Earticle

This study was performed with the purpose of developing a heat-generating hair roll that can prevent frequent burn accidents caused by electric hair appliances and that can be used by busy modern users while they are on the move. A study was carried out to investigate a method for producing a flexible PCB-based heating pad that can generate heat at low temperatures and produce a prototype in portable form to be used as a heating element after deriving the optimum operating conditions through experiments. To derive optimum operating conditions, experiments were conducted including a heating temperature experiment, an experiment measuring the length of time curls are maintained depending on the heating duration, and an experiment measuring the optimum curling condition depending on the thickness of the hair roll. As a result of the study, a heat-generating hair roll equipped with various convenient functions that can prevent burn accidents was produced. This study is valuable in that it integrates science and engineering.

The popularity of coffee consumption has increased steadily in these years, so the amount of coffee grounds per year is grown. However, the coffee contain an antioxidant, hence the coffee grounds in part. It has been used as components in cosmetics are also grounds the physical characteristics that are highly porous can absorb moisture. The composition of the element potassium (K), calcium, Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The requirements to the application of the coffee grounds for the needing to increase the use of natural rubber, so we have an interest in that project research. "A preliminary study on the application of coffee grounds in latex" NR - coffee grounds composite as an alternative to adding value to natural rubber as well as applications that waste coffee grounds to benefit even more. The result shows that flexible rubber particles are the coffee grounds, but not on the stretch elastic properties make it worse. When the rubber, crushed the particles are smaller when coffee grounds make great treasure, not grind.

Magnetic fields, always the presence and effects of magnetic field on the life forms around us, is always the interest of the subject, it has been studied. The effect of magnetic field on plants in soil and agarose gel was compared. The absorbance and the content of soil bacteria were analyzed to compare the conditions of each group and the element causing the effect of magnetic field on plants was found. From this experiment, the soil bacteria whose growth was accelerated only in magnetic field was separated and cultured. The difference caused by the injection of soil bacteria whose growth can be accelerated in magnetic field into soil contaminated with heavy metal was observed, and by checking the growth level, the application of his soil bacteria was studied. When the growth of plants using magnetic field in soil and agarose gel was compared, only plants grew in soil was influenced by magnetic field. Throughout this result, it was checked that the element of effect of magnetic field was soil bacteria, and the bacteria whose growth could be accelerated in magnetic field was found. This type was separated to produce soil bacteria concentrate. When this concentrate was injected into the heavy metal contaminated soil to observe the effect on growth of the plants, soil bacteria, whose growth was accelerated in magnetic field, absorbed heavy metal and alleviate the heavy metal material who suppress the growth of plants, helping the growth of the plants. However, when the bacteria not exposed to magnetic field, the effect suppressing heavy metal pollution; the effect was checked only in case of bacteria exposed to magnetic field.

Being able to behave as a wave, light can be dispersed from its source point using slit/s. This is called single slit diffraction. Using this ability, the wavelength of a certain light source, like laser, can be determined. This is through the working equation: 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃=𝑚𝜆. Through the CCD (charge-coupled device), the diffraction of the light was seen and using the Vision Assistant Program, the order for the destructive interference was known. The manipulated variable in this research was the usage of different slit widths (0.04 mm, 0.08 mm, and 0.16 mm). It was seen from the experiment that the wavelength is approximately close to the actual one. Even though different slit widths were utilized in the study, the wavelength remained close to the original value. Data analysis was done after the conduct of the study and it was concluded that the smaller the value of the slit width, it became difficult to measure the value of the wavelength due to the larger distance between the destructive interferences but it has a much more precise measurement, which was seen in the calculations of the percentage error.

Ambrosia trifida L. is a problematic, invasive species. Various methods have been used for its removal, but the proliferation could hardly be arrested. Since the most effective way of dealing with invasive species is promoting consumption by developing new channels, this research was carried out. This study intends to see whether carbon-containing Ambrosia acts as an energy source that vitalizes soil microbes when given in cold stress exposed plants’ soil. Lettuce plants were chosen for the experiments. The soil microbes were classified, and after switching the environment from low to room temperature, it was found that the absorbance of all soil microbes and chlorophyll were higher in soil and lettuce from the Ambrosia treated group. This study shows that Ambrosia slices provide nutrients required for soil microbes to survive at low temperature as well as to promote the growth of plants. By applying such results, it is possible to reduce annual crop damages caused by cold stress and provide a solution for the removal of Ambrosia.

