Earticle

온라인 커뮤니케이션 환경에서 이용자들은 그래픽, 사진, 문자 등 다양한 미디어 형식을 이용하여 자신을 대신할 수 있는 이미지를 사용한다. 아바타란 사용자 자신 또는 희망하는 정체성을 시각적인 형태로 표현한 것을 의미한다. 아바타 디자인의 시각적 형태는 2차원적 형태로부터 3차원적 형태에 걸쳐 매우 다양하며, 여러 종류의 디자인 형식과 부합하여 다양하게 표현된다. 일반적으로 2차원 이미지는 게시판과 실시간 채팅 등에서 사용되며, 3차원 이미지는 컴퓨터 게임 등에서 사용된다. 아바타 디자인은 그래픽 디자이너가 제작한 이미지이거나 사용자가 자신의 취향에 맞게 직접 제작한 이미지 등으로 간주되는 경향이 있는데, 이는 종종 사용자 간의 원활한 의사소통의 중요성과 실제적 시각 디자인 원리를 무시하는 결과를 낳기도 한다. 이 논문은 여러 형태와 형식의 아바타 디자인을 고찰하고 이를 시각 디자인과 온라인 사용자 경험 관점에서 논의한다. 이를 바탕으로 아바타 디자인의 디자인 담론을 촉발시키고, 관련 디자인 원칙을 정립하는 것에 그 목적으로 둔다.

People have adopted various formats of media such as graphics, photo and text (nickname) in order to represent themselves when communicate with others online. Avatar is known as a visual form representing a user oneself and one's identity wished. Its form can vary from a two-dimensional model to a three-dimensional model, and can be visualised with various visual forms and styles. In general, two-dimensional images including an animated image are used in online forum communities and live chat software; while three-dimensional models are often used in computer games. Avatar design is often regarded as a graphic designer's visual image creation or a user's output based on one's personal preference, yet it often causes the avatar design having no consideration of its practical visual design and users' interactive communication experience aspects. This paper will review various types and styles of avatar and discuss about avatar design from visual design and online user experience perspectives. It aims to raise a design discourse in avatar design and build up a well-articulated set of design principles for effective avatar design.

게임에서의 스토리는 상호작용 할 수 있는 인터렉티브 스토리텔링이라는 점에서 사용자의 몰입 을 유도한다. 이러한 인터렉티브 스토리텔링은 기존의 이야기의 선형 구조와 달리 비선형 구조를 띄고 있기 때문에 기존의 서술구조와는 다른 서술구조가 연구되어왔다. 크게 사건 중심인 트리 기반 서술구조, 제약 기반 서술구조, 캐릭터 중심인 캐릭터 기반 서술구조가 있다. 트리 기반 서 술구조는 HTN, HSP등 여러 알고리즘으로 발전되었고, 분기가 많을수록 트리의 크기가 커진다는 단점과 이야기의 자유도가 떨어진다는 단점이 존재하였고, 캐릭터 기반 서술구조의 경우 사건이 아닌 캐릭터를 설계한 다음 캐릭터가 자유롭게 행동하게 하여 이야기를 진행하는 방식으로 사용 자가 몰입하는 대상이 캐릭터라는 점에서 게임에 더 적합할 수는 있지만, 캐릭터의 행동을 세밀 하게 설계하기 힘들다는 단점이 존재한다. 본 연구는 이 중 제약 기반 서술구조를 전체 이야기의 흐름 파악과 다양한 사건전개가 용이하도록 새로운 태그들을 제시하여 재설계하였다. 새롭게 제 시된 <event>라는 태그는 이야기의 흐름 파악을 쉽게 할 수 있게 하고, <plot>이라는 태그는 다 양한 사건전개가 용이하도록 설계되었다. 제안하는 서술구조를 이용하여 예시로 이솝우화 중 토 끼와 거북이에 적용하였다.

