Earticle

The following research selected five adjectives of 가엾 다, 딱하다, 불쌍하다, 안쓰럽다, 안타깝다 among 안타깝다-type adjectives of emotion using thesaurus and frequency in order to examine the relations of their co-occurrence nouns by constructing a network of their relations. The target words that were extracted based on the corpus and the degree of relevance of the co-occurrence words were measured by t-score, through which any coincidental results in the relations between the adjectives of emotion and the co-occurrence nouns were excluded. Furthermore, the degree of similarity of the adjectives of emotion was also measured by dividing the relations of the network between the adjectives of emotion and the co-occurrence nouns into the top counts of 10, 30 and 50. As a result, the more co-occurrence words were shared, the higher the degree of similarity was, as consequently, the less co-occurrence words were shared, the lower the degree of similarity was. Concurrently, similarities were discovered in that the adjectives 가엾다, 불쌍하다, 안쓰럽다 primarily co-occurred with nouns related to family such as 'father, mother, husband, wife, younger sibling' while the adjectives 딱하다, 안타깝다 co-occurred with nouns such as 'story, news, circumstance, reality'. This research further examined the aspects and the similarities on how these five adjectives of emotion were used in Korean language textbooks. Given the fact that Korean language textbooks target foreigners, the usage of typical co-occurrence words was expected. However through the research, it was verified that there was a considerable difference in the co-occurrence words from the words that were present on newspapers. One of the reasons for the difference can be related to the fact that we used the corpus from newspaper articles.

The goal of this paper is to investigate Korean high school students' collocation knowledge of English adjective synonyms. Four pairs of synonymous adjectives were tested. The subjects are 100 high school students, who are divided into 2 different groups(high and low level students) according to their grades on the mid-term exam. The result was as follows. First, the average score of the whole high school students was 74.10%, and the high level students' score(78.88%) was higher than the low level students(69.31%). The order of average scores by synonymous adjectives was fast/quick(83.38%)> clean/clear(82%)> wide/broad (67.88%)> strong/powerful(63.13%). Second, there was a low correlation(r=.447) between their general English ability and collocational knowledge. Third, in some collocations(powerful argument, strong accent, quick temper), the low level group's score was higher than the high level group. The result of this study shows that Korean high students' collocation knowledge of these synonymous adjectives is considerably poor and unbalanced. We need to change individual word-based teaching to collocational chunk-based teaching to improve Korean EFL learners' communicative ability. Also, corpus is useful in teaching and learning collocations since corpus is full of a variety of useful collocational expressions frequently used in daily life.

우리의 기억은 실제적인 지각과 경험에 의해서는 물론, 사고, 꿈, 그리고 상상과 같은 정신적인 조작들을 통해서도 형성된다. 사건들에 대한 이러한 내적 생성(generation)은 종종 기억을 향상시킨다. 본 연구는 의미론적 생성 가설(semantic generation hypothesis)을 토대로 발견법을 사용하여 1, 3, 5학년 아동 99명에게 반의어와 유의어로서 생성조건을 제시하여 생성조건에 따른 기억수행의 발달적 차이를 보았다. 각 아동은 컴퓨터를 통해서 20개의 단어를 각각 12초간 자동 제시받았으며, 이에 대해 반의어 생성집단에서는 단어가 제시될 때 마다 각 단어를 소리 내어 읽고 반의어를 생성하여 말하였고, 유의어 생성집단에서는 같은 방법으로 제시된 단어에 대해 유의어를 생성하여 말하였다. 그리고 통제집단 아동들은 단어가 제시되는 동안 단어들을 단순히 소리 내서 읽었다. 이후 30초간 완충과제를 한 후 바로 자유회상검사를 하였다. 연구 결과, 통제집단보다 생성집단에서 기억수행이 높아 생성효과가 나타났으며, 생성조건에 따라서는 1학년 아동의 경우 반의어를 통한 생성효과가, 그리고 5학년 아동에게는 유의어를 통한 생성효과가 유의하게 높았다. 이는 아동의 언어와 인지적 구조화의 발달과정으로 설명되었다.

This study examined the effects of antonym and synonym generation on memory performance of elementary school student. The subjects were first- third- and fifth grade elementary school children. Each subject was shown visually a list of 20 words for 12 second per word via computer. For the antonym generation condition, subjects read aloud target words and generated antonym related target words. For the synonym generation condition, subjects generated synonym and other procedure was identical to those given in antonym generation condition. For the control condition, subjects merely read aloud target words. And then after subjects spent 30 seconds solving digit symbol, they were required to recall target words. Results showed that generation effect increased with grade, and antonym generation was the most useful in the first grade children and synonym generation was supreme effect in the fifth grade children. These results were interpreted in terms of semantic organization.

