Earticle

The purpose of this paper is to indicate a new direction of study concerning the mind-brain problem and the formation of consciousness from the Unification Thought. To conclude, it is impossible to explain the formation of consciousness only through the physiological processes, and the hard problem of consciousness can be solved only if we accept the spiritual entity (spirit self) which has the ability to form images, a linguistic ability, the ability of reasoning, a sense of self, and so on.

본 연구 목적은 간호대학생과 일반대학생의 생명의료윤리의식과 인체조직 기증 및 이식에 대한 태도를 파 악하고자 시도하였다. 연구대상자는 2개 대학교의 재학생 521명을 대상으로 2016년 5월 1일 부터 6월 10일 까지 실 시하였다. 연구결과는 생명의료윤리의식은 4점 만점에 간호학과 학생들이 2.16점, 일반 대학생들의 2.01점 보다 높았 고 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(t=4.671, p=.000). 인체조직기증 및 이식은 5점 만점에 간호학과 학생들이 2.52 점, 일반대학생들이 2.50으로 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 일반적 특성에 따른 생명의료윤리의식은 간호 학과 학생들은 연령, 학년, 임상실습, 동아리 활동, 가족 중 이식경험이 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었으며, 일 반대학생들은 나이, 임상실습, 종교에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 바람직한 윤리관 확립을 위한 교과과정의 개발과 방향을 탐색하여 생명의료윤리의식을 높이는 체계적인 교육프로그램이 필요함을 제언한다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the awareness of biomedical ethics and attitudes toward human tissue donation and transplantation among Nursing students and General college students. The study was conducted on 2016 May 1st to June 10th with 521 students at two universities. Study results showed awareness of biomedical ethics score of nursing students was 2.16 and general college students 2.01, which was statistically significant difference. Attitude scores towards human tissue donation and transplantation were 2.52 and 2.50, not statistically significant (t=4.671, p=.000). Study results indicate the need to establish biomedical ethics preferred curriculum. It also seems necessary to offer students related systematic training program in order to increase the awareness of bio-medical ethics.

본 연구는 기존의 역사학적 관점과 인류학적 관점의 접근 방식이 아니다. ‘해양문화 지수’라는 프레임을 가지고 사회언어학적　방법으로 해역 연구에 활용하는 시도를 하였 다. 올해는 ‘해양문화지수’의 3번째 조사이다. 인문한국플러스(HK+) 사업단에서는 연 구 주제에 맞추어 부경해양지수(PKNU Maritime Index) 항목을 보완하고 개발하였다. 그 결과 2019년 부경해양지수 점수는 585.3점이었다. 한국인의 바다에 관한 인식인 부경 해양지수의 하위영역별로 살펴보았다. ‘친숙지수’가 64.1점으로 가장 높았고, ‘교육지 수’가 46.1점으로 제일 낮았다. 한편 2019년 조사에 처음으로 포함시킨 ‘동북아해역지 수’는 51.1점으로 평균에 살짝 미치지 못하였다. 이 ‘동북아해역지수’를 사회언어학적 속성에 분류하여 분석한 결과, 성별, 연령별, 지역별, 그리고 바다관련 종사 여부에 따라 각기 다른 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이번 조사를 통하여 기존의 인문학 연구처럼 역사적 문 헌 연구와 현장 조사를 통한 실태연구에만 그치지 않고, 4차 산업 시대가 도래한 지금, 이 조사는 국민들의 바다 인식, 우리는 바다를 통한 인문학을 어떻게 연구할 것인가에 대한 길라잡이가 될 것이다.

This study is not an approach from the traditional historical and anthropological perspectives. We tried to use the frame 'Maritime Cultural Index' to study the sea regions. This year is the third survey of the 'PKNU maritime index.' the Humanities Korea Plus (HK+) research group supplemented and developed the 'Maritime Cultural Index' items. As a result, 'Maritime Cultural Index' score for 2019 was 585.3. We looked at each sub-category of the 'Maritime cultural index', Koreans' perception of the ocean or sea region. the "Friendly Index" was the highest at 64.1 points, while the "Education Index" was the lowest at 46.1. and for the first time in this survey, the 'Northeast Asian Sea Region Exchange Index' was 51.1 points, slightly below the average. through this research, Meanwhile, the ‘Northeast Asian Sea Region Index’, which was included for the first time in the 2019 survey, was 51.1 points, slightly below the average. The results of an analysis of this Northeast Asian Sea Region Index classified into sociolinguistic attributes are as follows. Different results could be obtained depending on gender, age, region, and sea-related occupation. Through this survey, it was not just a study of historical literature and actual conditions through field research, as was the case with the existing study of humanities. With the advent of the fourth industrial era, this survey will be a guide to people's awareness of the sea, how we study the sea.

