Earticle

The present study aimed at finding out whether model essays have an impact on the development of complexity and fluency of L2 learners’ writing performance. In order to achieve this research aim, 25 students majoring various subjects were recruited from a university in Korea. The participants were asked to write argumentative essays and to underline on whatever they noticed while comparing their original texts with the model essays. The first and the last essays from each participant were selected, and different measures of complexity and fluency were employed in order to examine L2 writing improvement. The results showed that the model essays had an impact on the learners’ L2 writing performance in terms of syntactic complexity and fluency while no significant improvement occurred in lexical complexity. The findings indicate that while analysing model essays, L2 learners may be aware of various aspects of written language such as vocabulary and sentence structure. As being exposed to model essays as written feedback, learners may have more knowledge to create L2 texts through the process of noticing in L2 production.

This paper analyzes complexity of sentence structures in Korean and Japanese newspaper articles, from the perspective of readability. The analysis shows that Korean newspaper articles have more complex sentence structure than that of Japanese newspaper articles, particularly in the society section. Specifically, Korean articles use more verbs per sentence than Japanese articles.In translating newspaper articles from Korean into Japanese, therefore, translators may need to make a conscious efforts to increase the readability of their translation by selectively employing a strategy of simplifying sentence structure. This strategy also needs to be taught to students in graduate schools of interpretation and translation.

The purpose of this study is to suggest the possibility of complexity use these facilities for elderly welfare facility or public health facility and community center in rural. For this purpose this article researched into elderly welfare facilities, public health facilities and social welfare centers. And we studied of village community center, life pattern in old people in rural. With a rapidly increase in population of older people in rural, there is a great demand for the construction of complexes facilities. Particularly, there was highly demand for the public health facilities and the welfare programme of physiotherapy facilities on village community center in rural. However, there is not a intersection of space composition and specification function between elderly welfare facilities and public healthcare facilities and community welfare centers in this time. Accordingly, in the future plan for community center in rural, it is necessary to consider integration with public health facility. And it is necessary to compose the community center in consideration of the spatial organization of complexity as a possibility of community welfare activities.

경기조절 수단의 하나로 자주 이용되는 우리나라의 부동산 정책은 동태적 비일관성의 대표적인 사례에 해당된다. 준칙보다는 재량적 방편에 의존하는 부동산 조세정책은 경제주체가 정책을 불신하게 되는 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 본 논문은 적응적 신뢰시스템 모형을 이용하여 부동산 조세정책에 대해 갖는 경제주체, 즉 행위자의 신뢰가 부동산 시장에 미치는 복잡계 현상을 분석하였다. 정부정책에 대한 신뢰 정도에 따라 이질적인 행위자로 구분하여 분석한 결과, 정책의 동태적 비일관성으로 인해 시장에서 복잡계가 증대하는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 부동산 가격의 증가는 장기적으로 정책 비신뢰형 행위자의 비중을 증대시킴으로써, 정책 효과성을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다.

Dynamic inconsistency in government policy is one of forces creating policy failures by changing agents’ behavior to be inconsistent with the proposed policy. This paper shows that the property tax policy with dynamic inconsistency may cause complexity in housing market in terms of agents’ trust on government policy as well as market price. An adaptive belief system is employed in the paper considering heterogeneity of agents. The result implies that policy commitment in property tax is critically important to ease cyclical process of price and to improve agents’ beliefs which may cause boom and bust cycle in the housing market.