The story in the game induces the user 's immersion in that it is an interactive storytelling. Since the interactive storytelling has a nonlinear structure unlike the existing linear structure of the story, a narrative structure different from the existing narrative structure has been studied. There are largely case-based tree-based narrative structure, constraint-based narrative structure, and character-based narrative structure. Tree-based narrative structure has developed to various algorithms such as HTN and HSP. There are disadvantages that the size of tree becomes larger as the number of branches increases and that the degree of freedom of story is lowered. In the case of character-based narrative structure, this narrative structure designs the character, not the events, and lets the character to act freely. it could be more suitable for the game because the player immerses in the character. There is a disadvantage that it is difficult to design the behavior of the character elaborately. This study redesigned the constraint - based narrative structure by presenting new tags to facilitate the understanding of the whole process of the story and various events. The newly proposed <event> tag is designed for easier understanding of the story flow, and the <plot> tag is designed to facilitate development of various events. This study applies the suggested narrative structure to “The Tortoise and the Hare“ in Aesop's fables as an example.

There is little research on the exterior spaces or gardens of single detached urban dwellings in Korea because apartments are the general housing type of most inhabitants. However there is an increasing demand for idyllic houses in the urban fringe and for environmentally friendly dwellings or healthy houses that is represented in urban residents gardening activities. The purpose of this research is to analyze residents' preferences and problems in gardening and management of single detached urban dwellings, and to evaluate the possibility of gardens as biotopes. It also addresses the issue of providing public amenities in the urban landscape. One hundred thirty-six dwellings were selected in residential areas of the city of Gwangju. The layout and plant composition, residents' evaluation and understanding of their own gardens, and maintenance and management were investigated. The results indicated that residents associate gardening with mental health and recognized a lack of space as one environmental restriction. Watering was seen as a primary difficulty for maintaining gardens. This research suggests that providing space for gardening could be a tool for participatory community making. When considering the important aspects of gardening, residents responded that gardens offer naturalness, scenic beauty, and practicality and also felt that gardens provide a buffer from environmental pollution and relief from mental duress. Results from the factor analysis using 15 semantic differential variables showed that 'spatial openness', 'natural variety' and 'familiarity' were representative factors. Although a garden is mainly considered as a space for the appreciation of nature with plant material, our results suggest that meaning and environmental symbolism are important elements.

백워드 설계는 진정한 ‘이해’를 위한 설계가 필요하다는 문제의식을 바탕으로 시작되었다. 이를 위해서 수업 설계 시, 도달하고자 하는 학 습의 결과가 무엇인가를 우선적으로 고려해서 핵심 과제를 선정하는 방식을 취하기에 백워드 설계 혹은 역방향 설계로 불린다. 이와 같은 설계 방식은 절차적 지식을 통해 삶과 연계된 이해를 시도하고, 템플 릿을 통해서 수업 설계 과정을 비교적 명료하게 제시하기에 교사 수준 의 교육과정 재구성이 어떤 경로를 통해서 이루어질 수 있는가를 보여준다는 장점을 가진다. 반면에 이러한 설계 방식을 도덕과 수업에 적 용할 때에는 다음과 같은 한계점도 나타날 수 있다. 우선, 가치 및 덕 목을 다루는 도덕과 교육에는 부합하지 않는 면이 있다. 도덕 현상을 탐구하는 것을 넘어서 내면의 도덕성을 성찰하고 삶에서의 실천의지를 함양하는 수업을 위해서 사실 지식과 개념, 절차를 탐구하는 과정 이 상이 필요하다. 다음으로, 백워드 설계 방식은 수행의 결과를 중심으로 구성되기에 수업이 끝난 후 수용 가능한 증거로 나타나지 않는 요소들 은 배제되기 쉽다. 이는 도덕적인 인간의 형성을 목표로 설정하는 도 덕과 교육과는 부합하지 않으며, 오히려 도덕과 수업 설계에 있어서 쉽게 확인될 수 있는 수행과제를 중심으로 목표가 설정될 가능성마저 가지게 된다.

Understanding by design was started based on the awareness of the need for design for true ‘understanding’. To this end, it selects core tasks after considering above anything else what the learning result to be reached is when designing a class. Hence it is called backward design. Understanding by design attempts understanding related to life through procedural knowledge, and presents the lesson design process clearly through templates. For this reason, it has the advantage of showing how the teacher-level curriculum reorganization can be achieved. On the other hand, understanding by design has the following limitations in the application of moral education. First of all, some aspects of the understanding by design do not fit well with the moral education that deals with values and virtues that are open to various paths of inquiry. In other words, for a class that goes beyond exploring moral phenomena to reflect on inner morality and cultivate the will to practice in life, more than the process of exploring knowledge and concepts is needed. Also, since the backward design method is structured around the result of performance task, factors that do not appear as acceptable evidences after class is over are more likely to be excluded. This is inconsistent with the direction of moral education, which sets the goal of cultivating morality; rather, there is even a possibility that the design will proceed centered on the assessment evidence that can be easily confirmed in the moral education lesson.