Essenes is not well known jewish tribe, and also an unknown school. The Pharisee, and Sadducee are very famous for their idea and learning, but the Essenes is surprisingly unfamous compared to those two. Tracing back the history of Essenes you would find the name 'Qumran community'. Qumran community is named after the location of their documents. The documents were found in Qumran cave, and Qumran community was named to refer to the people living around the cave. Many scholars seems to believe that Qumran community and Essenes are the same people. Qumran community and Essenes share unique characteristics that are different from Pharisee and Sadducee. Their idea was to restoration of Jerusalem at the end of the world based on dualism and the apocalyptic ideology. They wanted to live as a righteous man, therefore refusing the offering of a church, and live in the desert, waiting for the coming of Messiah. As the final outcome, their creed and the idea was wrong, but if might be helpful to explain the alienation problem between the early part of incarnation era and the Malachi era. Qumran community suggest the efforts to protect the purity of faith. In the same vein, concentrate on the history of Essenes, and throughout their thoughts and their sense, I will look in to their life.

This research, which was conducted for student at department of dental hygiene, intended to measure the level of self-efficacy and consciousness on the use of radiation, knowledge and attitude on radiation safety management and got the following conclusions. This study was performed from May 8 to July 7, 2011 for 326 students who study at Department of Dental Hygiene of a three-year course in Busan areas. The result of as follows; 1. As a result of comparing the average of a sense of self-efficacy according to the characteristics of those surveyed, a statistically significant difference(p<0.01)(p<0.001) was found according to grade point average, subjective health condition. 2. As a result of comparing the average level of consciousness about radiation use according to the characteristics of those surveyed, a statistically meaningful difference(p<0.05)(p<0.01) was found according to grade, grade point average. 3. As a result of conducting a correlation analysis among self-efficacy, consciousness on the use of radiation, knowledge and attitude on RSM, the correlation of self-efficacy and consciousness, knowledge, and attitude was r=0.108, 0.203, 0.231 respectively, all of which was a plus correlation(p<0.01). we believe that a variety of programs should be offered to be capable of enhancing knowledge and attitude on RSM, self-efficacy.

As the rural economy is worsening day by day due to rapidly declined population and increase of aging generation, the emptiness in the rural areas are becoming increasingly intensifying. In particular, urban runoff of young adults and middle-aged people and the decrease in birth rate have shrunk the rural population reaching to raise concerns on the stage of emptiness. On the other hand, people in the urban areas with rapid industrialization and overcrowding call for the variety of housing needs moving away from monolithic housing types. In order to solve problems of rural communities such as emptied out rural society as well as the problems of urban communities in overcrowdings, environment, and housing, it is required to develop an urban-countryside village complex pursuing advantages of the rural environment and convenience of urban living. Of this time, there needs a change in rural development policies which can make the urban residents migrate and settle in the rural areas as they are naturally embracing the rural life according to the social background and demand.