본 연구는 데이터 아트를 공공미술의 한 형태로 탐구하며, 시각적 추상성과 복잡성에 중점을 둔다. 최근 몇 년간 설치미술과 미디어아트 같은 뉴미디어 작품들이 공공공간과 건축물을 변화시키며, 도시 공간을 새로운 경험과 영감을 제공하는 장소로 변모시키고 있다. 그러나 데이터 아트를 공공미술로 활용하는 사례는 여전히 제한적이다. 데이터 아트는 방대한 데이터를 시각적으로 표현해 독특한 통찰을 제공하며, 다양한 표현을 통해 새로운 의미를 전달할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 실시간 기후 데이터를 통합한 데이터 아트는 중요한 메시지와 미적 경험을 동시에 가능하게 한다. 공공장소에 설치된 데이터 아트의 기술적 및 예술적 측면을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 데이터 아트의 추상성과 복잡성은 공공장소에서 시민들에게 몰입과 새로운 경험을 제공하며, 정신적 재충전을 가능하게 한다. 기하학 추상이나 추상표현주의 스타일로 표현되는 데이터 아트는 시각적 흥미를 유발하며, 작가의 설계에 따라 질서와 균형을 갖춘 복잡성으로 시민들에게 놀라움과 새로움을 제공한다. 다양한 원데이터를 실시간으로 시각화한 데이터 아트는 디지털 스크린이나 LED를 사용한 설치형 작품으로 제작되며, 건물 로비, 버스 정류장, 공원 등 다양한 장소에 설치되어 더 많은 사람이 일상에서 예술을 경험할 수 있도록 한다. 따라서 공공미술로서 데이터 아트는 그 추상성과 복잡성 덕분에 시민들에게 몰입과 정신적 환기를 제공하며, 시민들의 감성을 자극하고 열린 사고를 도모할 수 있다.

This study explores data art as a form of public art, focusing on visual abstraction and complexity. In recent years, new media works such as installation art and media art have transformed public spaces and architecture, turning urban areas into places that offer new experiences and inspiration beyond mere transit or commercial uses. However, the utilization of data art as public art remains limited. Data art visually represents vast amounts of data, providing unique insights and conveying new meanings through various forms. For instance, data art that integrates real-time climate data can offer both important messages and aesthetic experiences. The analysis of the technical and artistic aspects of data art installed in public spaces reveal the following: Data art’s abstraction and complexity provide citizens with immersive and novel experiences, enabling mental rejuvenation. Data art, expressed in geometric abstraction or abstract expressionist styles, captivates viewers and offers a balanced complexity designed by the artist, delivering surprise and newness. Utilizing diverse raw data and visualized in real-time, data art is created as installation pieces using digital screens or LEDs. These artworks are installed in various public places such as building lobbies, bus stops, and parks, allowing more people to experience art in their daily lives. Therefore, as public art, data art, with its abstraction and complexity, can engage citizens emotionally and promote open-minded thinking.

This study aims to investigate the impact of AI translation on undergraduate students' Russian writing and to explore ways to teach Russian writing using AI tools. This study examined the differences between texts written by learners themselves and texts generated using AI translation. Furthermore, it examined the differences in writing outcomes using AI translation depending on text genre. The analysis results are as follows: First, AI translation in Russian writing improves syntactic complexity regardless of text genre. Second, AI translation in Russian writing improves fluency regardless of text genre. Third, learners' approaches to AI translation differ depending on text genre. Fourth, AI translation does not improve grammatical accuracy in Russian writing. Fifth, AI translation does not improve vocabulary in Russian writing. Sixth, AI translation in Russian writing ismore effective in tasks involving more difficult text genres. Seventh, AI translation in Russian writing does not contribute to the completeness of the text.

This study investigates the effects of varying the duration of pre-task planning (30 seconds, 3 minutes, 5 minutes) and English language anxiety on speaking performance in a Computer-Based Test(CBT). The study involved 57 participants from a university in Korea, who completed speaking tasks under different planning conditions and completed an anxiety survey. The findings indicated that extended planning time notably enhances discourse quality, with significant improvements in accuracy observed after 5 minutes of planning. Additionally, a decrease in vocabulary usage was correlated with higher anxiety levels, particularly under the shortest planning time condition(30 seconds), suggesting that anxiety can harmfully impact performance, an effect reduced by longer planning duration. Lastly, it was also found that there was a significant trade-off relationship between accuracy and complexity during the 3-minute planning condition. The results suggest that providing extended planning time and incorporating anxiety-reducing strategies, especially for shorter planning durations, can enhance speaking performance. Additionally, adjusting planning time in test design can help balance accuracy and complexity in evaluating speaking skills.