이 연구의 목적은 단계별 질문을 활용해 ‘계절의 변 화’ 단원을 재구성함으로써 학생들의 오개념 변화에 어떠한 효과가 있는지 확인해 보고자 한 것이다. 대부 분의 학생들은 계절 변화의 원인을 설명하는데 자신의 경험을 바탕으로 하여 선개념을 구성하고 있었다. 그래서 개발한 수업에서는 학생들이 갖고 있는 선개념 중 오개념을 조사하고 이에 대한 지도 계획을 ‘개념 변화를 위한 수업 설계 요소’로 명시하여 핵심 교수·학습 내용이 되도록 단원을 재구성하였다. 연구 결과, 실 험 집단의 24명 학생들을 대상으로 과학 개념 검사를 실시하여 통계적으로 유의미한 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 질적 분석을 실시한 결과, 계절 변화를 설명할 때 활성화한 개념적 자원의 수와 계절 변화를 설명하는 구체성의 정도가 비교 집단에 비해 높음을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of reconstructing unit ‘Seasonal Change’ using step-by-step questioning for concepts changes to adjusting misconceptions of elementary school students. Most students have pre-conceptions at describing seasonal changes based on their experiences. Therefore, in newly developed unit, we reconstructed unit to include core teaching and learning contents by finding out common pre-conceptions of students and specifying purpose of teaching at misconceptions found in pre-conceptions as ‘constituent of class for conceptual change’. After the scientific concept test, the result of 24 students in experimental group is statistically significant. Also, according to the result of qualitative analysis, the number of activated conceptional resources and degree of specificity in explaining seasonal changes are higher than that of control group.

목적 : 본 연구는 작업치료를 받고 있는 환자와 보호자 중 뇌졸중 환자를 중심으로 유니버설 디자인에 대한 인지도와 현재 생활하고 있는 주택 환경 내에 유니버설 디자인 적용의 필요도 및 중요도를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 연구방법 : 서울과 경기도의 종합병원에서 작업치료를 받고 있는 외래 환자와 보호자 112명을 대상으로 2006년 11월 27일～12월 22일까지 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문지는 조사 대상자의 일반적 사항, 유니버설 디자인에 대한 지식 여부, 현재 거주하고 있는 주택의 편리도, 유니버설 디자인에 대한 필요도 및 중요도로 구성되었다. 주택의 편리도, 유니버설 디자인에 대한 필요도 및 중요도에 관한 설문은 주택 입구, 현관, 방, 부엌, 욕실, 주택 전체에 있는 설비 및 가구에 대한 항목으로 나누어 총 51문항으로 구성되어 있고 4점 척도로 구성되었다. 결과 : 유니버설 디자인에 대해서 이번 연구 전에 들어본 적이 있는 사람은 환자 33.9%, 보호자 35.7%이었다. 유니버설 디자인을 가옥에 적용할 의사는 환자의 경우 33.9%, 보호자의 경우 57.1%이었다. 환자 및 보호자가 현재 생활하고 있는 주택 전반에 걸친 편리도는 환자의 경우 2.89점, 보호자의 경우 2.82점이었다. 유니버설 디자인의 적용이 필요한 부분은 환자나 보호자 모두 주택 입구, 욕실, 주택 전체에 있는 설비 및 가구의 순서였다. 유니버설 디자인의 적용이 중요한 부분은 환자의 경우 주택 입구, 욕실, 현관의 순서였고 보호자의 경우에는 주택 입구, 부엌, 욕실의 순서로 중요하다고 하였다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과 유니버설 디자인에 대한 환자와 보호자의 인식도가 낮은 편으로 유니버설 디자인을 적용한 가옥 구조의 변경과 보조도구의 사용을 통해 얻을 수 있는 장점을 환자와 보호자들에게 인식시켜줄 필요가 있고 유니버설 디자인을 가옥에 적용 할 때 주택 입구, 욕실, 부엌에 대한 세심한 고려가 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate the understanding, need and importance of a universal design in home environments for patients and their caregivers who have experience in occupational therapy. Methods : The subjects of this study were 112 out-patients and their caregivers who have experience in occupational therapy at hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. A questionnaire was distributed and collected from November 27th to December 22th, 2006. The questionnaire included 51 questions (4-points) and was composed of each subject's general information, knowledge of a universal design, convenience of their home, needs, and importance of a universal design. The items concerning convenience of home, needs, and importance of a universal design were divided into home entrance, front door, room, kitchen, bathroom, facilities, and furniture that exist all around their home. Results : The subjects who had knowledge of a universal design before this study were 33.9% for patients and 35.7% for caregivers. 33.9% of patients and 57.1% of caregivers wanted to apply a universal design in their home. Areas that required a universal design were home entrance, bathroom, facilities, and furniture that exist all around the homes of both patients and their caregivers. The important areas in the application of a universal design for patients were home entrance, bathroom, and front door, while in the case of caregivers they were home entrance, kitchen, and bathroom. Conclusion : Based on the results of the survey, understanding of a universal design in patients and their caregivers was low, so informing them on the merits of a universal design in order to improve the independence of clients is needed. When occupational therapists apply a universal design to a home, they have to consider carefully the home entrance, bathroom, and kitchen.

