Earticle

The plant has a full differentiation ability to grow as a single entity, and it is possible to use tissue culture techniques for particular organs of a plant. But I thought that the plants' differentiation rates would be different for each organ. So, this research advanced an experiment to see whether each organ's level ofthe differentiation is different or not. In this paper find this point through this experiment. So, in this research used Arabidopsis' Napa cabbage for the experiment. The organs used in this experiment are the stem, root, and leaf And compared the values of differentiation rates of each organ in this paper.

The main goal of this study is to find out whether it is able to acquire an ampicillin resistance character for mouse intestinal bacteria by ingestion of pork. Seventy percent of the whole bacteria separated from pork with different origins such as Gimje, Boseong, Anseong and Jeju were resistant to ampicillin. As bacteria separated from pork were cultured in pork extract made through high temperature, high pressure and sterilization, the majority of bacteria acquired resistance to ampicillin. Mouse intestinal bacteria were separated and cultured after 48 hours of pork extract ingestion. As a result, it showed that all bacteria acquired the resistance regardless of pork's origin and an interruption of intake led to sensitivity recovery for most of them but didn 't bring about complete loss of the resistance. In conclusion, it is possible to generate intestinal resistant bacteria through heated pork intake and the resistibility could be lost after an interruption of intake, although it takes long.

Photocatalysts are widely used via sol-gel and hydrothermal methods to coat surfaces such as windows and solar panels because of their ability to prevent microorganism growth. Although these methods are effective, they are sophisticated and costly. Thus, the focus of this research was to find a simple, easily-reproducible coating method that successfully coats TiO2 on a panel. First, modifications of the sol-gel method were applied using compounds such as AgBr, PEG (Polyethylene Glycol), and ZnO and the crystal formation on the panels were compared. It was found that when ZnO was added to the mixture, the surface tension of the coated surface increased and PEG additionally helped reduce cracks on the surface of the panel. Also, a simplified version of the hydrothermal coating method was employed and was successful in coating the surface of glass and metal panels evenly using the precipitates that formed during the process. Instead of using pressure with ZnO, NaOH was used in order to coat the glass panels.Out of the metals that were coated, it was observed that ZnO coated best on the surface of zinc. Both methods demonstrated the ability of photocatalysts to degrade methylene blue and prevent bacterial and fungal growth.

The need of electrical energy is still depend on the fossil energy. Based on the data, Indonesian fossil energy reserves are decreasing, example oil reserves are merely enough for the next 23 years. While gas reserves are assumed will last until 50 years into the future and then coal for the next 80 years. If Indonesia only depends on fossil energy sources for the next 23-80 years, Indonesia will face a lack of energy supply. Therefore to overcome the case above, there is should be an effort to produce a renewable energy.. In this research, we took the initiative to take advantage of the wind gusts from the passing motor vehicles using helical windmill to overcome the unstable wind speed as an alternative source for lighting on roads, especially highways. The purpose of this study is to improve the effectivity of aerodynamic to the moving helical windmill as a source of an alternative energy.And the advantage of this blade is it can rotate continuously because it can recieve the wind from all direction and although the wind energy is very small the blade can still rotate. This study begins with designing a helical windmill, then a generator which is able to convert wind power into electricity. The generator designed consists of eight coils (1000 windings per coil), a saving current using 6 volt of battery, 1 ampere of transformer and the maximum rotation obtained is 12 volts. From this research, it can be concluded that the rotation speed of 367 rpm will produce 6.1 volts voltage, rotation speed of 406 rpm will produce 6.8 volts voltage, and rotation speed of 451 will be obtained 7.3 volts voltage.