The purpose of this study is to explore an alternative model for the TOEIC speaking test based on language ‘Complexity’, ‘Accuracy’ and ‘Fluency’ (CAF) by drawing comparisons between task-based CAF (Model 1) and communicative adequacy-based CAF (Model 2). Thirty-two college students participated in the study and carried out CAF based English speaking tests. The results of Pearson analysis revealed that Model 2 has a higher correlation with the TOEIC speaking scores than Model 1. Based on factor analysis, Model 2 was restructured, to create a new format, NCAF (New CAF). Under the NCAF model, ‘Complexity’ has three sub-items: sentence length, sentence elaboration, and lexical density; ‘Accuracy’ has error accuracy 1, and error accuracy 2; and ‘Fluency’ includes pause distribution, speed fluency, and pause frequency. To assess the relationship between the NCAF model and TOEIC speaking scores, a regression analysis was performed. The results showed that NCAF could account for 76.1% of the TOEIC speaking scores. Pedagogical implications and discussions are suggested.

본 논문은 어떠한 조건에서 국회가 정부안 입법을 선호하는지, 그리고 국회가 정부안에 대한 통제를 충분히 가할 수 있는지 분석하였다. 19대, 20대 국회에서 제안된 정부안과 의 원안 데이터를 중심으로 통계분석을 수행한 결과, 현저성이 낮고 복잡성이 높은 경우 의원 안보다 정부안이 가결될 확률이 높았다. 또한, 시민들이 정부안에 대한 관심이 높아 적극 적으로 법안에 대한 의사를 피력할 경우, 의원들이 보다 원활하게 정부안에 통제를 가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 바탕으로 정책 영역을 분류하여 어떠한 경우에 국회가 정부안을 효 과적으로 통제할 수 있는지 분석한 결과, 복잡성이 그다지 높지 않은 정책 영역에서는 시 민들이 법안 처리 과정에 적극적으로 참여할 수 있도록 허용하는 것이 행정부 통제에 효과 적일 수 있다는 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 반면, 경제-금융 정책과 같이 복잡성이 높은 영 역에서는 시민 참여를 통해 정부안에 대한 통제를 이루는 것은 한계가 있기 때문에, 국회 가 직접적으로 전문성을 강화하는 노력이 행정 통제에 도움을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

This paper analyzed under what conditions the National Assembly prefers the executive's bills and when the National Assembly can sufficiently control the lawmaking process of the bills. Statistical analysis on the legislative bills introduced in the 19th and 20th National Assemblies, the executive's bills were more likely to be passed than the lawmakers' bills if they were low in salience and high complexity. On the other hand, when citizens actively expressed their opinions on the executive's bills, lawmakers more effectively controlled the bills. In particular when citizen participation was highly effective in the policy areas when salience was low and complexity was not high. In contrast, in areas with high complexity, such as economic-financial policies, citizen participation was less meaningful. Instead, the National Assembly's direct efforts to strengthen expertise was more important for controlling the executive's bills.

이 논문은 예술작품의 가치, 기법, 상상력 등의 복합적 요소들을 분석하는 비평의 관점, 방법, 구성 등에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 비평은 작품의 기법이나 가치를 형성하고 있는 사 상적 문화적 배경, 또는 작가가 무심코 행한 예술적 행위도 새로운 측면에서 해석하기 때 문에 또 하나의 창작이라고 말할 수 있다. 이 글에서 말하고자 하는 비평적 분석은 작품 속에 숨겨진 그와 같은 복합성의 요소들을 분석하고 그 열린 구조를 찾아내는 방법이다. 이런 측면에서 이 글은 ‘예술비평은 무엇을 분석하는가’, ‘예술작품을 철학적으로 어떻게 비평할 것인가’ 등에도 주요 초점을 갖고 작품 및 비평의 의미, 비평의 구성방법과 사례들 을 소개하고자 했다. 그리고 들뢰즈의 예술비평과 그 예시를 통해 작품을 읽고 생각할 수 있는 철학적 비평의 방법을 살펴보고자 했다. 그 결과 우리가 작품을 창의적으로 읽고 이 해한다는 것은 그 복합성을 분석하고 이해할 수 있는 통섭(通涉)의 시선을 필요로 한다는 점을 강조하고자 한다.

This article attempts to examine the viewpoint, method, and composition of criticism, which analyzes complex elements such as values, techniques, and imaginations of works of art. Criticism can be said to be another creation because it interprets the ideological and cultural background that forms the technique or value of the work, or the artistic actions that the artist inadvertently performed from a new perspective. The critical analysis that I want to talk about in this article is a method of analyzing the elements of complexity hidden in the work and finding the open structure. In this respect, this article attempted to introduce the meaning of works and criticism, methods of constructing criticism, and examples, focusing on ‘What does art criticism analyze?’ and ‘How to philosophically criticize works of art?’ And through Deleuze's art criticism and examples, I tried to look at how to read and think about his work. As a result, I would like to emphasize that creatively reading and understanding works requires an insight to analyze and understand the complexity.