Since the advent of smart phones in 2007, the population of smart phone user has been increasing at stunning rate in Korea. In spite of many benefits such as full internet access, location based service, and easy installation of new applications, many social and medical researches have been reported the concern of overuse of smart phones, especially for teenagers on game and internet addiction. However, most of studies are based on the survey research, so often questioned to be limited number of sample and subjective, which can be overcome by evident-based study. The paper presents a pilot development of Google Android app that provides the 24-hour-measured application usage pattern of smart phone users. A requirement study performed with medical doctors and phycologists are discussed and the key technical and application issues are discussed and their solutions are presented. The system is designed to be extensible so that social network and additional service can be applied based on the user. The measured data is expected to be used for study the cause and treatment of game and internet addiction for teenagers and adults.

This study begins to the question of the structural utility that could be observed in the space aimed for Infants. The drawing of them is organized in the simple way show the adaptive structure based on their general minds. The principle of simplicity provides the useful basis, as the physical space to pursue efficiency. In this study, The simplicity was analyzed the characteristics of the vertical -horizontal, the circle and the oblique structure, as the adaptive structure related to the visual perception of them and was organized by leveling and sharpening which was categorized into the dominant attribute of it. In short, The vertical -horizontal structure resulted in array based on the regular interval and reflectional symmetry by the two dimension. The circle structure resulted in radial symmetry by the three dimension and honeycomb structure. The oblique structure resulted in logarithmic spirals and self similarity transformations. The types are likely to compose the experience depending on the transcendental structure of early childhood and their cognitive architecture including the high suitability for the space.

본 연구는 AI 시대에 성장하는 알파 세대를 위한 새로운 성격 측정 도구의 필요성을 비판적 문헌 고찰을 통해 논증한다. 새로운 성격 측정 도구의 필요성은 측정학적·기술적 근거, 자기이해 교육, 진로 교육, 교사의 학생 이해, 인간-AI 상호작용 연구라는 다섯 근거에서 도출된다. 기존의 대표적 도구인 Big Five, MBTI, 홀랜드 검사, 애니어그램은 성격의 상황 일관성, 디지털 이전 환경, 성인 표본이라는 세 전제를 공유한다. 그러나 일상이 온·오프라인에 걸쳐 디지털로 매개되고 상황에 따라 성격이 달리 나타날 수 있는 알파 세대에 이를 적용하면 세 전제는 검사 내용(AI 관련 성향 미포괄)·응답 과정(문항과 경험 세계의 불일치)·내적 구조(상황 변동 미반영)의 세 영역에 걸쳐 타당도 위협으로 작용할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 AI 차원 통합, 구체적 문항 표현, 다중 측정 방법, 다층적 측정 모델, 이중 결과 해석 체계, 교사 해석용 프로파일의 여섯 설계 원칙을 제안한다.

