Earticle

The solar oven is an invention used for cooking. This is one way to reduce using electric energy by using renewable energy: solar energy. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of pressure on the efficiency of the solar oven. The oven is made in a 30-centimeterdiameter cylinder shape from 1.25-millimeter-thick iron and covered with heat resistor. The cover is made with 8-millimeter-thick transparent acrylic that has a transmitting efficiency of about 0.80. The ratio of the volume of the oven per area of cover is 13.75. In addition, this oven has a reflector that can adjust the angle for proper sunlight direction to come inside the solar oven. In this experiment, we compared experiments at pressures of 1 and 2 atm by increasing the air inside the solar oven. At 2 atm, the temperatures of air and water had trended to steady state faster than at 1 atm .The heat efficiency of water in higher pressure was greater, while the temperature at 2 atm was more stable than that at 1 atm.

The feasibility of producing plastic samples from Styrofoam products dissolved in d-limonene oil was determined in order to help solve the problem of the increasing demand for plastic bags and the continuous buildup of Styrofoam wastes that pose severe environmental threats. The plastics were made by dissolving the Styrofoam products in d-limonene at a ratio of 0.37 grams of Styrofoam to 2mL of d-limonene (Bautista, 2002). The solutions were then placed into molds, immersed in glycerol and left to air-dry to produce a plastic-like polymer. The product was then flattened and tested for strength, biodegradability and permeability, in comparison with biodegradable plastics from a local bookstore. Three samples of each type of plastic were subjected to such tests with each test having controlled setups. The weight before the plastic ruptures was taken for the strength test while the initial and final weights were taken for the permeability and biodegradability tests. A t-test for correlated samples was used to compare the two types of plastics. The experimental plastic was found to be comparable to commercially available plastic sheets, in terms of permeability and biodegradability but not in strength.

Water scarcity is a problem the world is facing nowadays. Although the amount of water in the world is in vast supply, the portion of water which is available for human consumption is in limited supply. Water filtration is a method which best remedies this catastrophe. There are numerous water filtration methods but they are either too expensive or they use inorganic substances which can be dangerous to our health. Also, there has been very little development on water filtration methods that best fits situations where in natural calamities are occurring. The researchers aim to answer these problems by developing a prototype of a water filtration design that makes use of an organomineral based substance that contains zeolite Zeolite, which has the capability to flocculate bacteria and other defects that disallows water for human consumption. It is used as an adsorbent for metallic contaminants in water and subsequently removed from the medium by a simple magnetic process. This research study also aims to test the effectivity of an organomineral-based water filter in the purification of water through several water quality parameters. The study included the optimum ratio of fine sand and organominerals and the Sewage water used was from a sewer canal in J.C. Aquino Avenue Butuan City. This was collected to test the filtration capabilities of the organomineral based substance. Four setups with 5 trials were made and water quality parameters such as pH, Total Suspended Solids and Dissolved Oxygen were done to see its effects. Results showed that the organomineral filters proved to be more efficient in treating wastewater interms of their pH, dissolved oxygen and Total Suspended Solids, than that of the sand filter without the presence of zeolite. It showed that there is a significant difference between variables and as organomineral concentration increases, Total Suspended Solids decreases. It also showed that there is a significant difference in Dissolved oxygen level between the sand filters with organominerals. As the amount of organominerals increases, Dissolved oxygen also increases. There seems to be no significant difference in pH if the amount of organominerals increases but there is a significant change when organominerals are added to the sand filter. The optimum setup of the organomineral substance is setup D with an organomineral depth of 37.5cm. The water filter remains effective until 35 liters of wastewater is poured into the filter. Beyond this point, the filter no longer goes within the range of the C classification of water.

Using the method of fixing carbon dioxide in the soil, reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere and thereby experiments were performed in order to provide a means to suppress the greenhouse. We have noticed that Carbon dioxide(CO2) is a critical cause of green house effect from lots of references and in case of Venus, there is 95% Carbon dioxide stirs up deadly serious green house effect. These days, green house effect caused by emission of carbon dioxide is regarded as important problem so there are many sorts of trying to reduce this not by just a country but by cooperating countries. As a result of the carbon dioxide in the soil and supply the three forces, increased content of soil bacteria from soil of horticulture, the soil that collected in mountain, and the soil that cultivate crop. As a result of these, the problem has not occurred in the soil supplied the carbon dioxide when it, to screen the soil bacteria breeding at the time of supply will increase enforcement of carbon dioxide, was observing the state of the soil and the supply of carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide in the cultivation of plants and the content of soil organic matter. It is also possible to confirm that the carbon dioxide is stored in the form of calcium carbonate by increasing the amount of calcium carbonate and is discharged into the atmosphere, rather than carbon dioxide. I was able to confirm the fact that they (In this case, the thing that they point out is the soil. The soil is very important storage that can absorb Carbon dioxide like a sea.) are also suppressed the generation of methane is a excellent greenhouse material.