초등학교 6학년 학생을 대상으로 소프트웨어교육이 실시되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 초등학생의 알고리즘 구성 패턴에 대해 탐색하였다. 초등학교 6학년 학생을 대상으로 알고리즘을 구상하는 문항을 투입한 후 구조적 프로 그래밍 기법에 기반한 MacCabe의 사이클로매틱 복잡도를 산출하여 학습자의 알고리즘 구성 패턴을 탐색하였다. 학생들은 문제 해결을 위해 주로 1～2가지의 선택구조를 사용하며, 이는 문제의 출발점, 도착점에 편중되는 경향 이 있다. 또한 선택 구조 사용에 있어 소극적인 모습을 보인다. 알고리즘 구성에 있어서는 눈에 보이는 구체물과 자신의 배경지식에 의존하는 모습을 보인다. 따라서 초등학교 소프트웨어교육에서는 알고리즘 구성 패턴에 따라 학생들의 경험과 친숙한 문제 상황에서 알고리즘 구조를 복합적으로 사고할 수 있는 과제를 제시할 필요가 있으 며, 구체적 조작물을 활용하여 지도하는 것이 유효할 것으로 보인다.

Software education is provided for 6th grade students. This study explored the algorithmic composition patterns of elementary school students. After investigating the algorithm for the 6th grade students, the algorithmic pattern of the learner was explored by calculating the cyclomatic complexity of MacCabe based on the structural programming technique. Students often use one or two choice structures to solve problems, which tend to be biased towards the starting and ending points of the problem. It is also passive in the use of selection structures. Algorithm composition depends on visible objects and one's own background. Therefore, in elementary school software education, it is necessary to present the task of thinking about the algorithm structure in the context of the algorithm and the students' experiences in accordance with the algorithm composition pattern.

In this study we explored characteristics of Chinese, English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ beliefs about reading and teaching reading. Specifically, we investigated the relationship of beliefs between reading and teaching reading. Participants included 96 university EFL teachers who were faculty members from three different universities in a large city in Northeast China. We conducted data collection and analysis in an exploratory design through a survey of 10 open-ended questions modified from the Burke Reading Interview (BRI). We then used a quantitizing method to code all qualitative data and conducted statistical analysis to describe these data. Findings indicated that three theoretical orientations about reading (behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism) were matrixed with three different belief systems (dominant, dual, and multiple belief systems). The matrix indicated a complex belief system about reading and teaching reading among these EFL teachers. Within the matrix, relationships among different beliefs were non-linear and unpredictable. In terms of the constructivist theoretical orientation, findings indicated a statistically significant, but weak, association between teacher stated beliefs about reading and stated beliefs about teaching reading. We discussed the findings based on the research questions and provided implications for EFL teachers.

개인의 신장 차이로 인한 눈높이 차이는 동일 시각장면에 대한 상이한 감각적 경험을 초래해, 장기적으로는 심리사 회적, 발달적 개인차로 이어질 가능성이 있다. 이러한 가능성을 토대로 본 연구는, 동일 피사체를 대상으로 서로 다른 두 높이의 카메라 즉 상이한 눈높이에서 촬영된 두 정지 영상의 감각적 특성을 서로 비교하였다. 분석 대상이 된 두 영상은 보행자의 신체 부위 서로 다른 높이에 부착된 두 액션 카메라를 통해 병렬 촬영된 정지화면 사진이었다. 두 카메라 높이 조건에서 추출된 사진들을 분석한 결과, 전반적 현출성과 시각적 복잡성 수준 모두가 높이가 낮은 조건보다 높은 조건의 사진들에서 상대적으로 높았다. 이 결과는 서로 다른 눈높이에서 경험된 시각장면에 감각적 특성 차이가 있을 가능성과 함 께, 신장이 큰 개인의 경우 작은 개인에 비해 상대적으로 풍부하고 다양한 시각 단서들을 경험할 가능성을 시사한다.