Through a critical literature review, this study establishes the need for a new personality assessment instrument for Generation Alpha raised in the AI era. This need arises from five grounds: psychometric/technological considerations, self-understanding education, career education, teachers' understanding of students, and human–AI interaction research. Representative existing instruments—the Big Five, MBTI, the Holland inventory, and the Enneagram—share three premises: personality's cross-situational consistency, a pre-digital environment, and adult samples. However, when applied to Generation Alpha—whose daily life is digitally mediated online and offline and whose personality may vary across situations—these premises can become validity threats across three areas: test content (omission of AI-related dispositions), response processes (mismatch between items and lived experience), and internal structure (failure to reflect situational variability). Accordingly, this study proposes six design principles: integration of AI dimensions, concrete item wording, multiple measurement methods, a multilevel measurement model, a dual result-interpretation system, and a teacher-oriented interpretive profile.

Using Building Information Modeling(BIM), Staffing for Mechanical Equipment Design phase is required. BIM based Mechanical Equipment Design for secure a human resources, education of BIM tools should be understanding of design process. The purpose of this study was to analyze of BIM based Mechanical Equipment Design requested information. Since then progress modeling. Based on this, associative decision and intuitive decision was compared through survey that was performed on students. The results could be classified information, Mechanical Equipment Design required information and the utilizing BIM tools information. The results of survey, BIM was studied to have advantage in terms of easy to understand system, strong chance of information literacy and understanding.

Interpreter training programs in Korea are usually taught by practitioners with extensive field experience, who often lack pedagogical training and theoretical knowledge in interpreting studies. As a result, they may experience difficulties in their instructional activities. Therefore, there is a growing need for systematic training programs for interpreter trainers. This study explored interpreter trainers’ views on essential competencies of interpreter trainers and investigated their needs for trainer training. Five early-career English-Korean interpreting instructors at a graduate school of interpretation and translation in Korea participated in the study. Data were collected through a questionnaire and a focus group interview. The analysis showed that participants recognized the importance of interpreting competence, course organizational skills, and instructional skills. However, their awareness of the value of theoretical knowledge in interpreting studies, contexts of interpreter training, and educational tools and resources was relatively low. The participants expressed desire to improve their skills in providing effective feedback and conducting fair and objective assessment. They also hoped to share experiences and challenges with fellow trainers and to discuss the direction of interpreter training.

이 연구의 목적은 선행조직자를 이용한 연역적 탐구 기반 단원 설계가 초등학생들의 계절 변화 개념 이해와 그 지속성에 미치는 효과를 검증하는 것이다. 이 를 위해 초등학교 6학년 4개 학급(85명)을 실험집단과 통제집단으로 나누어, 실험집단에는 선행조직자를 도 입하여 연역적 탐구 구조로 재설계한 단원을, 통제집 단에는 전통적인 귀납적 탐구 구조의 단원을 약 5주간 적용하였다. 수업의 효과를 확인하기 위해 사전·사후· 지연 검사를 실시하고, 사후 검사 시 개념도를 수집하 여 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수업 직후 실시한 사후 검사에서는 두 집단 간 개념 이해도 에 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그 러나 개념도 분석 결과, 실험집단 학생들은 통제집단 에 비해 계절 변화의 원인과 현상을 더 위계적이고 통 합적인 구조로 이해하고 있었다. 둘째, 4주 후 실시한 지연 검사에서는 실험집단이 통제집단보다 통계적으 로 유의미하게 높은 성취를 보였으며, 효과 크기 또한 큰 수준으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 선행조직자를 활용한 연역적 탐구 기반 단원 설계가, 단기적인 효과 를 넘어 학생들이 학습한 개념을 안정적인 장기 기억 으로 전환하고 그 이해를 지속시키는 데 더 효과적임 을 시사한다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로, 향후 연구에서 는 과학교육 전문가가 아닌 일반 교사를 수업 실행 교 사로 선정하여 수업자 변인의 영향을 최소화하고, 개 념의 구조화 과정을 파악하기 위해 차시별 개념도와 학생 인터뷰를 활용한 종단적 질적 연구가 필요함을 제언하였다.