The purpose of this study is to examine a desire for beauty in female undergraduates who are energetic in pursuit of external beauty because of having advance to society ahead, simultaneously with coming to have a free living form from regular and systematic life during the middle-high school days, as the transitional age bracket of implementing from adolescence to adulthood, and to examine specifically a method for expressing beautiful appearance through its specific beauty-care behaviors. This study analyzed substantial behaviors in skin care, weight control, and cosmetic surgery by aesthetic attitude through the value system on beauty and the beauty behavior in female undergraduates on the basis of the results in questionnaire, which surveyed targeting 401 female undergraduates who are in 3 universities where are located in Gyeonggi-do Province. Thus, the aim is to educate right beauty, to prevent self-humbling caused by wrong aesthetic consciousness, and further to be used as basic data in a research on developing beauty goods, developing cosmetics, or developing beauty education program targeting female undergraduates. According to this study, female undergraduates’ aesthetic consciousness was indicated that most of female undergraduates think‘outward appearance to be important about a person’s beauty,’and that female undergraduates perform positive beauty-care behavior in the aspect of aesthetic attitude in order to satisfy this desire. The criterion for judging beautiful appearance was indicated that the higher aesthetic consciousness leads to the higher importance in the whole harmony, face, body shape, and skin. On the other hand, it was indicated that the lower aesthetic consciousness leads to the more thinking of the inside as valuable. Also, most of female undergraduates thought that beautiful appearance has influence upon forming human relations. Thus, the outward appearance was indicated to become an important judgment criterion for friendly evaluation in social life. Given examining the substantial beauty-care behaviors in subjects of this study, those are as follows. First, as for skin-care behavior in research subjects, there are many opinions that the female undergraduate with the higher aesthetic consciousness leads to the higher interest in skin, and on the other hand, to which‘healthy condition in skin is not good,’ thereby having been indicated to be dissatisfied with the present skin condition. In order to improve this skin condition, the female undergraduates showed aspect of using cleansing agent exclusively for washing face, washing face with tepid water, or using sun-block agent, but indicated low frequency in removing horny substance in skin, massaging, using functional cosmetics, using skin-care center, which are the actual improvement methods. Thus, most of female undergraduates were indicated the skin-care behavior whose use is simple and basic rather than a highly-priced care method. Second, as for weight-control behavior in research subjects, most of female undergraduates showed normal weight. On the other hand, the higher aesthetic consciousness led to the greater dissatisfaction with body shape. As for a method of substantial weight control, 72% of them were indicated to take walking exercise or to control meal quantity. However, some of them took anorexigenic agents or diet food side by side given suffering difficulty in weight control. Most of subjects, whose weight is normal, showed aspect of perceiving self as‘fat’ in this way, thereby having been indicated to have the distorted recognition on body shape, which results in continuing to lose weight, without being satisfied with own body shape. Third, the cosmetic-surgery behavior in research subjects showed that the higher aesthetic consciousness leads to the more positive intention of surgery. Reasons for desiring cosmetic surgery included‘self-satisfaction’ with 44.7% and‘dissatisfaction with the present appearance’ with 41.9%. Thus, cosmetic surgery was dicated to be desired as a means of improving the present appearance. Substantially, 28% of subjects were indicated to have the eye cosmetic surgery and to prefer the skin cosmetic surgery and the eye cosmetic surgery the most as regions with future intention of surgery. It was indicated that the higher interest in beauty leads to being the more friendly in cosmetic surgery.

Chicana feminist author, cultural theorist, and activist, Gloria Anzaldúa played a crucial role in transforming feminism into a more inclusive theory in the early 1980s by bringing into discursive focus a spectrum of differences: race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and so on. Her ongoing effort since then was to break down dualistic hegemonic paradigms and transform oppressive structures of power, while inventing new forms of subjectivity with new languages and knowledges for social change. Imbued with oppositional consciousness, the entire body of Anzaldúa's writings is characterized by resistance and rearticulation. As a Chicana lesbian writer, Anzaldúa challenged white middle-class feminists to address their biases on race, class, and other issues, and to recognize the presence of women of color in the front of feminism. As a gendered and racialized subaltern, Anzaldúa rewrote the myths of Malintzin, the Virgin of Guadalalupe, and La Llorna as well as the history of the Aztec origin of Chicano people, so as to create a counter-history for Chicana women who are doubly colonized by Chicano culture and by Anglo American culture. In so doing, she brought into light Coatlicue, a Mesoamerican Serpent Goddess, as a source of empowering modern Chicana women. In Coatlicue who represents a fusion of opposites, Anzaldúa found ways of healing the wounds inflicted by dualistic cultural logic and taking account of the conflicts and contradictions of her culture and her own being. Informed by Coatlicue and her modern counterpart, queer, Anzaldúa created a mestiza consciousness as an alternative to all binary modes of culture including feminist identity politics. A mestiza, as a form of subjectivity in the borderlands, enables us to deconstruct all unnatural boundaries set up by dominant power and hegemonic ideologies, and to build a coalitional network of struggle against the transnational militarist and corporate power of the globalized Empire.