We found that solution volume is increased during neutralization in our study. We thought that the cause of volume increase was hydration. We used height estimation equipment to measure the volume increase. Also, we made three kinds of solutions, HCI, NaOH, and KHP to verify a hypothesis. In the case of aq HCI and aq KCI solutions mixing with aq NaOH solution, volume increased. When the concentration increased, volume increased more. For these reasons, we draw a conclusion; the cause of volume increase is hydration.

Environment where we lived, nowadays is more and more damaged. Our sources and energy become decreased. The sustainable development and green energy is needed to prevent nature damaging which have many bad causes to our environment. Based on some theoretical studies, this paper identifies some damages on our environment, the causes of damage, the concept of sustainable development, solution from ecological and holistic point of view, sustainable development appliance in our life, conclusion and also recommendations for the future.

Host-specificity is an important aspect of parasite diversity. Mammalian chewing lice are highly host-specific ectoparasites that demonstrate adaptive specialization to morphological characteristics of their host, such as hair shaft diameter. Studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between louse head groove width and host hair diameter, suggesting an anatomical relationship that is crucial to louse survival. This study aims to assess the relationship between hair shaft diameters of goats and rostral groove dimensions of the chewing lice that parasitize them. Thirty chewing lice (Damalinia limbata) attached to guard hairs were removed from the nape region of three adult goats of different breeds (Anglo-Nubian, Saanen and Boer), for a total of 90 lice and hair shaft pairs. Rostral groove width and hair shaft diameter were measured using microscopy and MIPro Standard v1.1 image analysis software. The results showed no correlation between the louse rostral groove width and hair shaft diameter. This suggests that goat chewing lice have a rostral groove that allows for attachment to variable host hair shafts, and that hair shaft diameter as a physical adaptive constraint may be less apparent at the level of individual hosts of the same species, providing new insights into host-parasite evolutionary relationships.

Altitude measurement in fields, forestry and engineering remain essential but still conventional methods of altitude measurement remain challenging. Present altitude measurement methods include height poles for trees and photogrammetric instruments. Both methods remain arduous as either process is both time and money consuming or susceptible to large parallax errors. In this innovative work an altitude and distance calculating device out of potentiometers based on trigonometry was developed. A laser diode was attached to a potentiometer, and the other components were soldered together in a circuit board. Device accuracy and precision was determined. User satisfaction survey was also noted. For the altimeter testing, the lasers were pointed at the top of the object and the device was placed at a 1-meter distance from the base of the object. The device was set to measure different heights from 0.5 m to 2.5m. For the distance sensor, the lasers were pointed at a 1-meter height and the device was set to measure different distances from 0.5m to 2.5m. Three replicates for each trial were performed and device readings were then compared to actual measurements to determine accuracy. Standard deviations of reading were then computed to determine precision. Net Promoter Score was used in order to assess external evaluator feedback. An Arduino based altimeter and distance sensor was successfully fabricated with 94.2 percent degree of accuracy and 95.4 percent precision for height measurement. For the distance sensor, a 91.4% accuracy, and 95.4% precision was determined. The device garnered a net promoter score of 66%.

The objective of this study was to investigate the electrochemical properties of Nafion/Pt-TiO2 composite membrane under various humidifying conditions. In this study, I synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles followed by the in-situ deposition of Pt nanoparticles on TiO2. The membrane electrolyte assembly (MEA) was fabricated with Nafion/Pt-TiO2 composite membrane and tested for the cell performance and discussed. In this work, TiO2 nano-powders and TiO2/Pt nano-composites were prepared via sol-gel method. To evaluate and compare the electrochemical properties of the prepared material with the ones synthesized with commercial TiO2 nano-powders, X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, electron microscopy (TEM, SEM), and PEMFC cell test were utilized. The results showed that sol-gel TiO2 had better surface characteristics and crystallinity when it underwent calcination and Pt-particles were deposited better on materials prepared through sol-gel method. It was concluded that optimum condition for high cell performance was obtained when TiO2 was processed through sulfonation and synthesized with sol-gel method.