 learners’ L1(RQ 2). The results can be summarized as follows: (1) In most case marking types, there were significant differences between the grammatical judgment of L2 learners and that of their NK counterparts, except in the Adjunct type. And (2) there were not significant differences between the grammatical judgment of JK and that of CK except Case select type. Additional frequency analyses were conducted to investigate which case markings made major differences in the grammatical judgement of Korean native speakers and L2 learners. (Ewha Womans University)

Son, Gwangrak. 2013. On Wh-Focus. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 657-678. This paper provides evidence that wh-words and their answer counterparts in the response sentences are related with two foci, new-informational focus and contrastive focus (as opposed to the traditional view that these categories are only associated with contrastive/alternative focus). By combining this claim with Kratzer-Selkirk (2011, 2013) type of three-way-distinction of focus (contrastive focus, new-information focus, and givenness), this paper shows that the wh-words and their answer constituents pattern precisely the same way as other non-wh-related words in representing (pragmatic/semantic) information they carry in the sentence; they can all be contrastively- or informationally focused in their default positions, the choice of which being determined by whether they are intended to be exhaustive and/or how much pitch accent they carry. (Kyungpook National University)

Yoo, Ki-Yun & Kim, Soo-Yeon. 2013. Pragmatic Effect on Korean Speakers' Interpretations of English Reflexives, 38-3, 679-703. This study investigates Korean EFL speakers' interpretations of English reflexives, especially under pragmatically biased context, and questions how solidly second language (L2) speakers retain their structure-based decisions on the interpretations of reflexives in comparison to those of native speaker control groups. It reports the result of a forced-choice task experiment which examined whether there is any difference among two native control groups and two Korean EFL groups with different proficiency levels (a Korean EFL student group and a Korean EFL teacher group) with respect to their (un)steady states of grammars of reflexive resolutions. The data indicates that pragmatic manipulation that leave structural conditions intact can radically alter the judgments of reflexive interpretations of L2 speakers and even affect those of English native speakers to a certain degree. This implies the primary sources for reflexive resolutions vary depending on proficiency levels -i.e., from that of native speakers to those of two L2 groups. This difference can be attributed to L1 transfer effects in that Korean employs different strategies for reflexive resolutions which heavily rely on pragmatic information and discourse factors (Kim 2000, Huang 2000). The results also favor the Shallow Structure Hypothesis of Clashen and Felser (2006): L2 learners rely more heavily on semantic and pragmatic cues than on syntactic cues to interpretation of complex sentences. (Sejong University)

Lee, Doo-Won. 2013. Milestone for Null Pronominalization in the Ciman-Construction: A Reply to An (2013). Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 705-726. The marker nun attached to the relevant nominal in the subsequent clause of the ciman construction is not a plain topic one, but rather a contrastive topic one (Lee 2013a). This induces its contrastive counterpart to be retrieved out of the preceding clause. If the counterpart is identified and may be syntactically independent of its following nominal, the next step is that the nun-marked remnant allows null pronominalization. Beyond the multiple case marking construction (i.e., MCM) context, this may even be extended to the non-MCM context. The nominative- or accusative-marked genuine possessor or the adjunct, which can be replaced by the genitive-marked element, acts separately from its immediately following nominal in the sentence-level context, which induces the nun-marked remnant in the second clause to allow null pronominalization. This is also what the nun-marked goal in the subsequent clause of the ciman construction allowing the double accusative construction shows. As a result, the null pronominalization of the Minor Argument (i.e., null pronominalization of sonkalak-ul 'finger-ACC' in Tom-uy sonkalak-ul 'Tom-GEN finger-ACC' which is Minor Argument Pronominalization (i.e., MAP) in An's (2012a) term) in the MCM context and the other null pronominalization in the non-MCM context are both the same null argument phenomenon even though the former is involved in the nun-marked remnant's ownership of the Minor Argument. (Korea National University of Transportation)

Lee, Ponghyung. 2013. Quantification of the Impact of Borrowed Sounds and Neutralization on Korean Contrasts. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 727-749. This paper examines the validity of the conventional phonological idea that sounds that serve a contrastive function are phonemes. Above all, every phoneme is not equal in terms of phonological contrasts as evidenced by defective distributions. For this purpose, quantitative analyses of Korean relying on phonological entropy (uncertainty) are conducted, and the following are considered: word-initial laryngeal feature variation such as [s]~[sʼ], [t]~[tʼ], [tʰ]~[t], and [tʼ]~[tʰ], an imported consonant [f], the promotion from allophonic to partial-phonemic status of [ʃ], the quasi-merger of [e] and [ɛ], and syllable-final neutralization of alveolar obstruent consonants from six to three. The findings of our investigation are as follows: First, loanwords are apt to exert significant impact on the pattern of contrasts in a native language. Second, it is mandatory to view that contrasts between sounds in a language are constantly in flux. (Daejeon University)

Lee, Sechang. 2013. Voice Assimilation in English. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 751-770. My purpose in writing this article is to bring to light certain insight into the natural directionality of voice assimilation in English. All available evidence seems to converge to show that different boundaries accompanied by affixes in different levels are responsible for determining the direction of voice assimilation. The idea is essentially due to Lexical Phonology in the sense of Kiparsky(1982, 1985). But I provide a deeper understanding of the nature of the phenomena. Linguistic systems strive toward a state of equilibrium. I assume that the presence of either primary or secondary affixes breaks a certain balanced state of the system and triggers the voice assimilation to reach the equilibrium again. Two different types of affixes trigger either regressive or progressive assimilation in voice. There are some apparent exceptions to this generalization. I claim that those apparent exceptions are attributed to the absence of the boundaries in question, which is intuitively convincing. The fundamental features of my analysis will be compared tableau by tableau with those of Kang(2002). (Sookmyung Women’s University)

Chung, Young-Hee. 2013. Effects of EFL Learners' L1 Prosodic System on the Perception of L2 Stress. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 38-3, 771-787. This paper investigates the effect of L1 prosodic system on the perception of English stress by EFL learners. For the purpose, an English perception experiment is conducted on Chinese EFL learners. The results of the experiment on Chinese speakers are compared with those of two groups of Korean EFL learners, speakers of Standard Korean and speakers of the North Kyungsang dialect of Korean. The comparison reveals both cross-linguistic similarities and language-specific features. First, Chinese speakers rely heavily on pitch, rather than duration or intensity, when identifying English stress; Chinese speakers rely on pitch significantly more than Standard Korean speakers, while they show no significant difference from the speakers of the North Kyungsang dialect of Korean. Second, unlike speakers of Standard Korean or the North Kyungsang dialect of Korean, Chinese speakers exhibit tendency to associate contour tone, falling or rising, with stress. I argue that Chinese speakers' reliance on pitch and contour tones is an effect of the prosodic system of Chinese which uses tone extensively at the lexical level. (Sejong University)