본 논문은 인공지능 기술의 발전과 함께 인간 정신의 지위가 급격히 재구성되는 시대적 상황을 배경으로, 자연주의와 신경중심주의가 제시하는 인간 이해의 철학적 한계와 시간이해의 오류를 비판적으로 검토한다. 자연주의적 세계관은 의식･기억･자유를 생물학적･신경학적 조건의 산물로 환원함으로써, 정신을 사물적 구조의 파생적 변형으로 이해하려는 경향을 강화해 왔다. 그러나 이러한 환원은 의식의 자기구성적 성격, 의미 형성의 고유한 차원, 그리고 인간 행위가 지니는 규범적･실존적 의미를 충분히 설명하지 못하는 범주적 오류를 내포한다. 이에 본 연구는 마르쿠스 가브리엘의 신실재론과 앙리 베르그손의 이미지 존재론 및 지속 개념을 중심으로, 정신의 실재성을 옹호하는 두 가지 비환원적 형이상학적 경로를 비교･분석한다. 가브리엘은 의식･의미･규범성이 각각 독자적인 실재 영역을 구성함을 밝히며, 세계를 단일한 물리적 총체로 환원하는 자연주의적 통일성 개념을 비판한다. 그의 관점에서 의식은 물리적 인과의 부산물이 아니라, 이유와 정당화의 공간을 형성하는 실재적 차원으로 이해된다. 한편 베르그손은 지속의 창조적 운동을 통해 의식과 자유의 실재성을 해명하면서, 기억과 지각이 신경적 저장 장치로 환원될 수 없음을 논증한다. 두 사유는 서로 다른 철학적 전통에 속하지만, 자연주의가 시간･의식･주체성을 공간적 구조로 치환하는 오류를 거부한다는 점에서 교차하며, 정신적 실재를 비환원적으로 사유할 수 있는 형이상학의 가능성을 공통적으로 제시한다. 본 연구는 이러한 논의를 통해 의식과 자유가 물리적 기제의 부수적 산물이 아니라, 세계와의 관계 속에서 의미를 생성하고 행위를 정당화하는 실재적 역량임을 논증한다. 이는 인간을 단순한 정보 처리 장치로 환원하려는 기술적･자연주의적 상상력에 대한 철학적 비판을 제공하는 동시에, 인공지능 시대에 인간의 책임･윤리･실존의 문제를 재 정식화할 수 있는 이론적 토대를 마련하고자 함이다.

This paper critically examines the philosophical limits of naturalism and neurocentrism in the context of the contemporary reconfiguration of the human mind under the conditions of artificial intelligence. Naturalistic approaches tend to reduce consciousness, memory, and freedom to biological and neurological mechanisms, thereby interpreting the mind as a derivative modification of physical structures. Such reductionism, however, involves a category mistake insofar as it fails to account for the self-constitutive character of consciousness, the irreducibility of meaning formation, and the normative and existential dimensions of human agency. Against this background, the paper analyzes and compares two non-reductive metaphysical approaches that defend the reality of mind: Markus Gabriel’s New Realism and Henri Bergson’s ontology of images and concept of duration. Gabriel criticizes the naturalistic assumption of a unified physical world by arguing that consciousness, meaning, and normativity each constitute autonomous domains of reality. From this perspective, consciousness is not a byproduct of physical causality but a real space of reasons and justification. Bergson, by contrast, elucidates the reality of consciousness and freedom through the creative movement of duration, demonstrating that memory and perception cannot be reduced to neurophysiological storage mechanisms. Although rooted in different philosophical traditions, both thinkers converge in rejecting the naturalistic tendency to spatialize time, consciousness, and subjectivity. By articulating alternative metaphysical frameworks, they jointly illuminate the possibility of thinking mental reality in a non-reductive manner. This paper argues that consciousness and freedom are not epiphenomenal outcomes of physical processes but real capacities through which humans generate meaning and justify action in relation to the world. In doing so, it offers a philosophical critique of the technological and naturalistic imagination that reduces human beings to information-processing systems, while providing a theoretical foundation for rearticulating questions of responsibility, ethics, and existence in the age of artificial intelligence.

이 글의 목표는, 칸트가 􋺷판단력비판􋺸에서 연역하고 있는 취미판단이 아프리오리한 종 합판단으로서 성립하기까지의 과정을 해명하는 것이다. 그러한 목표를 달성하기 위한 기 본적인 방법은 다음을 고려해서 이루어진다. 취미판단이란, 그 누구도 아닌 판단자 자신이 느낀 흡족의 감정으로부터 출발해서 내려질 수 있는 판단이다. 나아가서 취미판단은 그 누 구도 아닌 판단자 자신의 판단력(취미)의 반성작용을 거쳐서만 내려질 수 있는 판단이다. 그러므로 이 글은, 실제로 아름다운 것에 대한 쾌의 감정을 느끼고 그 감정에 대해 반성하 는 당사자의 시점에서, 한 판단자가 취미판단을 내리기까지의 과정을 살펴본다. 이와 같은 방법을 통해, 취미판단이 아프리오리한 종합판단으로서 성립하게 되기까지의 과정에 대한 칸트의 이해가 드러남으로써, 취미판단을 둘러싼 방대한 문제들에 관한 논의들에, 칸트에 입각한 토대가 제공되기를 희망한다.