Many people apply out of date yogurt on their face and share the effect of this on internet. Lactobacillus contained in yogurt is known to have the effect on skin whitening and preventing ages. Therefore, the research was designed in order to observe whether lactobacillus left in yogurt that was passed its expiration date can suppress the bacteria in face and prevent skin aging when applied to skin. Bacteria from face and nose were separated and were treated on solid media with yogurt solution absorbed into filter papers. As a result, the clean zones were observed near filter papers. Although the absorbance measured did not show the significant difference because lactobacillus and other bacteria were cultured together, based on the clear zones appeared near filter papers, it was hypothesized that lactobacillus was able to suppress the growth of skin bacteria. Moreover, as a result of treating separated face bacteria that can survive from acid condition, unlike lactobacillus in kimchi, L. sakei, the lactobacillus in yogurt did not show significant effect. However, active oxygen elimination ability through Fenton reaction was 59%, which is enough to remove active oxygen. Therefore, even after certain amount of time, lactobacillus exists in yogurt, thus it was hypothesized that this lactobacillus can help skin aging by suppressing the growth of bacteria and removing reactive oxygen.

Oil spill is one of the major causes of pollution around the world. The tragic accident happened in Gulf of Mexico in 2010, which is considered as the worst oil spill in United States history. At this time, one ecologist found out the oil-degrading microorganism in this area and that it could become a very practical approach to oil spill cleanup. Sea water from 3 different sites of Qingdao Ocean is collected. The purpose was to see if there exist oil-degrading microbes in Qingdao Sea. First, after oil was put in Qingdao sea water for one week, it was verified that sea water in Qingdao has the ability to degrade oil. Then, to find out what degraded oil in the sea water in Qingdao, the water is isolated and cultivated. To further confirm it is oil-degrading microorganism which dissolves oil in Qingdao water, 4 beakers which contained crude oil, cultured microbes and 40ml of tap water, saturated soap water, and tap water were observed after 24 hours. When considering the percentage of remaining oil in crude oil as 100%, tap water with cultivated microbes degraded 27.41% of the oil, which is much higher data than in other solutions. Thus, it can be concluded that cultivated microorganism has great oil-degrading ability and it is those microorganism that dissolved oil in sea water in Qingdao. By further research, the type of microorganism found in Qingdao Ocean can be determined. Once it is determined, it will be more efficient and eco-friendly to use them in cleaning the oil with other physical methods.

S. pasteurii is a spore-forming nonpathogenic bacteria that is able to conduct bio-mineralization. Due the discovery of such a unique ability being recent, the possible applications of this characteristic are still mostly unexplored. While commercial applications of S. pasteurii as a cement reinforce does exist, there has been no exploration in applying this ability to improving water retention. Therefore, this study explored whether S. pasteurii’s ability to bio-mineralize could improve water retention ability of soil, while not harming the plants within the soil. Other soil bacteria were examined for the same criteria as well. The experiment had a few main procedures: examining the water retention ability of soil inoculated with these bacteria, measuring the chlorophyll and growth of cabbages grown in bacteria-infested soil, and measuring the viability of grass when inoculated with bacteria. The soil bacteria was identified and cultivated in TSA Media containing Urea. Only those who thrived within those conditions were further tested. S. pasteurii and the other bacteria were also cultivated in TSB Media with Urea. Adjusted to be at the same concentration, these were then inoculated in soil, which had cabbage seeds planted in it. The cabbages were then measured for length and chlorophyll A and B, while the soil’s water retention ability was tested by adding water in 1 ml increments and measuring how much leaked through. To measure the viability of the grass, bacterial solutions at the same concentration were added to identical patches of grass, which were then monitored for 9 days. S. pasteurii increased the soil retention ability the most, but also producing the lowest chlorophyll A and B content. Therefore, its plasmid DNA was transferred through heat shock transformation to soil bacteria d (Bacillus pumilus), which had shown positive signs to plant growth. The new bacterium was not harmful to plants, while also increasing the soil retention ability considerably. In conclusion, S. pasteurii indeed can be used to increase water retention in soil. However, due to its adverse effects on plants, creating possible hybrids to remove this defect is encouraged.