Antibiotics primarily inhibit the growth of prokaryotic cells. The theory of Endosymbiosis states that eukaryotic chloroplasts and mitochondria originate from the prokaryotes, and recent oncologist research reveals that antibiotics can directly exert influence on eukaryotic mitochondria. Similarly, this research probes at the possibility of antibiotics specifically targeting eukaryotic chloroplasts of green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, in an attempt to configure the mechanism through which antibiotics often affect algae. The other half of the research explores the residual environmental risks associated with the presence of antibiotics in freshwater ecosystems, and if antibiotics can possibly be a direct cause of algal blooms. Well over half of the antibiotics, not metabolized and culled out by the sewage plant, end up near the top of the water column: consequently, algae on the surface water are exposed to these antibiotics. Excessive algal growths deplete dissolved oxygen (DO) level and compromise water quality; specifically one of their types, harmful algal blooms (HABs) are disastrous to the aquatic biota. Many obvious and common factors – excessive nutrients and lack of water circulation - are known to encourage these algal blooms. However, as antibiotics in low dosage can stimulate bacterial resistance and encourage growth, the experiments showed that antibiotics could foster algal growth and be a cause of algal blooms.

Ambrosia trifida L, a large herbal plant of the compositae, has a high photosynthesis rate that enables the plant to grow tall and big. The tall and big leaves cover sunlight going to other plants, thus suppressing the growth of other plants and eventually simplifying the variety of neighboring plants. Moreover, Ambrosia triggers pollinosis by spreading its pollens. In order to reduce the population of Ambrosia, it was used as livestock feed, but the results showed limitations in actual use due to the low effectiveness. To find an effective method to resolve this problem, a study investigating the glucose content of Ambrosia and the effects when supplied to plants was conducted. In the experiment, glucose content was verified, and when given to plants, the extract made with the inner stem produced the longest growth length and highest chlorophyll content with a concentration of 50%. The use of Ambrosia in powder form also caused beneficial effects for the plant. When drying the residue formed after making an extract, the Ambrosia turned into paper form. The use of this Ambrosia paper also increased the chlorophyll content. Therefore, through the use of the inner stem of Ambrosia as a fertilizer, it can reduce the soil acidification caused by chemical fertilizers, resolve water contamination problems, and elevate the quality of crops.

Once strontium (88Sr) 90mM get injected to the soil or 0.7% agarose which the plant survives, it makes the plants and the roots suppressed growth and eventually the plant die.(Experimental 1) Also, it makes the soil bacteria in the soil reduced greatly, and then the suppression of the plant growth should be accelerated. The study confirms that the injection of structurally cell-wall changed bacteria, which were collected from Siwha lake and (sample 5,6) and modified by ‘competent cell’production process (sample 4,5), leads the removing toxic of strontium (88Sr) from that the surface of cell-wall changed bacteria absorbs strontium (88Sr), and confirms that this phenomenon are same as other soil bacteria. Through the examination of the HMA4 gene, confirms that the plant is able to suppress to absorb strontium (88Sr) from injecting the Siwha lake soil bacteria (sample 5, 6) produced by ‘competent cell’production process as well. Also, in order to check out whether the soil contains strontium (88Sr), isolate and identify the bacteria which survive in high resolution strontium (88Sr). Using this, provide the checking-out method whether strontium(88Sr) are. From the result of experiments which the soil bacteria that are able to check out strontium (88Sr) inject to the soil collected nearby nuclear power plant, confirms the bacteria multiplication in the soil collected nearby nuclear power plant. Based on this, can guess a possibility of existence of strontium (88Sr) or isotope of it in the soil nearby nuclear power plant. Although shows that the bacteria are able to suppress the plant growth weakly, confirms that the plant grows normally after injecting the Siwha lake soil bacteria (sample 5) which produced in order to absorb strontium (88Sr).