This paper aims to clarify and reveal the process in formulating synthetic a priori judgments from judgments of taste, where Kant’s critical approach stems from his seminal work, the Critique of the Power of Judgment. To achieve such revelation, the following methodology has been applied in the process. The judgment of taste should not only be based on the felt satisfaction of the judge, but rather through the reflecting acts of exercising one’s power of judgment. Therefore, the paper looks at the process from the viewpoint of the one who feels satisfaction, reflects that satisfaction, and makes the judgment of taste. Through this revelatory work, I hope to contribute to the extant research on Kant’s judgment of taste by clarifying Kant’s understanding of the processes where the judgment of taste is formulated as a synthetic a priori judgment.

‘포스트모더니즘’과 코로나로 인한 ‘비대면 설교 환경’은 현재 한국교회 설교 강단에 어두 운 그림자를 가져왔다. 그동안 한국교회 강단이 연역적, 명제적, 설명적 성격의 전통적 설교 방법론에 의하여 성장해 온 것은 분명하지만, 이제는 껍질을 깨고 새로운 패러다임의 길을 찾고 적용시켜야 할 때가 되었다. 연구자는 이 대안을 데이비드 버트릭의 ‘현상학적 설교학’에서 모색하고자 한다. 현상학 적 설교는 삶 속에서 현상으로 나타난 것과 지각이 가능한 것을 인간의 의식 안에서 분석하 고 지각하는 주체의 내적 경험을 고찰하여 결론을 유추하는 설교학 방법론이다. 이 방법론 에서는 설교의 언어들이 수사학적 특성을 가지고 일련의 ‘움직임과 구조’를 통해 이미지를 만든다. 움직임과 구조를 통해 만들어진 각 설교의 장면들이 청중의 의식세계 속에 거듭 누적되어 핵심적인 깨달음과 영적인 경험의 사건, 즉 말씀사건이 일어난다. 따라서 현상학 적 설교학에서 설교자의 역할은 성경 본문의 중심주제로 플롯을 만들고, 각 장면들마다 움직임과 구조를 가지고 이미지를 만들어 내는 것이라고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 현상학적 설교를 설명하기 위해, 이 방법론을 지탱하고 있는 두 가지 기둥인 의식과 언어부터 개념정리를 했고, ‘매미성 여행 가이드’의 언어를 통해 이미지와 설교 움직임을 설명했다. 다음으로 플롯, 현상학적 핵심주제인 움직임과 구조의 전개(도입부 - 전개 - 종결부), 이중 의식, 공동체 의식을 통하여 현상학적 설교가 어떻게 작동되는 것인가 이론을 연구하였다. 그 과정 후에 에스링거의 이미지 격자를 기반으로 현상학적 4단계 설교 준비과정 제안하 였다. 버트릭의 현상학적 설교는 변혁의 시대 상황에서 좋은 대안이 될 것이다.

‘Post-modernism’ and the ‘non-face-to-face sermon environment’ caused by Corona have brought a dark shadow to the current Korean church sermon pulpit. It is clear that the Korean church pulpit has grown by the traditional preaching methodology of deductive, propositional, and explanatory nature, but now is the time to break the shell and find and apply a new paradigm. The researcher intends to explore this alternative in David Buttrick’s ‘Phenomenological Preaching.’ Phenomenological preaching is a method of preaching that infers conclusions by examining the inner experience of the subject who analyzes and perceives what appears as a phenomenon in life and what is perceptible in human consciousness. In this methodology, the languages of sermons have rhetorical characteristics and create images through a series of ‘movements and structures.’ The scenes of each sermon created through movement and structure are accumulated over and over in the listener’s conscious world, resulting in a key event of realization and spiritual experience, namely, the Word event. Therefore, the role of the preacher in phenomenological preaching is to create a plot as the central theme of the biblical text, and to create an image with movement and structure in each scene. Thus, in order to explain phenomenological preaching, the concept was organized starting with consciousness and language, the two pillars supporting this methodology, and images and preaching movements were explained through the language of the ‘Cicada Travel Guide.’ Next, I studied the theory of how phenomenological preaching works through plot, movement and structure development (opening statement - development - closure), double consciousness, and community consciousness, which are core phenomenological themes. After that process, based on Eslinger’s image grid, a phenomenological four-step sermon preparation process was proposed. Buttrick’s phenomenological preaching would be a good alternative in the context of a time of transformation.