Different eye-heights due to individuals’ body heights may cause different sensory experiences against the same visual scene, eventually leading to their longer-term psycho-social and developmental individual differences. Accordingly, the present study compared sensory properties of photographs for the same scene taken from two different camera-heights (i.e., eye-heights). Two sets of photographs were taken in parallel from two cameras attached to a different height on the same pedestrian’s body. Analysis of the photographs revealed that both the levels of visual saliency and complexity were greater for the photographs taken from the high eye-height than those from the low eye-height. The results indicate a possible difference in sensory properties of visual scenes perceived from two different heights, potentially exposing taller individuals to richer and more diverse sensory experiences than shorter individuals.

본 연구는 복잡다단한 환경변화에 효과적으로 대응하기 위하여 오늘날 여러 학문 분야에서 주로 이용되고 있는 복잡계 이론(Complex System Theory)의 사고와 방법론을 기반으로 테러대응을 위한 분야별 제 접근에 대하여 논하는데 그 목적이 있다. 그 결과 초기조건의 민감성, 프랙탈과 자기유사성, 자기 조직화, 창발, 공진화, 혼돈의 가장자리의 복잡계 이론을 통하여 테러대응 분야의 적용가능성을 은유적으로 탐색할 수 있을 것이다.

This study is discussing with respect to the access sector for terrorism response based on the thinking and methodology of complex systems theory, which is mainly used in many disciplines today to effectively respond to complex multi-environment change its purpose there. As a result, Butterfly Effect, fractal & self-similarity, self-organization, emergence, coevolution, edge of chaos the applicability of the corresponding field of terrorism through the complex system theory as metaphorical will be able to navigate.

본 연구의 목적은 환경에 미치는 피해를 최소화하면서 동시에 인간 삶의 질 향상, 사회 전체의 공동선을 추구하는 접근방법인 에코디자인의 미적 특성을 현대 니트 패션 분야를 중심으로 고찰하는데 있다. 연구 방법은 이론적 연구를 통해 에코디자인의 개념과 접근 방법, 표현 특성을 고찰하고, 실증적 연구로 2000년 이후 세계 4대 컬렉션에 나타난 니트웨어를 대상으로 에코디자인의 특징이 파악되는 사례를 선정하여 고찰하였다. 연구 결과, 현대 니트 패션에 나타난 에코디자인의 미적 특성은 최소성, 기능성, 복합성, 그리고 전통성으로 구분되었다. 최소성은 얇고 가벼운 소재와 구조, 불필요한 기능과 장식의 제거, 단순한 형태, 재료의 낭비를 최소화하는 패턴의 이용, 생산 공정을 간소화하는 무봉제 니트의 특징으로 나타났다. 기능성은 스포츠웨어를 응용한 기능성 직물, 디테일, 아이템의 적용과 리버서블, 모듈화, 비정형적 디자인 등으로 나타났다. 복합성은 다양한 특성의 소재와 문양의 복합성, 수선과 수리의 과정을 암시하는 형태, 손쉬운 조립과 해체가 가능한 디태처블 디자인, 정키 스타일링, 여러 가지 아이템을 믹스 앤드 매치한 리스타일링 등으로 나타났다. 전통성은 문명에 훼손 되지 않은 원초적 자연성, 전통적인 생산 방식과 관련되는 수공예성, 오랜 기간 지속적으로 이용되는 형태의 클래식 아이템과 문양의 재해석, 그리고 지역 고유의 민속복과 민속 문양을 응용한 민속풍 등으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to consider the aesthetic characteristics of ecodesign on contemporary knit fashion. As for the research methodology, to examine cases of knit fashion relevant to ecodesign characteristics, theoretical study was conducted on the concept of ecodesign and the ecosystem in architecture, product design and fashion. Then, case analysis of knit fashion presented in high fashion designer collections since 2000 was undertaken. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The aesthetic characteristics of ecodesign on contemporary knit fashion were classified into minimization, functionality, complexity, and traditionality. First, the characteristic of minimization was expressed in lightweight materials and structures, elimination of unessential details and decorations, simple forms, and seamless knit wear. Second, the characteristic of functionality formulated in sportswear inspired details and items, high-tech materials, reversible wear, modules and unconstructed structures. Third, the characteristic of complexity was translated in the complexity of materials, forms implied the process of fix and reform, and there were detachable parts, junky styling and restyling through mix and match of various items. Fourth, the characteristic of traditionality was represented in intrinsic natural styles, hand-knit techniques related to traditional product methods, reinterpretation of classic items and patterns, and ethnic styles from various cultures.