This paper suggests the teaching methods of synonyms of native Korean and Sino-Korean vocabulary, while considering the situational contexts for Korean learners. The native Korean and Sino-Korean vocabulary have one-to-one corresponding relations and thus there are many synonyms that can be replaced. However, Sino-Korean vocabulary tends to be used in professional and formal situations while native Korean words are mainly used in daily and informal contexts. If the native Korean vocabulary is used in professional and official discourse, it is likely to produce awkward speech and vice versa. Despite the distinct differences of the two types of vocabulary, there has been no pedagogical concerns for teaching their situational contexts in Korean education. With the knowledge of the situational contexts of native Korean and Sino-Korean words, Korean learners will be able to achieve successful communication by increasing the appropriateness and fluency of utterance.

This study aims to distinguish between ‘Afraid to V’ and ‘Afraid of V-ing’ using corpus-based collocation and ‘Binary Opposition(BO) Strategy, proposed by Kim(2014), to distinguish a pair of lexical/grammatical near-synonyms. The basic idea of BO is that in order to distinguish effectively between a pair of near-synonyms, the focus should be on contextual BO features such as [part vs. whole], [cause vs. effect], and [causative vs. non-causative]. The results of this study show that ‘Afraid to V’ and ‘Afraid of V-ing’ are distinguished in the context of opposite features such as [Voluntary vs. Involuntary], [Before vs. After], [Result vs. Cause], Temporary vs. Usual] and [Dynamic vs. Static]

本稿の目的は韓国語の対訳シソーラスの分析で得られた日本語形容詞の類義関係を考察することである。形容詞は多義性と類義性の特徴を持つ品詞で語彙相互に緊密な意味上の類義関係が存在すると言える。こういう点を基に本稿では日本語形容詞の105語を対象にして対訳シソーラスを使った形容詞の類義関係の考察を行った。その結果、対訳シソーラスが上位数で表れた形容詞は＜悪い(99)、大きい(96)、よい(91)、強い(86)·····＞のような順であり、下位数で表れた形容詞は＜長い(15)、惜しい(13)、厳しい(12)、おいしい(11)·····＞のようである。これらの形容詞は韓国語の対訳シソーラスの意味が中心意から転意の方へ近ければ近いほどそれによる類義語も中心意味から多少離れた意味を持つ類義語である傾向を見せる。これは逆にこれらのシソーラスに対応する日本語形容詞でも同じ様相が見られる特徴がある。一方、1語の対訳類義語に対応する日本語形容詞は最大9つから最小1つまで多様な類型で表れた。例えば9つの形容詞が類義関係を持つ例は＜뛰어나다→いい/偉い/恐ろしい/すばらしい/鋭い/高い/強い/激しい/よい＞などがあり、2つの形容詞が対応した場合の例は＜변변찮다→つまらない/悪い＞＜인정머리없다→冷たい/つらい＞などがある。この例のように同じ類義語群に含まれている形容詞はある程度密接な相互関係があり、意味的にも類義関係があると言える。本稿では主に対訳シソーラスに対応している日本語形容詞の類義語群の様相を分析してみるのが目的で、その語彙同士の緊密な関係までは具体的に考察できなかった。これはこの論議を基にしてこれからの課題に残す。また、全体の日本語形容詞の類義関係の分析と韓国語形容詞との類義関係に対する考察は今後の研究課題にしたいとおもう。