Atmospheric fine dust is an emerging problem as a result of growing industrialization and environmental changes. In this study, fine dust could be an alternative fact to contaminate soil property. The soil exposed to fine dust was significantly changed in its porosity as compared with the control. A subsequent experiment revealed that fine dust restricted the production of soil bacteria through the increment of soil porosity and that increased porosity is closely associated to the production of calcium carbonate by soil bacteria. In situ analyses for soils exposed to high amount of atmospheric fine dust revealed the significant attenuation of five different microbial species, which abundantly exists within the ground soil. Moreover, fine dust-mediated growth reduction of soil bacteria resulted in the accelerated growth of E.coli, a bacterial strain. Co-culture of E.coli with soil extracts demonstrated that soil contents significantly lowered the growth rate of E.coli, indicating that soil bacteria is responsible for protecting water quality from the opportunistic bacterial infections. Collectively the data demonstrate that the topic for atmospheric fine dust could be worth deliberation for protecting ground water preservation as a possible resource of drinking water.

With the global energy crisis, many technologies in energy harvesting, such as solar, wind, geothermal, and hydraulic power plants, have been developed. This project envisioned to explore the potential of vibrations as a sustainable alternative source of energy through a simple and easy-to-make harvester. Piezoelectric materials that convert vibrations from human activities into energy were applied. A digital multi-meter was used to continually monitor the voltage output of the system. Three trials were done per monitoring. Actual testing to light emitting diode was also performed. Data showed that an output voltage was successfully generated. An average output voltage of 0.52V had a charging time of 20.56 seconds, 1.03V in 33.16 seconds, 1.52V in 60.52 seconds, 2.02V in 88.30 seconds, and 2.34V in 119.71 seconds. An average discharging time of 41.86 seconds per 1mV drop was also recorded. Results suggested that a fully charged device could have a theoretical continuous illumination of approximately 26 hours. In addition, the fabricated device successfully powered a light emitting diode for possible lighting purposes. The experiment established the viability of converting vibrations from human locomotion using a simple wooden box energy harvester and the potential of vibration as one of the most promising sources of energy for powering devices with low voltage electric requirements.

This research was conducted to examine the extent bacteria develop antibiotic resistance (ABR) from contemporary and old bacteria, and understand its underlying mechanisms of the process. Common bacteria and B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, and S. gallinarum were cultured with various concentrations of antibiotics and underwent agar diffusion tests to determine resistance. Then ABR and non-ABR bacteria were cultured in a single solution and ABR was tested. Plasmid DNA from ABR bacteria were implanted into non-ABR bacteria and resistance of possibly transformed bacteria was tested. Finally, plasmid DNA were extracted from ABR bacteria and inserted to non-ABR bacteria of the same kind through heat shock transformation and resistance determined. Results showed that common bacteria and B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, and S. gallinarum have grown ABR to old antibiotics and are starting to develop it on newer antibiotics. Non-ABR bacteria develop stronger ABR under lower concentration of antibiotics through proximity with ABR bacteria. Also, bacteria transformed with ABR plasmid DNA exhibited an ABR trait. It can be concluded many bacteria have adjusted to antibiotics, and they have grown this ABR through exposure to low concentration of antibiotics, proximity with ABR bacteria, and plasmid DNA transformation from ABR bacteria.

The experiment injecting the nutrients dissolved into the soil from the process of providing water to plants, and as a result, no change in growth of the plants by nutrients leaked out by water was observed. When big amount of water was added in order for The growth of the plants when cultivating the plants, soil bacteria contained in the soil leaked out consistently, which caused lack of nitrogen provided through soil and abnormal growth of the plants. In other word, water provided to flowerpot can be detrimental, and despite nutritious soil, decrease of soil bacteria impedes the growth of the plants. Based on the result of the experiment, The device that can re-provide the soil bacteria to the pot was developed, and when the experiment using this device was conducted, the device was able to let plants grow normally.

Fruit waste could be used for producing ethanol in an efficient way by means of mashing specialized enzymes. In this paper fruit waste of oranges, apples and tangerines was processed simultaneously by saccharification and fermentation in a laboratory-scale. The enzymes used for this study are commonly-found C-Tec2 and H-Tec and Wild-type Saccharomyces Cerevisiae was the yeast used for ethanol fermentation. The experimental analysis was conducted using the 1260 Infinity Quaternary LC System® of the Agilent Technologies Co. The experinment results showed the glucose and ethanol production from oranges, apples, and tangerines it could be concluded that most of fruits showed decreasing trends of the glucose production and increasing trends of the ethanol production in 2 hours. After twenty four of incubation the glucose produced from fruits was mostly converted to ethanol. The study results suggest that fruit waste could be utilized as economically- as well as environment-friendly substrate by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.