The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of a deductive inquiry-based unit design that incorporates an advance organizer on elementary students’ conceptual understanding of seasonal changes and the retention of that understanding. For this study, a unit redesigned with a deductive inquiry structure incorporating an advance organizer was implemented for approximately five weeks with 85 sixth-grade students, who were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The control group was taught using a traditional inductive inquiry-based unit. To evaluate the effectiveness of the instruction, data were collected and analyzed from pre-, post-, and delayed tests, as well as concept maps created by students during the post-test.The results of this study are as follows. First, in the post-test administered immediately after the instruction, there was no statistically significant difference in conceptual understanding between the two groups. However, an analysis of the concept maps revealed that the experimental group students understood the causes and phenomena of seasonal changes with a more hierarchical and integrated structure compared to the control group. Second, in the delayed test administered four weeks later, the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher achievement than the control group, with a large effect size. These results suggest that the deductive inquiry-based unit design that incorporates an advance organizer is more effective for long-term retention by helping students transition their learned concepts into long-term memory, beyond short-term effects. Based on these findings, it is suggested that future research should be conducted with general teachers instead of science education experts to minimize teacher-related variables. Additionally, a longitudinal qualitative study utilizing sequential concept maps and student interviews is proposed to investigate the process of conceptual structuring in greater detail.

In this paper we examine the spatial property of common space that plays a vital role in educational facilities based on departmental system. As departmental system has been introduced, a great part of school has been changed in order to suffice the requirements. Especially, classrooms have been reorganised in terms of classification and categorisation, and as a result they are no longer used for student. In order to solve this problem, common space is added in between subjects, and now serve as homebase for student. Despite this space having been intensively studied, it has been lack of scrutinising it in terms of architectural intention and social relation between teacher (or inhabitant) and student (or visitor). Throughout in-depth understanding of designer’s intentions and spatial properties using visibility graph analysis model which is one of analytical tools in space syntax theory, it is found out that common space supports spatially a wide range of activities such as interacting, studying and resting, and also works as a transitional space among subjects. In addition, there is a quite distinct organisational culture between teacher and student, that is classrooms are deeper from homebase than teacher’s office.

본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 우리나라 대학생들은 공적개발원조(ODA) 및 ODA 정책을 어떻게 생각하고 그리고 얼마나 잘 알고 있는지 ODA에 대한 전반적인 태도를 측정하는것이다. 둘째, 「지구촌개발 협력의 이해와 실천」라는 교양과목이 대학생들의 ODA 태도에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지를 분석하 는 것이다. 연구 목적을 위해서 먼저 실험집단과 비교집단을 중심으로 설문조사를 실시하여 실험( 수업)이전·이후 그리고 비교집단과 실험집단의 사전조사결과를 SPSS의 평균비교(t-test)분석을 실 시하였다. 분석결과를 제시하면 첫째, 대학생들은 전반적으로 공적개발원조에 대한 인식의 정도가 매우 낮았 으며 대체로 회의적인 태도를 보이는 동시에 ODA의 필요성을 공감하면서참여의사를 함께 내포하 고 있었다. 둘째, 본 교양강좌를 통해서 수강생들은 ODA에 인지도, 지지도 등 긍정적 태도를 가지 는데 정(+)의 영향을 미친 것을 알 수 있으며, 특히ODA 수단으로서 새마을운동의 유용성에 대한 인 식제고가 두드러졌다. 셋째, 대학생들의ODA 참여의사는 수업 이전·이후에 통계적 유의성은 발견할 수 있었다. 넷째, 실험집단과비교집단 간에는 ODA에 대한 인식부터 태도 및 참여의사 등 대부분의 설문문항 간에통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 국제사회의 일원으로서 한국정부의 역할이 증대되는 시기에 대학생들의ODA 인식에 관 한 초기 연구라는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있으나 설문문항의 보다 정교한 설계가 필요하며, 준 실험 연구설계의 사전·사후비교 연구로서 보다 정확한 연구가 되기 위해서는 비교집단의 사전조사가 이 루어져야 했지만 그렇지 못한 점은 수업(실험)의순 효과를 측정하는데 한계점이며 향후 연구에서 는 개선되어야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this research is to measure the general attitude of universitystudents to the Official Development Assistance(ODA). Second, this research is toanalyze that how the class, 「Understanding and Practice of International DevelopmentCooperation」, effects on the attitude change. T-test and Chi-square analysis of SPSS were chosen to compare the mean of preandpost- survey data extracted from the experimental and control group. The results of this study show that the students connote both the skeptical attitudeabout ODA policy of government and also willingness to attend to the ODA activitiesand necessity of them in same time. This research revealed the positive effects of theclass takers on the awareness and upholding of ODA. Especially, the class takersindicated the Saemaul Undong will be very useful method to assist for the developingcountries. There was a statistical significance within the pre- and post-test of theexperimental group and also between the experimental and control group in terms ofawareness, willingness to attend to the ODA activities. It is a very unique research analyzing and comparing the students’ attitude aboutODA itself and government policy of it. However, it needs more sophisticated researchdesign to compare and analyze the exact impacts of the class by taking pre- andpost- survey of the control group.

