Earticle

In today's mechanized society, low frequency noises are ubiquitous. Though much research has been conducted on the effects of low frequency sound waves on human health and emotion, little research has been conducted on their impact on plants and bacteria. This research sought to determine the effects of low frequency noise on soil bacteria and E. coli. Initially, changes in growth and amounts of both bacteria under low frequency noise were measured, but no significant and definite alterations in the E. coli growth were observed. Then, the resistance of bacteria was tested by adding hydrogen peroxide, which yield harmful reactive oxygen species, to the soil bacteria and E. coli solutions, of which some were exposed to LFN (low frequency noise) while other control groups were not. The results showed that the bacterial solutions exposed to LFN were less affected by the hydrogen peroxide, indicating that LFN may have induced the secretion of chemical compounds, such as Superoxide dismutase that react with the reactive oxygen species to create new harmless compounds. It has therefore been concluded that LFN may strengthen the resistance of bacteria, and that certain measures, especially for harmful bacteria, should be taken in order to prevent increased resistance.

Composting is a waste managing option that best fits within the limited resources available in developing countries due to its adaptability to a broad range of situations. The process has raised much attention lately since it is also an environmentally-sound method that avoids all pollution concerns. One of its benefits comes from its use in microorganisms to degrade organic waste into nutrient and produce organic fertilizer. The decomposition process involves succession of different microbial population. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi , and actinomycetes act as chemical decomposers in the process, breaking down organic matter into carbon dioxide, water, heat, humus, and relatively stable organic end product. This paper reviews information on various types of microorganisms that are used in aerobic composting; the term composting all refers to aerobic composting in this paper. Ways in which bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes aid in composting are thoroughly discussed.

One potential waste used as a source of biogas is tofu waste that is discarded in open dumps as landfills. It is seen from the number of industries out in Indonesia. In 2014, until May, the number of tofu industry in Indonesia reached 84,000 business units, with production of more than 2.56 million tons per day. The current problem of cumulating issues of tofu waste generated in every region oflndonesia has not yet found a good solution. However this problem has not managed well, therefore it can potentially create many other complex and serious environment problems. In addition to the tofu waste, the most distressing problem in Indonesia nowadays is the crisis of the fuel amount. It can bring scarcity with the subsequent result of the upsurge of fuel price. Tofu waste is one solution which must be carefully considered. In early times, biogas commonly made from livestock manure, but the newbreakthorugh of this study discover that the mixture of tofu waste and manure produces a greater concentration ofbiogas than manure only. Utilization of liquid waste from tofu industry generates a lot of organic matter that is good for the development of microorganisms. Energy contained in biogas depends on the concentration of methane (CH4) . Methane gas that is burned will produce heat energy, then the heat energy will be processed into alternative fuels to replace LPG and other fuels (Rahman, 2005). This study aims to discover the potential of tofu waste in biogas-forming, which ultimately plays a great role in combating the fuel crisis and overcoming the environmental damage in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the efficacy of taraxacum coreanurn in phytoremediation through analysis on physiological and biochemical change of taraxacwn coreanurn according to class and concentration of heavy metals, as well as the comparison of heavy metal absorption capacity between taraxacum coreanum and other representative indicator plants for phytoremediation. For this experiment, Pb and Cr were selected as they have the broadest influence on the environment out of the various heavy metals. 3 concentrations that showed identical influence at pilot tests were selected respectively for experiment. From the study result on physiological and biochemical reactions of taraxacum coreanum due to heavy metals, pigment quantities comprising chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid were decreased due to heavy metal treatment concentration. Active oxygen and apoptosis were increased due to heavy metal was apparently found. Besides, the phenomenon ofDNA laddering within the cell due to the influence of heavy metals was validated. From the subsequent experiment on the applicability of taraxacum coreanum as the indicator plant for phytoremediation, the absorption concentration ofPb and Cr appeared was higher than other well known plants.

Drosophila, also known fruit flies are amongst the most commonly fruit damaging insects. Chemical treatments will provide only a temporary relief and possess chemicals that harm human health. An annual Korean weed, Artemisia annuaL., has been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of anumber of diseases. In this study, the ethanol extract of A. annua (EEAA) was evaluated for the repellent activities against Drosophila fruits flies. 50 anesthetized flies were placed within a 500ml plastic beaker. The number of fruit flies on the petri dish contained extraction and the behavior of the fruit flies were observed within 5, 10 and 20 minutes time. The results suggest that EEAA possess repellent activities against Drosophila fruit flies.

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of major inflammatory mediators which can provoke inflammatory reactions to infections. It is well known that excessive production ofNO is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Gardeniae Fructus (the matured fruit of Gardeniajasminoides) is traditionally used to treat inflammation in East Asia including Korea, China, and Japan. In the present study, Gardeniae Fructus water extract (GFW) at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200ug/mL increased the cell viability of mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 and reduced NO production ofRAW 264.7 significantly (P<0.05). And GFW at concentrations of I 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200ug/mL significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of NO in RAW 264.7 (P<0.05). These results mean that GFW might have anti-inflammatory activity concerned with modulation of NO production in immune reaction. Further detailed studies deserve to elucidate the exact mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of GFW in macropahges.