Air pollution posed a public concern to communities in a global scale. Hence, this study explored the potential of coconut spathe fibers as air filter media in order to reduce pollution level. Coconut spathe fibers (CSF) were cleaned and cut to 7cm by 7cm of thickness 0.5cm. Air filters were made up of the coconut pouch sandwiched between two metal plates. Metal plates were ridden with evenly distributed 1cm diameter holes and 1cm apart. Filters were constructed in triplicates and tested against air pollution. The free-acceleration test for in-use compression-ignition motor vehicles based on European Emission Standards pursuant to Section 21 of Republic Act 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999) was employed. Smoke Opacity Measurement (SOM) was done to the assess air quality before and after filtration as a function of thickness using the free acceleration principle. Light- absorption coefficient () of the exhaust gases was measured with a digital opacimeter. Three replications were done. Mean values were reported and statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Test was performed to quantify the amount of air pollutants that impair visibility, including aerosols and particulate matters, in the gaseous exhaust.. Results suggest that car exhaust smoke after passing through CSF filters became relatively transparent light. This study illustrates the potential of coconut spathe fibers as an alternative natural air filter system for air pollution control.

This study aims to identify molecules that may act as a protective against the growth of biofilm formation prevalent in tooth decay. Four types of popular drinks: soft drinks, fruit based drinks, energy drinks, and ion drinks, were exposed to the surface of the tooth to see the influence on biofilm growth. It is commonly believed that high intake of sugar causes tooth decay. However, evidence from this research suggests that there are other variables that work as catalysts in the formation of biofilm. Surprisingly, energy drinks showed the least degree of biofilm formation and Streptococcus mutans growth while soft drinks and ion drinks showed relatively high growth in both S. mutans and biofilm. Therefore, this study focused on two main ingredients in energy drinks to be suppressants of biofilm development: vitamin B and caffeine. Further research eliminated vitamin B as one of the major factors that suppress biofilm formation. The result was similar for caffeine. It was only when both the vitamin B and caffeine were combined that they successfully suppressed biofilm formation on the surface of the tooth. This study thus uncovered that the main ingredients in various drinks that could either trigger or suppress the growth of both biofilm and S. mutans. Using this information, further research could be conducted to most determine the most efficiently use of vitamin B and caffeine to potentially develop a sound protective against tooth decay.

The human gut contains an enormous number of microorganisms known as microbiome, which serve to modulate immune functions and metabolic pathways in the body. Studies have shown that there is a strong association between balanced diet and microorganism present in the gut. This study sought to determine the effect of childhood malnutrition on the gut microbiome in adulthood via mice models. DNA samples of gut bacteria were extracted from the feces of the nutrient-restricted mice and control group and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Cognitive functions and emotional behaviors were also evaluated in the mice by conducting modified Morris water maze and light-dark preference tests. The results show that the pathogenic bacteria, specifically Bacillus cereus, present in the experimental group was greatly increased compared to the control group. Furthermore, the nutrient-restricted mice showed a slow adaptation and emotional instability in the modified Morris water maze test and preferred light-exposed area in light-dark preference tests. Though further studies are necessary to prove causality, this study suggests that nutritional status during childhood might play a critical role in the composition of gut microbiome and influence cognitive functions and emotional behaviors in adulthood.