The increasingly widespread cultivation of genetically modified crops (abbreviated as GM crops) has led to mounting concern over its environmental impacts. Research in the field of genetic engineering has so far succeeded in identifying the harms that GM crops pose on other organisms in the ecosystem, especially on non-GM crops. However, the literature has not yet fully explored the multifaceted causes of these environmental damages, nor the overreaching impacts that GM crop cultivation has on other ecosystems. Such uncertainty in the discussion has led to a lack of consensus on how restrictive the government should be on GM crop cultivation and whether GM crops will ultimately have a net positive or negative effect on the world. This study serves to bring more clarity to the discussion in two ways: first, by revealing one of the fundamental reasons GM crops harm other organisms in their ecosystem, and second, by establishing an unprecedented correlation between GM crop cultivation and water contamination. Through a series of eight comprehensive experiments involving the comparison of GM and non-GM soybeans, the inoculation of Nutrient Agar and Nutrient Broth culture mediums, and water quality tests, the study proves that GM crop cultivation leads to a significant reduction in the number of soil bacteria, which diminishes the soil’s decomposition capacity and leads to extremely high levels of nitrogen in the soil. The study also demonstrates that when the soil enters groundwater or nearby rivers through soil run-off, the excessive levels of nitrogen in the soil lead to eutrophication and red tides, ultimately causing severe water contamination. By demonstrating how GM crop cultivation poses significant threats to nearby aquatic ecosystems, the study aims to warn policymakers worldwide of these dangers and to encourage scientists to re-engineer GM crop seeds to minimize the negative impacts on other organisms and the aquatic ecosystem. Until then, the safest and most responsible way to deal with the situation would be to curtail the cultivation of GM crops to preserve the quality and purity of the soil and water.

When auxin (IAA) is exposed to blue light, it decomposes and generates oxygen-free radicals. Because the radicals have strong oxidative characteristics, blue light is often used as an effective treatment method of acne vulgaris, using photodynamic therapy. Because bacteria in perspiration produces fatty acids and ammonia that cause malodor, the same fundamental principle used in phototherapy was applied to this particular study, which evaluates the ability of blue light with IAA to destroy bacteria and hence rid of malodor on athletic apparel. When both blue light and IAA are treated together, the decomposition of IAA decreases Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, increasing the amount of Hydroxyl radicals and in turn inhibiting bacteria. The antiseptic effects of blue light and IAA were also tested on other, pathogenic bacteria. While the method worked appropriately on E. coli, the results showed that salmonella could only be inhibited when the concentration and amount of IAA was increased to 300 uL, as compared to 100 uL for E. coli and sweat bacteria. Finally, when the experiment was conducted on a pair of ice hockey gloves used by an athlete, the reduction in bacteria was again observed, confirming that sterilization could be improved by treating athletic gear with IAA and blue light. Although Ultraviolet (UV) sterilizers can be used to disinfect clothing or the like, UV radiation can damage the eye and skin, leaving blue light as an optimal, harmless, and effective antiseptic. The ultimate findings of this study therefore validate that blue light and IAA together is an effective means of inhibiting bacteria and eliminating odor, with no significant harms or side effects.

In this experiment, Escherichia coli with the best, unhindered growth rates were chosen and cultivated in NA and NB culture medium. The growths of these bacteria were measured after exposure to Ampicillin. This showed that E. coli behaved in two different ways: increasing (A) or decreasing (B) the growth rate. Then, the addition of Hydrogen Peroxide showed that group A did not grow very well while group B grew relatively well (earned resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide). These bacteria were, then, exposed to Streptomycin: high growth of B showed that it earned resistance again while A did not grow as well. Inoculation of normal E. coli, into NB solutions in which A and B had separately been cultured, indicated that B consumed a lot less nutrients compared to the A: stating that the B used a lot less energy compared to the latter. When B was mixed with the E. coli with A, B could change its behaviour like that of A. Then these E. coli, which had lost their resistance to antibiotics, were put back under a stressful condition; they once again separated into A and B. Overall, it could be observed that E. coli do not adapt to their environment according to their genetic materials but rather adapt to their environment by altering (which happens at random) their rate of energy usage, helping them to pursuit different behaviours in order to survive.

There is much research nowadays about artificial neural networks and artificial intelligence. In particular, research into cognitive models mimicking the human brain structure to simulate human consciousness are progressing at an active rate. This paper presents the cognitive model ‘HaeYum’, meaning ‘to think’ in Korean, based on Gerald Edelman’s Theory of neuronal group selection (TNGS) and Baar’s Global Workspace Theory (GWT). From these two theories regarding consciousness, the HaeYum model borrows the concepts of categorized memory and workspace. The HaeYum model explains consciousness as an operational mechanism dealing with categorized memory and represents it as a computational model, which could become a crucial theory regarding artificial intelligences that thinks like humans, or artificial general intelligence. This paper outlines the HaeYum model and explain its working mechanism of the memory-calling phase and the memory-saving phase.