제리 포더의 표상적 계산주의에 의하면 인간 마음은 컴퓨터 프로그램이다. 인간 마음과 컴퓨터 프로그램 사이의 개념적 차이를 보이기 위해 제시된 사고 실험 중에는 존 써얼의 중 국어 방 논증과 네드 블락의 중국인 네트워크 논증이 있다. 이 두 논증을 종합하자면, 컴퓨 터 프로그램은 의식을 결여하고 본래적 지향성은 의식으로부터만 나오므로, 본래적 지향성 이 없는 컴퓨터 프로그램과 본래적 지향성이 있는 인간 마음은 같을 수 없다. 본 논문의 목 적은 이 두 논증이 각각 실패함을 보이는 것이다. 나는 우선 데니얼 데넷의 사고 실험을 이 용하여 본래적 지향성에 호소하지 않아도 인간 마음의 작동 방식을 설명하는 것이 가능함을 논증한다. 두 번째로 벤자민 리벳의 신경과학 실험을 통해 인간 마음의 인과적 작동과 의식 이 별개일 수 있음을 논증하여, 컴퓨터 프로그램으로 인간 마음을 만드는 것에 개념적 제약 이 없음을 보인다. 결론적으로 본 논문은 써얼과 블락의 반-계산주의 논증들으로부터 포더 의 표상적 계산주의를 방어한다.

According to Jerry Fodor’s representational computationalism, the human mind is a computer program. John Searle’s Chinese room argument and Ned Block’s Chinese network argument are philosophical thought experiments that attempt to show conceptual differences between the human mind and computer programs. According to these arguments, computer programs are in principle incapable of having consciousness and original intentionality requires consciousness, thus there is a genuine difference between computer programs with non-original intentionality and the human mind with original intentionality. The aim of this paper is to show that these two arguments fail respectively. I first appeal to a thought experiment of Daniel Dennett to argue that it is possible to give an explanation of how the human mind works without appealing to original intentionality. Secondly, in terms of Benjamin Libet’s neuroscience experiment, I argue that the causal understanding of how the human mind works is one thing and consciousness is another. These two arguments conjointly show that there is no conceptual restriction on which a computer program makes the human mind. Consequently, I defend Fodor’s representational computationalism from Searle’s and Block’s anti-computationalist arguments.

우리는 전통시장의 흥미로운 문화를 발굴하여 관심을 증대시켜야 한다. 그 이유는 새로운 가치가 확장 되지 못하고 있으며 물건을 사고파는 기능에 머물러 있기 때문이다. 더구나 전통시장의 미래 고객으로서 젊은 층은 호의적이지 않다. 보통 전통시장은 막연한 불편함이 존재하고 비위생적이며 원하는 물건도 없 을 것이라는 막연한 선입견을 지닌다. 앞으로 전통시장의 위치가 더욱 모호해지면 그 가치의 상실은 커질 것으로 보인다. 따라서 전통시장에 관한 인식개선 및 관여도를 향상하기 위하여 새롭고 흥미로운 제안을 하고자 한다.

We need to increase interest by discovering interesting cultures in traditional markets. The reason is that the new value has not been expanded and remains in the function of buying and selling goods. Moreover, the consciousness of young people as future customers about traditional markets is not favorable. Traditional markets usually show a vague preconceived notion that there are inconveniences, unsanitary conditions, and there are no desired products. In the future, if the location of the traditional market becomes more ambiguous, the loss of its value will increase. Therefore, new and interesting proposals are required to improve awareness and involvement in traditional markets.

본고는 한말부터 1920년대 『매일신보』와 『동아일보』에 나타난 가정위생과 기독교 의료 선교사 Mills가 1919년 발행한 『가뎡위』을 통해 가정위생의 인식을 살펴보고자 한다. 한말부터 1920년대의 가정위생은 크게 달라지지 않았다. 기본적으로 의식주와 관련되어서 발생할 수 있는 질병의 예방이 큰 부분을 차지하였다. 여기에 더하여 가정의 중심인 여성이나 주부들의 건강과 관련된 월경, 출산과 해산과 관련된 주의할 일, 그리고 육아법이 포함되었다. 예외적으로 성홍열, 파리와 모기의 퇴치법, 전염병 예방을 위한 가정에서의 소독법 등을 언급하였다. 이로 볼 때 한말부터 1920년대의 가정위생은 첫째 의식주와 관련하여 건강에 미치는 가정 내의 위생, 둘째 월경, 임신, 해산 등 출생과 관련된 부인 위생, 셋째 육아에 관한 내용, 넷째, 일상생활에서 일어나는 상처의 대응 등으로 요약할 수 있다. 이에 비해 Mills가 발행한 『가뎡위』의 가정위생은 보다 의학적 요소가 풍부하고 이를 예방하는 것에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 1919년 2월 의료 선교사 Mills가 발행한 『가뎡위』은 기존의 의식주 중심의 가정위생에 대한 인식을 보다 의학적으로 확장시켰다. 그는 한국인과 관련된 질병 즉 속병(배앓이)으로 알려진 위장병, 해소병으로 알려진 결핵, 파리가 전염원으로 알려진 적리병, 당시 한국인에 많이 유행한 학질과 재귀열병, 그리고 옴 등 질병과 직접 관련이 있는 것에 대한 예비지식과 예방법을 구체적으로 소개하고 있다. 이는 그동안 의식주 중심의 가정위생을 한층 깊이 있게 취급하였다는 점에서 유의미하다고 할 수 있다. 결론적으로 Mills의 『가뎡위』은 당시 한국인이 많이 앓거나 유행하는 전염병과 질병에 대해 의학적으로 이해할 수 있도록 하였으며, 이를 기반으로 전염병과 질병에 대한 의식을 향상시켰다는 점에서 중요한 의미가 있다고 할 수 있다.