This study was aim to observe problems of continuous overingestion of vitamin B for temporary increase of vitamin B by ingestion of energy drink once or twice. 90% of sellers answered that the sale of energy drink in recent 6 months had been constantly increasing, and the major consumption group was people in 20s and teenagers (86%). The mouse that had ingested adequate amount of vitamin B grew quicker than the control mouse, but the mouse that had ingested excessive vitamin B grew slower than control. The mouse that had ingested water containing adequate concentrated vitamin B stayed longest in the bright place, while the ones with 10 concentrated vitamin B stayed shortest. The mice that took vitamin B solution or 5-hours ENERGY were more stable emotionally than the mouse of control. When excessive amount of vitamin B was ingested, the growth rate, learning ability, and memorization ability decreased. It is not definite whether anxiety behavior increased when excessive vitamin B was ingested, but intake of right amount provided stable condition, and the intake of vitamin B reduced the sensitivity of reacting although it did not induced aggressive behaviors. This shows possibility of different symptoms caused by long-term overingestion of water-soluble vitamin B.

Studies have shown that smells can have strong impacts on wellbeing with pleasing scents often providing mental relief or comfort and repulsive odors bringing about stress or psychological instability. In this experiment, ammonia gas was used as an odor stressor to apply smell stress to mice. Changes in behavior, such as development of aggressive or depressive tendencies, were observed. Results showed that ammonia gas caused significant amounts of stress on mice and eventually made them depressed. In order to investigate the positive effects of smell, DendropanaxMorbiferusH.Lev.(DMHL), known as a cure for cancer and immune system diseases, was used through diet and fumigation methods to mitigate the stress of the mouse. Observation of changes in cortisol level, AST, ALT, etc. in the mice showed that DMHL leaves actually relieved the stress of the mice and increased their perceptive ability, suggesting that odors like that from DMHL can be used in different applications to help people overcome depression and relieve stress. Overall, smell greatly influences people and mice both positively and negatively, depending on its use and type. The conclusions from this study have important implications for aromatherapy that could be used for curing people mentally influenced or developed further to create better environments for people.

Psoriasis is an auto-inflammatory disease that is prevalent throughout all age and ethical groups. This research was conducted to investigate possible uses of bacteria to condition the inadequate balance in a psoriatic patient’s skin. There were three primary parts to this research, which were to collect bacteria from psoriatic patients and normal subjects, classify the collected bacteria based on distinguishing characteristics, and finally initiate an antibiotic effect between these skin bacteria. A total of eight bacteria were selected in this research. Each of these bacteria were cultivated in each of the broth media containing the bacterial extracts in all possible combinations, producing an antibiotic effect. While the normal skin had an abundance of acidophilic bacteria and a lack of general bacteria, abnormal psoriatic skin had more general bacteria than acidophilic bacteria, displaying the inadequacy of dermal balance in the skin of psoriatic patients. In the antibiotic effect, two bacteria ‘Dp’ and Gn’ which were found in normal skin, were determined to suppress the growth of a bacteria only found in a psoriatic patient’s psoriatic site. Therefore, by using the effective aspects of these bacteria, a clinical application would be possible in controlling the unbalance of skin condition in psoriatic patients.

One of the most common phenomenon elder people suffer is the hardness to see the color near blue or violet. This is because absorbance of the lens increase when one becomes older. Since the absorbance of light in the matter depends on the wavelength, absorbance can be simplified as a function of wavelength and the individual's age. So, in order to know the relationship among absorbance, wavelength and age, we should know the relationship between wavelength of the light. Since wavelength can be easily known if RGB value of light is given, Changing HSV value to RGB value is necessary as most of the electronic devices prefer to use HSV. In this research, Artificial Neural Network(ANN) is used to predict eye health of the individual, setting input value as age of person and HSV value of color and output as an absorbance of the lens. Artificial Neural Networks were made using NeurophStudio 2.9(Java Neural Network Framework, SourceForge). More specifically, 3 types of ANN were made, 'HSV to RGB' converter, 'RGB to Wavelength' converter and 'Age+Wavelength to Absorption(of the lens)' converter. Each of the converter performed well. Especially, all of the outputs of 'RGB to wavelength converter' had error rate less than 0.2. The output of the total ANN showed similar tendency with the actual output.