구조화상품은 전통적인 금융상품과 다르게 다양한 구조의 옵션을 내재하고 있기 때문에 상품의 투자가치를 파악하기 위해서는 파생상품의 가치에 이해가 선행되어야 한다. 그렇지 않을 경우 발행자와 투자자 사이에 정보의 비대칭(information asymmetry) 문제가 발생하여 발행자들은 발행시점에서 액면가 대비 이론가가 낮은 상품을 판매함으로써 초과이윤을 획득할 수 있다. 그리고 이러한 정보의 비대칭성이 상품의 복잡성과 비례한다면 발행자들에게는 상품의 복잡성을 증가시킬 유인이 존재한다. 반면, 발행자들이 상품의 복잡성을 증가시킬 경우 발행에 따른 위험 부담 역시 증가하여 발행자들은 추가적인 헷지비용을 필요로 하게 된다. 본 연구는 국내에서 발행된 주가연계증권을 대상으로 기초자산의 종류와 수가 발행시점에서 액면가와 이론가의 괴리도인 발행 프리미엄(mark-up premium)에 미치는 영향을 실증분석 하였다. 본 연구결과에 따르면 기초자산의 수가 증가할 때, 그리고 기초자산의 종류가 시장지수에서 개별자산으로 바뀔 때 발행프리미엄이 유의하게 증가하는 것을 관찰하였다. 그리고 기초자산의 수보다 기초자산의 종류가 발행 프리미엄을 보다 크게 증가시키는 요인임을 밝혔다. 이러한 결과는 구조화상품의 기초자산의 수 및 종류에 따라 상품의 복잡성이 증가할 수 있음을 함의하며, 정보의 비대칭성 및 발행에 따른 위험헷지비용이 구조화상품 시장에서 상품복잡성이 증가되는 현상을 이해하는데 중요한 요인일 수 있음을 시사한다.

Structured products are the fruits of financial innovation. From the perspective of investors, the structured products may offer valuable opportunities for enlarging the attainable set of their consumption which would not otherwise be feasible. However, most of retail investors are not sophisticated enough to grasp the complex features of the derivatives embedded in the structured products, as a result, they may overpay. Extant empirical literatures provide evidences that issuers of structured products charge unfairly high mark-up premia at issuances, and contending that investments on such products are hard to be explained in a rational framework. This paper investigates the high premia of complex structured products, and explaining that a product complexity could be increased by either types or dimension of underlying asset. Using unique data of Korean retail structured equity products, two empirical findings extend the literature; first, we show that complexity and premia are positively related; second, we verify that types and dimension of underlying asset respectively increases premia and that the latter leads rather high premia. Our results provide an implication that both hedging difficulties of issuers and unsophisticatedness of investors are the keys for understanding retail structured product markets.

This study is targeted at investigating the effects of design features of narrative tasks on the oral performance of learners of English as a foreign language (EFL). To this aim, it explored the combined effects of information grounding and inherent task structure on complexity, accuracy, and fluency in participants’ oral production. In doing so, the effects of performing four oral narrative tasks which differed in terms of information grounding and inherent structure on learners’ complexity, accuracy, and fluency in producing English language were examined. Sixty Iranian intermediate-level EFL learners participated in this study. Using a between-groups design, the researchers required each participant to recount one of the narratives on a random basis. The results of one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed that participants’ performance in the tightly structured narrative tasks was significantly more accurate and to a great extent more fluent than that in the loosely structured ones. The outcomes also indicated that more syntactic complexity was associated with narratives that had both foreground and background storylines. Additionally and more importantly, it was found that performing a tightly structured narrative in which information is presented in both foreground and background significantly advantages complexity, accuracy, and fluency. The outcomes have certain pedagogical implications for practitioners in EFL context.