Lactobacillus contained in fermented milk, which has a lower pH, temperature, resistibility to toxicity of other bacteria, resistibility to hydrogen peroxide production and hydrogen peroxide itself, and resistibility to antibiotics than lactobacillus contained in Kimchi, was separated and cultured to obtain 24 types of lactobacillus. After they obtained adaptability to toxicity of E.coli, with the probiotics method, three types of lactobacillus were cultured in media containing fragments of Kimchi lactobacillus. When those cultured lactobacilli were used to produce Kimchi, the lactobacilli collected after the fermentation of Kimchi were the type with an enhanced resistibility to antibiotics, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen peroxide production, toxicity on other bacteria, a low pH, and a low temperature.

Heavy metal in soil shows negative effect on ecosystem by suppressing the growth of plants and damaging soil ecosystem. However, checking the heavy metal content in soil requires too much time and money. This research was conducted in order to check these problems and understand the existence of heavy metal contained in soil efficiently. Unlike regular soil bacteria, ahms- bacteria (anti- heavy metal soil bacteria), separated from soil contaminated with heavy metal, is able to survive in soil containing heavy metal. Moreover, it can survive in pH5 and 40℃, the environment where the growth of regular soil bacteria shows drastic decrease. The reason of this strong surviving ability of ahms-bacteria was found to be its sulfate reducing function. Ahms-bacteria produces hydrogen sulfide, and this hydrogen sulfide, creates precipitate by the reaction with heavy metal in soil. This was used to offer simple but accurate method to sort out soil contaminated by heavy metal. In fact, when the experiment was conducted with contaminated soil, it was checked that ahms-bacteria was able to be the standard of heavy metal-contaminated soil.

As a result of culturing E.Coli in undernutrition condition, while there was no change in general growth, two types of E.Coli, energy storing E.Coli which contains resistance to different stressing environment and energy consuming E.Coli with increased energy consumption and decreased resistance to each stress, was able to be separated. Their character could be inherited even after repeated culture, and this was confirmed throughout the experiment; it was mutation in a perspective of epigenetics. Energy storing E.Coli obtained increased resistance to low temperature, thus if this E.Coli was used to store gene and transform character, the efficiency increased.

Water pollution is an alarming environmental problem. One of the largest unknown causes of ocean water pollution is the minimally used oyster shell that was wrongfully disposed of. Therefore, oyster shell waste was used to understand the degree of its effects on water pollution. In doing so, seawater and sea soil obtained from less-polluted and more-polluted areas of the Gwanganlli shore were cultivated with oyster shell or its extract. To measure the rate of bacterial growth, oyster shells were grinded into different sizes then extracted to cultivate bacteria. The growth rate was tested by measuring their absorbance. Finally to test whether oyster shell effectively suppress growth of malevolent bacteria, oyster shell extract was cultivated with 5 different malevolent bacteria. The results show that oyster shell extract is more effective in preventing the growth of bacteria collected from seawater than those collected from the soil. Specifically, oyster shell extract powder greater than 500um most effectively suppressed bacterial growth, but did not selectively inhibit the growth of malevolent bacteria caused by water pollution, instead inhibited entire growth. Moreover, >500um extract 5% solution effectively suppressed the growth of malevolent bacteria. Thus, spraying oyster shell or its extract on polluted shores can effectively suppress the growth of malevolent bacteria.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the social environment and social interaction in childhood mice. Mice were divided into three groups(A, B, C) according to roommate environment. (A : isolation, B : continuous roommate, C : daily changed roommate). Experiments were held with 3-week-old-mice (12 females and 12 males) divided to three groups for 6 weeks, and for additional experimentation of 12 female mice for 2 weeks. The results of the social experiment with the three chamber test and the case of the9-week-old mice who were given a long time to interact in a social environment were that: The A group showed the best sociality and the C group showed the lowest sociality regardless of sex. With the case of 5-week-old female mice, the B group showed the best sociality compared to others.

This study has looked at the antibacterial characteristic of the Brassware dish that has been many issues until this presents and experimentally confirmed after knowing that there were antibacterial effecting as the metal ion influenced the cell membrane of the germ. Based on this fact, we tried to known the tendency of antibacterial effect change by the creation of the alloy. This study proceeded the test by cutting the zinc and tin after producing alloy each in a different composition ratio mainly on copper. Each metal was put into a vial with the liquid medium that colon bacterium was cultivated and cultivated again in the petrifilm with certain term of time and observed the number of colonies after 24 hours. Antibacterial effect test was implemented 3 times and was proved that Cu-Sn 30wt% had high antibacterial effect by discovering the structural distortion in the copper alloy by using XRD.