This article tries to examine the perception of Home hygiene through 『Maeil Shinbo』 and 『Dong-A Ilbo』 published in 1919. Also 『Ga-jung-we-seang(가뎡위)』 is studied which appeared in from the late Joseon Dynasty to the 1920s by the Christian medical missionary Mills. From the end of the Joseon Dynasty to the 1920s, Home hygiene did not change much. Basically, prevention of diseases related to food, clothing and shelter occupied a large part. In addition to this, it included menstruation related to the health of women and housewives, precautions related to childbirth and parenting methods. Exceptions include scarlet fever, how to get rid of flies and mosquitoes, and how to disinfect at home to prevent infectious diseases. From this perspective, Home hygiene from the late Joseon Dynasty to the 1920s was dealing the Household hygiene affecting health in relation to food, clothing and shelter, maternal hygiene related to birth such as menstruation, pregnancy, and childbirth, content related to childcare, daily life etc. In contrast, the content of 『Home Hygiene』 published by Mills is rich in medical elements and focuses on prevention. 『Home Hygiene』, published by medical missionary Mills in February 1919, expanded the existing awareness of Home hygiene centered on food, clothing and shelter more medically. He introduces in detail preliminary knowledge and prevention methods for diseases that are directly related to Korean-related diseases such as gastroenteritis, tuberculosis, jaundice, and recurrent fever, and scabies, which were common among Koreans at the time. This can be said to be meaningful in that it has dealt with household hygiene centered on food, clothing, and shelter in a more in-depth way. In conclusion, Mills's 『Household Hygiene』 is significant in that it enabled Koreans to understand medically about the epidemics and diseases that were common or prevalent at the time, and based on this, it was important in that it improved awareness about infectious diseases and diseases.

본 연구는 고등학생의 안전의식과 재난안전교육 및 응급처치 지식 정도를 알아보고 안전의식과 응급처치 지식간의 관계를 파악하기 위함이다. 대상자는 G시 인문계 고등학교 3학년에 재학 중인 남학생 293명으로 2018년 3월 19일부터 3월 28일까지 자료수집 후 SPSS 21.0을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 응급처치 지식 정답률은 40.15%였으며, 안전의식과 응급처치지식의 하위영역의 관련성에서 응급상황 시 행동요령(r=-.131, p=.025), 호흡계와 순환계(r=.213, p<.001), 드레싱과 붕대(r=.156, p=.008)와 관련성이 있었다. 본 연구는 안전사고에 대응할 수 있는 역량을 배양하기 위한 교육과정 구성의 기초자료로 활용하는데 기여하였으며, 응급처치지식 수준 향상과 다양한 상황에 따른 대처능력을 높이기 위해서 교육프로그램 개발 및 평가가 요구된다.

The purpose of this study is to understand the safety consciousness of high school students, disaster safety education, and the degree of first aid knowledge and to understand the relationship between safety consciousness and first aid knowledge. The subjects were 293 male students attending third grade of high school at G city and analyzed using SPSS 21.0 from March 19, 2018 to March 28, 2018. The results of the study showed that the correctness rate of first aid knowledge was 40.15% and that the relationship between safety consciousness and subcategories of first aid knowledge was significant(r=-.131, p=.025), respiratory and circulatory system(r=.213, p<.001), dressing and bandages(r=.156, p=.008). The purpose of this study is to contribute to the utilization of the basic knowledge of the curriculum to cultivate the ability to cope with safety accidents and to develop and evaluate educational programs to improve the level of first aid.