This study examined the effects on 25 Japanese university students’ text revisions following teacher feedback through written recasts. Written recasts were categorized as recasts given on learners’: (1) grammatical errors; (2) lexical errors, (3) unsolicited use of Japanese, (4) spelling errors and (5) content. Recasts were also categorized according to (6) the degree of differences between students’ original erroneous utterances and written recasts, as well as (7) recast lengths. In total, 125 written recasts were provided on students’ essays, and students were directed to revise their first draft referring to these recasts. The students’ revised essays were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. The results showed that written feedback in the form of recasting is, in general, beneficial for learners to notice their errors or mistakes leading them to repair regardless of the degree of differences and the length of the recasts. However, their effects varied according to students’ error types. The development of their writings from the first draft to a revised version was examined from the points of accuracy, fluency and complexity. It was found that written recasts contributed to the development of the three aspects reducing trade-off effects between accuracy and fluency.

이 논문은 동북아시아 샤머니즘의 성격과 특징을 전체적으로 이해하는데 있어 필요한 몇 가지 관점을 거론한 것이다. 그 내용은 다음과 같다. 1. 종족성과 지역성 : 전통사회의 샤머니즘은 에스닉(ethnic) 단위 사람들의 자연 환경과 사회 조직을 배경으로 생성된 종교 관념과 의례, 생활 방식이 특정 양식으로 형성된 것이다. 이는 에스닉의 이동이나 환경의 변화, 타문화와의 교류를 통해 변해왔다. 따라서 동북아시아 샤머니즘은 동북아시아의 다양한 자연 환경에서 개별적 인간 집단이 역사적으로 변화를 거치며 형성해온 결과이다. 2. 중국 샤머니즘과 중국 문화의 허브(hub) 역할 : 중국을 통해 유교 ․ 불교 ․ 도교 등이 주변 지역으로 확산되는데 이것은 해당 지역의 샤머니즘에 큰 영향을 주었다. 중국의 지정학적 위치와 문화, 종족 이동 등이 역사적 상황과 결합하여 동북아시아 샤머니즘의 성격을 형성하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 하였다. 3. 중층성(重層性) : 문화의 교류 과정에서 나타나는 중층적 복합 현상은 주의를 요한다. 예를 들어 인도 힌두 사회의 토양에서 성립된 불교가 중국으로 넘어와 새롭게 탈바꿈하고, 이 와중에 도교와 서로 영향을 주고받는다. 이러한 복합적인 불교는 한국에서 거듭 토착화를 거쳐 한국 샤머니즘 안에 수용된다. 4. 변화하는 전통 : 현대 동북아시아 사회는 전통문화의 전승이라는 측면에서 종족성이 강화되기도 하고, 한편으로는 공동체의 해체와 종족성의 약화가 진행되는 상반된 상황을 포함하고 있다. 또한 현대화 ․ 도시화 ․ 환경 변화와 함께 변화의 여정에 있다. 이러한 상황에서 샤머니즘이 어떻게 대처해 나가고, 연구자들은 이러한 샤머니즘의 변화를 어떻게 이해하여야 할지는 중요한 문제이다.

This study aims to address several issues in understanding shamanism in Northeast Asia as a whole. The main issues are as follows: 1. Ethnicity and locality: The shamanism in a traditional society has developed to include a particular mode of religious thoughts, rituals, and the ways of life. It is the outcome of an ethnic group adapting to the surrounding environment, social and natural. And it has evolved through the ethnic migrations, environmental changes, and cultural exchanges with neighboring communities. The Northeast Asian Shamanism is a result of historical and cultural changes as individual groups adapt to diverse natural environment. 2. Chinese shamanism and its role as the hub of Chinese culture: The spread of Confucianism. Buddhism. Taoism of China has greatly influenced the shamanism of diverse ethnic groups. China's geopolitical importance, culture, and ethnic migrations, combined with historical circumstances, have all played a significant role in creating the Northeast Asia shamanism. 3. Multi-leveled accumulation : Multi-leveled accumulation in the process of cultural exchange is a complex phenomenon and it requires a special attention. For example, Buddhism, originally established by the Hindu society of India, transforms itself once introduced to China. In this process, Buddhism exchanges influences with Taoism as well. This transformed Buddhism is indigenized and incorporated to the Korean shamanism. 4. Changing Tradition: We are witnessing both strengthening and weakening of ethnic awareness among contemporary Northeast Asian Societies. Modernization, Urbanization, and Environmental changes all contribute to this ongoing social and cultural transformation of traditional societies. In this context, it is very critical how we understand the changes of traditional shamanism.