Heart rate measurement helps in assessing the condition of the cardiovascular system. Today, there are many other methods to measure heart rates such as Phonocardiogram, ECG, blood pressure wave form, and pulse meters but these methods are clinical and expensive. Because of these, a need exists for cheap sensing devices that can measure pulse in an accurate but much easier way. In this study, a low-cost photoplethysmographic circuit was fabricated with the use ofLM358 Operational Amplifier, photodiode, infrared LED, resistors, and potentiometers. The heartbeats per minute of five volunteers were recorded. Three trials were done per volunteer. Data showed that the average heartbeats per minute for the five volunteers with standard deviations are 67.33 ± 1.53, 63.00 ± 2.00, 65.67 ± 2.52, 70.33 ± 1.53, and 65.33 ± 1.53 respectively. The fabricated circuit successfully measured the heart rates of five people. The experiment established the potential of low-cost do-it-yourself photoplethysmographic circuits as alternatives to the expensive medical heart rate devices currently being used in hospitals and clinics.

We found that solution volume is increased during neutralization in our study. We thought that the cause of volume increase was hydration. We used height estimation equipment to measure the volume increase. Also, we made three kinds of solutions, HCI, NaOH, and KHP to verify a hypothesis. In the case of aq HCI and aq KCI solutions mixing with aq NaOH solution, volume increased. When the concentration increased, volume increased more. For these reasons, we draw a conclusion; the cause of volume increase is hydration.

This research was conducted to evaluate antioxidant activity of fruit waste materials as source of natural antioxidants. The fruits were selected in commercial market in Republic of Korea. In this research, the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of fruit peels, which include apple, banana, grape, kiwi, orange, pear, persimmon, and tangerine with different drying method (hot-air and freeze dry), were analyzed individually. The ethanol extract of fruit peels were analyzed to the scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS radicals and reducing power. There was only a small difference between hot-air and freeze dry with respect to their antioxidant activities. Grape and banana showed the highest radical scavenging activities and reducing power, with the lowest in pear peel. The grape peel of freeze dry showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging ability (48.39% inhibition). Total polyphenol contents of the grape peel (9.34mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dry peel) were higher than those of the apple peel (7 .52mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dry peel). And flavonoids were mainly derived from grape peel (15.45mg quercetin equivalents/g dry peel). The results suggest that fruit peel can be used as natural antioxidants ingredients.

In modern society, the core goal of multiple electronic devices is miniaturization and lightening. Therefore, built-in batteries have to be built with higher capacities in smaller spaces. Nowadays, researchers around the world are studying how to make secondary batteries that can be charged and discharged without replacement in order to improve their performance. The most promising research centers around lithium-ion battery technology. Anode materials such as Carbon and Silicon are currently used in lithium ion batteries and have drawn the attention offorward thinking scientists due to their high capacity properties. However, silicon has a volume problem during the charge-discharge process; Silicon can expand up to four times its original size and destroy the structure of the electrodes around it. Therefore, it currently cannot be commercialized. We created an anode electrode by coting Si powder with various materials. The substance used to make the anode electrode increased the conductivity of Ag and helped control the volume change by adding NP-SiO2 (SiO2nano-particles) and HF. We analyzed our sample with STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction) and made a coin cell with to confirm the electrochemical performance of the coin cell. As a result, our sample had higher rates of conductivity (better than existing Si anode materials) and made many charge/discharge cycles during the performance test.

The present study adopted organocatalysis for benzoin condensation. Benzaldehyde, 3- Ethyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium bromide, and triethylamine were used as reagents. Benzoin condensation was occurred successfully by confirmation of hydrogen and carbon by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography. Considerations for waste management and further study have been suggested in the discussion.

This paper suggests a new model, for prosthetic heart valve implantation surgery using shape memory alloy (SMA), as the solution to the current existing limitations. It is true that prosthetic heart valve technology improved significantly since its first introduction in the 1950s. Nevertheless, the surgery is invasive because it requires opening one's heart. This not only increases the risk of the surgery itself, but restrains the elderly from receiving such surgical procedures. The research is divided into three sections. Researchers begin by introducing the current procedure of prosthetic heart valve implantation, and conduct a comparative analysis of SMA. Second, the limitations that exist in the current status quo of implantation surgery, are examined. Third, based on the comparative analysis of SMA, researchers suggest a new model of conducting a prosthetic heart valve surgery, and elaborate on future expectations. As this study is approaching the matter theoretically, further discussion is needed on the issue of practicality and feasibility in application.

Ultrasonic wave is usually used to wash the glasses. This investigation is based on curiosity about the efficiency of ultrasonic wave in washing fabrics. General washing and ultrasonic wave washing are compared to check which one is more practicable. Next, we compared washing efficiency by changing the various parameters, which are temperature, types of fabric, and types of pollutant. The best condition for the ultrasonic wave washing was figured out. From the comparison, we suggest polyester+ hydrophile property pollutant +70°C water is the best condition for ultrasonic wave washing for fabric.