Earticle

Number of diabetics in the world is ever increasing. According to data of WHO, it is estimated there are 366,210,100 people suffering from diabetes. Whereas in Indonesia, diabetics will reach 171,230,000 in 2030. In addition, Indonesia ranksfourth highest number of diabetics in the world after China, India, and the United States. Diabetics are advised to consume foods in low carbohydrates and high fiber. In Indonesia, rice is taken as staple food for the people, though, the rice has content of high carbohydrate and low fiber. On the other hand, a study of resistant starch (RS) turns out good effect for digestive health so it is beneficial for diabetics. Cooking of parched rice or processed rice undertaken at twice is a form of resistant starch. Cooking at twice means the cooked rice has been drained out and cooked again. Unfortunately the drying process takes long time, inefficient, and even unhygienic. Authors took the initiative to create an instrument that helps to dry faster and more rice. This instrument takes 60 minutes enough to dry it out. Its work principle is the rice p laced in a rotary tube while heating it with the results of evenly dried out. As a result the rice can be taken as diet for diabetics. People can still eat rice with the same amount but with lower glycemic index.

In order to cope with the huge demand for tomato in various industries, its production has to be optimized using novel approaches. Heavy metals present in soil such as arsenic can potentially affect its growth and quality, and may induce oxidative stress on it by producing free radicals that damage its cells. In this study, the effect of arsenic on the leaves of Solanum lycopersicum was quantified in terms of hydrogen peroxide, which is directly involved in the degradation of eukaryotic cells when there is oxidative stress. Tomato seeds grown in an ambient temperature of approximately 29°C were exposed to 5 pM arsenic trioxide for 7 days before shoot length was measured and leaves were tested for hydrogen peroxide content spectrophotometrically. Results showed that As-treated plants reached an average height of 9.92 em while control plants reached 11.03 em. Hydrogen peroxide in the leaves is found to be relatively higher on the arsenic-treated plants than on control plants. The former was found to have an H202 concentration of0.257 pM, compared to the 0.15 pM ofthe control. This difference in hydrogen peroxide relates to a 0. 008 p -value in ANOVA and shows that it is significant. Plant physiology may be impeded when exposed to high concentrations of this metal. It is concluded that arsenic contamination inhibits plant growth and induces oxidative stress in the leaf tissue of tomato plants.

Green packaging film continuously gains attention attention nowadays. Efforts to improve it mechanical p roperties have been explored through nanotechnology. ZnO nanoparticles incorporation to biofilms was exp lored. Nano-ZnO was purchased from US Research Nanomaterials, Inc. with 80 - 200 nm diameters. Bionanocomposite was done by dispersing 1-3% (w/ w) nanoparticles of the total starch in water under ultrasonication and magnetic stirring. Ratios of 3:1:1:9 of starch, glycerine, acetic acid, and water were mixed. Solution was heated to 85C to gelatinize. It was casted to molders, dried at 23'C, and peeled. Control films were also prepared. Mechanical properties were tested using Universal Testing Machine. Chemical groups were obtained by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Antimicrobial assay against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger was performed. Analysis was done at least in triplicates. Average tensile stress of 443.97MPa with 171.09% elongation for control and 477.03MPa with 107.80% elongation for samples with 1% nanoZnO were recorded. Strength was statistically increased without varying appreciably the strain. Bands shifting ofC-H, CO, alkanes, alkenes, and hydroxyls groups were detected. FTIR suggested ZnO-bioplastic interaction. Zone ofinhibitions (ZI) were 25.06mm (E.coli), Omm (S. aureus), and Omm (A. niger) for control. Bioplastics with 1% nanoZnO had 26.04mm (E.coli), 25.28mm (S. aureus), and Omm (A . niger) inhibitions. Films with 3% nanoZnO had 26.47mm (E.coli), 25.49mm (S. aureus), and Omm (A. niger) inhibitions. Control films initially inhibit E. coli growth only. Films with nanoZnO exhibited antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms except in fungi. Results revealed that nanoZnO improves the bioplastic mechanical strength. It further illustrated the market potential of ZnO nanobiocomposite films as green packaging material with protection against microbes.

Papaya tree is one of the ordinary plants found in Indonesia and is often found at urban or rural areas, because papaya tree can easily grow everywhere. Papaya leaf gives the benefit that can be used to decompose the waste. The waste which becomes decompose is good compose, because the waste becomes macromolecule and easily to compose with the soil. The independent variables are the better concentration from the extract. The experiment was conducted by using papaya leaves, it is pounded, in order to eliminate the stink of crab and make the food waste into decompose. That is (The process of the experiment on making 5 gr, and 10 gr) because papaya leaf contains papain enzyme which can decompose the waste. The steps to make papaya leave extract are as follows: wash the papaya leaves, then grind or pound them, after that squeeze the papaya leaves which have already been pounded, and finally we get the papaya leaf extract. From the evaluation of the experiment, the kind of the concentration from the better extract is 75%, because the waste can decompose faster than the other extract. So it proves that papaya leaf extract can eliminate the stink of crab and change the food waste to be composted.

In Indonesia, Sterculia foetida tree are grow up in many places, including rocky and sandy places. Sterculia foetida seed is one of botanical plant that potencially be utilized as alternative energy resources, like biodiesel fuel. Because it seed has oil content of 45%-55% and has other contents that can be liquified in process to transform to biodiesel. Processing of sterculiafoetida seed into oil follows the route: Peel → Bake → Destroy → Wrap → Press → obtained- and residue. Techniques Sterculia foetida into oil seed processing is a roaster method. The technique is as follows. Tree → Fruit → seed → oven → blender → press → Sterculiafoetida oil and dregs → BiodieselSterculiafoetida. Biodiesel production from Sterculia foetida can be expected can help to tackle the problem of oil scarcity. This research has many benefits, of biodiesel production and zero waste system in this research, which is very helpful to harness and sustainable biodiesel producton with simultaneous environmental benefits.

From the former research, the formula about two overlapped paper books with no modification was induced from mathematical analysis. The main purpose of this research is to test the friction force and friction coefficient of modified paper books and suggest analysis about that. Modifications that were used in this research are holes and scratches. The result shows that papers with holes and scratches affect the fric tion force of the paper. With this research, it was found out that paper with many holes, smaller holes and holes with longer perimeter has higher friction force. It was also found out that paper with shorter gap between scratches has higher friction force and the angle of scratches does not matter with the frictionforce of paper. The reason afforce increase is the cut fibers of paper which functions like hooks. These hook-fu nctioning fibers hook paper fiber and cause increase of friction force.