본 논문은 로버트 라이먼(Robert Ryman, 1930-)의 1953년-1967년 작품을 중심으로 그가 회화를 경험하는 상호작용의 과정을 통해 회화의 의미를 축적했다는 점을 밝힌다. 물질성과 반 복성이라는 특징 때문에 ‘미니멀리스트 화가’로 알려진 라이먼이 1950년대부터 작품을 시작해 온 맥락이 최근 연구되었다. 본 글에서는 이를 바탕으로 그가 회화와 상호작용하는 붓질의 행위 를 실험으로 보고, 듀이의 경험론과 접목했다. 그는 경험 과정에서 얻은 해결책을 ‘의식’적으로 이용하여 통제 조건을 설정하고 결과를 산출하고, 또 새로운 재료를 향해 도전한다. 이러한 관점 에서 그의 수평적 붓질에 나타난 반복은 물질적 측면에서 감축이 아니라 역설적으로 확장되며, 산업용 재료를 사용했음에도 그가 이를 회화를 지속하는 바탕으로 사용했다는 점을 주장했다.

This thesis examines Robert Ryman's paintings for a period from 1953 to 1967 in order to investigate how he built up his own meanings of painting by focusing on the experience in the interactive process of painting. He has been known as minimalist painter due to his pursuit of materiality and the pattern of repetition in his brushstrokes. In this study, his brushstrokes are interpreted as an act of experience – the notion that parallels the John Dewey's idea of art. As predicated by the Dewey's empiricism, Ryman consciously set control conditions in order to produce desired results – a feedback process built on his experience – with a specific target material. Using this process, he successfully managed to challenge even unconventional industrial materials. It is thus posited that the repetition of horizontal brushstrokes in his work enabled the expansion of material's possibility instead of reducing it.

본 연구에서는 특급 호텔 종사원의 DISC 행동유형, 즉 주도형(D), 사교형(I), 안정형(S), 신중형(C)의 행동유형을 분석하고 이에 따른 조직문화가 조직유효성, 즉 호텔종사원의 직무만족 및 조직몰입 그리고 이직의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 밝히고자 한다. 이를 위하여 문헌연구와 실증 분석을 병행하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 주도형과 사교형인 직원들이 집단, 개발문화와 적합한 관계를 형성하여 조직몰입과 직무만족에 정의 영향을 미친 다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 안정형의 직원들은 합리문화와 적합한 관계를 형성하여 조직몰입과 직무만족에 정의 영향을 미친 다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 신중형의 직원들은 집단문화와 적합한 관계를 형성할 때 이직률을 줄일 수 있을 것이라는 것을 알 수 있었다. 소비자의 욕구와 필요는 빠르게 변화하고 있다. 또한 최근 특급호텔의 수가 많이 늘어나면서 특급 호텔 간의 경쟁이 심화되고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 시대에는 주도형, 사교형의 직원이 적합하다고 사료되며, 채용시 디스크 검사를 하여 우리 조직과 잘 맞는 유형의 직원을 채용할 것을 제안한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyzing the DISC behavioral styles of deluxe hotel employees, that Dominance(D), Influence(I), Steadiness(S), Consciousness(C) on the organizational culture and the organizational effectiveness of the hotel employees and is to presenting the influence of DISC behavioral patterns on the organizational culture and the organizational effectiveness. To accomplish the aim, the study conducted literature investigations and positive analysis. The results were as in the followings. Employees with a dominant and influencing behavior style adapt themselves to innovative culture and collusive culture. also, organizational commitment and job satisfaction were affected by dominant and influencing behavioral employees. and employees with a steady style adapt themselves to rationality culture. so, organizational commitment and job satisfaction were affected by steady style. furthermore, the result shows that it can be reduced turnover rate when the conscious behavioral employees adapt to the collusive culture. Customer`s needs and wants are changed fastly. In addition, there is a keen competition between a five-star hotel. Because the number of five-star hotel are increased. Lastly I suggest that the DISC behavioral style is using at recruit.

There is much research nowadays about artificial neural networks and artificial intelligence. In particular, research into cognitive models mimicking the human brain structure to simulate human consciousness are progressing at an active rate. This paper presents the cognitive model ‘HaeYum’, meaning ‘to think’ in Korean, based on Gerald Edelman’s Theory of neuronal group selection (TNGS) and Baar’s Global Workspace Theory (GWT). From these two theories regarding consciousness, the HaeYum model borrows the concepts of categorized memory and workspace. The HaeYum model explains consciousness as an operational mechanism dealing with categorized memory and represents it as a computational model, which could become a crucial theory regarding artificial intelligences that thinks like humans, or artificial general intelligence. This paper outlines the HaeYum model and explain its working mechanism of the memory-calling phase and the memory-saving phase.