This research studied the effect of snake skin and fish scale on blocking the UV light, and it also checked the possibility of developing the natural sun block safe to human body. UV blocking effect of snake skin and fish scale was checked through UV transmission, absorbance measurement, and observation through electron microscope. As a result of these three experiments, snake skin is effective on blocking UV, especially UVB. Surface observed through electron microscope was smooth but had many concave holes; therefore, total reflection occurred on the flat surface, while the light penetrated or scattered inside. Furthermore, as the surface is curved when it covers the snake body, it becomes better structure to reflect the light. Secondly, in order to develop organic sun block, serpent skin extract was used instead of water, and the clinical test for this sun block was performed twice on 6 and 16 people each, thus the safety of serpent skin as a ingredient of sun block was checked. 4 types of herb essential oil were used in order to add as an antiseptic, and Lemon grass had most outstanding effect among those types. As a conclusion, UV blocking effect and harmless to human body of snake skin was proved which shows that it is an adequate ingredient of organic sun screen.

This research had an intention to help the developing country in the subtropical zones. In this research, the team wanted to know the difference the changed density of rubber and yeast. The team fermented 8 broth, which contains 3 fermented broth that is changed rubber density after the team made yeast density keep constant, 3 fermented broth that is changed yeast density after the team made rubber constant, and 2 fermented broth that is made with control group in the pyrostat. The team checked out the fermented process through the density measurement test of carbon dioxide. The team also measured antioxidative activity with UV spectrophotometer and antibiosis with DPPH reagent. As a result, the team found out the more fermented broth among natural rubber fermented broth has high antioxidative component and antibiosis.

This study is about measuring the physical quantity associated with moving particle as fast as light by using special theory of relativity. We will address two coordinates systems. First is the unmoved coordinates system or the earth’s coordinates system S, and the second one is the moment coordinates system S’ which moves with accelerated coordinates system. If the coordinates system is not accelerated and moves with a constant speed, the time flow of the particle is as same as the time flow of unmoved coordinates system. Of course, this is effective at the very short amount of time, and if this time passes, we need to set new innate coordinates system. In this study, we need to fix the particle’s clock same with unmoved coordinates system. Especially, the main goal of this study is measuring the physical quantity of particles moving with variable acceleration. If it is able to get the results, it is able to induce the effects from general theory of relativity not using complicated calculation of metric tensor. This result can help calculate revision section to get the accurate information of GPS.

For plant wounds, wax or liquid type dressings are used to seal the wounds. Noticing the inconvenience and potentially harmful chemical ingredients, the research was set to look for improved treatment material. Instead of wax type sealer, rubber solution was tested as the base material to form a protective layer. And to add features of antibiosis, shale and various medicinal herbs (Korean dendropanax, cnidium, Huttuynia cordata, and centella) were tested. And the mixture of shale and herbs with rubber solutions were applied on Dracaena braunii to see how they work actually for plants. As a result, rubber solution formed a protective layer, mixing with other materials easily. And shale, dendropanax and centella were effective against fungi. The mixture of these antifungal materials with rubber solution can seal the wound providing antifungal effect reducing inconvenience of traditional wound dressing as natural substances.

This paper presents a study on filtration of water through nanostructures present in calcined carbonated calcium phosphate bioceramic powder derived from fish bones in terms of improving the clarity of water. In this study, fish bones were extracted, dried, calcined for 2 hours at a constant 900°C and then powdered. The powder was then tested using samples from the Baong River in Miri for turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) tests, as well as particle retention of a premixed sample of starch suspension. The results indicate that the filter can effectively remove starch molecules from 0.05 mol dm-3 starch suspension. This study also indicated that the filter had been effective in reducing the turbidity and TSS levels from 4.00NTU to 0.90NTU and 110mg/L to 102mg/L respectively. This study concludes that the nanostructures present in the hydroxylapatite powder can effectively improve the clarity of water sampled and it has a significant potential to be used with other filtration materials to remove impurities in water to safe values effectively and cost efficiently.