In this study, we showed understanding and production ability of the interface about internet, operating system, contents, and devices. This study aimed to make a list of 18 items in 4 areas for basic knowledge of UI/UX, establishment of design research, design concept, and design production for 22 sophomore, junior and senior students in IT departments, and the results of understanding were divided into three groups of excellent, normal, and insufficient, and evaluated. It was found that excellent was 18.39%, average was 38.52% and insufficient was 43.07%. Therefore, 18.39% of the students understood UI/UX, and 81.61% of students did not understand UI/UX well. In particular, in the comparison analysis of four areas, the design research area was 44 points, the design content area was 29 points, and the design production area was 11 points which was found to be the lowest. Next, the 10 evaluation items in the mobile UI/UX build guide evaluation were evaluated in the same way as the UI/UX understanding, and the excellent score was 3 points, the average score was 73.3 points, and the poor score was 155 points. The UI/UX build guides showed worse evaluation than UI/UX understanding. Therefore, to cultivate UI/UX understanding and content production ability, UI/UX experts should be fostered with professional course organization and systematic curriculum

The effectiveness and attractiveness of online learning have proved by many researcher. The flexibility and convenience are typical benefits of online learning. With these benefits of online learning, a great deal of learning occurs in the online setting. Nowadays, universities have been offering many online classes. Particularly, universities are asking professors to re-design existing face-to-face courses into online courses to meet students’ growing demands for online course. However, several challenges of online learning also have identified. The lower interactions between a teacher and a student, and a student and a student than face-to-face learning is one of the challenges. Additionally, several research found that teaching and assessment techniques and method that served well in the traditional classroom don’t work quite well in online course. In online learning, a lot of features related to teaching and learning have changed. With these challenges, professors who have taught face-to-face course are having difficulty converting existing face-to-face course into online course. Thus, it is important to investigate how to design an effective online course to support professors’ online course design. In this study, we analyzed the design process of converting face-to-face course to online course. We collected three converting cases and analyzed those cases with activity system analysis method. As a result, we found design challenges related to converting existing course to online course and professors’ and university’s practical difficulties in online course development. This result of this study will help professors, instructional designers, and universities to design and develop successful online course.

Analyzing qualitative data needs a careful approach and the expertise of researchers. Unlike pre-structured and formalized quantitative research, the resulting data of qualitative research is unstructured and jumbled by its nature. Therefore, it is necessary for qualitative researchers to explore analytical methods for analyzing qualitative data. In this study, existing qualitative interview data on the understanding and use of design research in practice were analyzed as a case study. Four interview questions were selected from the initial fifteen items for in-depth analysis and interpretation, focusing more on the interrelationship between answers and the analysis methods. Several existing analysis methods were initially investigated to form a theoretical base, including grounded theoretical methods and case-oriented comparative methods. Based on those methods, this research seeks to examine various analytical techniques in order to understand the use of design research in practice. The result of the analyses presented several findings of practitioners’ characterization of their own research work, their understanding of design research and research archiving patterns. First, many interviewees understood design research along the same line with, but in a more broad sense than, their own research work. Second, the characteristics of their real work seem to have an influence on the characterization of their research as well as the relationship between this characterization and their understanding of design research. Third, interviewees who understood design research as a very comprehensive activity rather than just evaluative or method-oriented activity tended to give more positive answers in archiving their studies. Finally, the limitations of this study and the recommendations for a future study were presented.