본 논문은 일한양국어의 열려 있는 것을 원래의 상태로 되돌리는 현상을 나타내는 일본어 동사｢閉める｣｢閉じる｣와, 이에 대응하는 한국어의 ｢닫다｣동사를 대상으로, 이들 양국어의 동사의 의미용법과 그 치환관계를 고찰하여, 각각의 동사의 유사점과 상이점을 분명히 한 것으로, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 일본어의 ｢閉める｣는 ｢開いているすきまをなくす｣｢圧力を加えてゆるみやたるみのない状態にする｣｢営業・業務を一時中止か完全終了する｣｢構造物に付着している一部を動かして開きをふさぐ｣｢身体の一部分の動きや流れを閉める｣｢おおいをする｣와 같은 의미용법을 갖고 있으며, ｢閉じる｣에는 ｢構造物に付着している一部を動かして開きをふさぐ｣｢おおいをする｣｢ある事柄を終了する｣｢自然物の開いていたものを元の通りにする｣｢開閉を属性としている身体の一部分をふさぐ｣｢軸を支えにしていた部分を動かして元の通りにする｣｢ウェブサイトを閉鎖する｣와 같은 의미용법을 갖고 있다. 이에 대하여, 한국어의 ｢닫다｣에는 ｢열려 있는 부분을 없애다｣｢압력을 가해서 느슨함이 없는 상태로 한다｣｢구조물에 붙어 있는 일부를 움직여서 빈틈을 막다｣｢열려 있는 신체 일부분의 움직임을 닫다 ｣｢덮개를 하다｣｢어떤 일을 끝내다｣｢열려 있는 자연현상을 원래의 상태로 되돌리다｣｢축을 가진 펼쳐진 대상물을 움직여서 원래의 상태로 환원시키다｣｢웹사이트를 폐쇄하다｣｢돈을 쓰지 않다｣와 같은 의미용법이 있다. 그리고, 일한양국어의 각각의 동사들의 치환관계는｢Ⅴ결론｣부분의 표를 참고하기 바란다.

This paper presents the similarity and difference between[simeru] and [toziru] in Japanese verbs and [datta] in Korean verb, which are used for indicating the closing phenomena in the two countries. In particular, the usage of meaning and the substitution relation for the closing verbs between the two nations are investigated. The contents are as follows. The [simeru] verb in Japanese has the same usage of meaning as [remove a gap which lies open][get rid of slackness by putting pressure][temporary or completely stop of business ・task][block a gap by moving a small part attached to the structure][close the some part of the human body which lies open][lay a cover]. In addition, the[toziru]verb possesses the usage of the same meaning as [block a gap by moving a small part attached to the structure][lay a cover][finish some tasks][restore natural phenomenon which lies open to its original condition][close the some part of the human body having attributes of open and shut][by moving an object which have its axis, restore the object to its original condition][close the web site] On the other hand, [datta]verb in Korean has the usage of meaning, such as [remove a part which lies open][get rid of slackness by putting pressure][block a gap by moving a small part attached to the structure][lay a cover][finish some tasks][restore natural phenomenon which lies open to its original condition][by moving an object which have its axis, restore the object to its original condition][close the web site][not spend money] The substitution relations of the verbs in Japanese and Korean are provided in the Table of ‘V’ Conclusion.

本稿에서는 어의변화의 종합적인 고찰을 위하여 중세 기리시탄 문헌 중, 『天草平家物語』와 『天草イソポ物語』, 동시대의 자료인 『狂言』을 중심으로 ｢懐かし｣와 관련해서 그 유의어인 ｢恋し｣와 ｢思ふ｣ 등의 감정어휘를 선택하여 다른 어휘와의 차이점, 그 사적고찰 등을 분석, 정리해 보았다. 이들 감정어휘의 어의변화의 종합적인 고찰을 위해 그 사적변화의 동향을 살펴 보면 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. ｢懐かし｣와 연결해서 유의어인 ｢恋し｣와 ｢思ふ｣ 등의 의미의 차이점과 그 관계에 대하여 위 문헌의 용례를 분석해 보면, ｢懐かし｣와 유의어인 ｢恋し｣와 ｢思ふ｣ 등의 기본적인 의미는 ʻ그립다ʼ 과 ʻ보고 싶다, 사랑한다ʼ ʻ생각하다ʼ 로 볼 수 있다. 일본의 중세는 근대 서양문물의 수용기인 큰 변화의 시대로써, 변화의 물결은 어휘 면에서도 기존의 어휘의 변화나 새로운 어휘의 생성에 영향을 주게 된다. 古代語 ｢懐かし｣도 그 의미 특징이 ｢가까이 여기다, 친숙하게 여기다｣라는 과거의 의미에 미치고 않고 현대어에 보이는 것과 같은 ｢과거의 추억이나 먼 소재의 그리움｣을 나타내게 된다. 이것은 시간·공간적으로 떨어진 사람이나 사물을 생각하는 ｢恋し｣와 ｢思ふ｣라는 유의어가 함께 존재했기 때문에, 중세 때 ｢変容｣의 시대를 거쳐서 혼용되다가 現代語에 보이는 의미로 어의가 확대되어 변화해 갔다고 고찰된다. ｢懐かし｣는 변화의 시대인 中世를 시기로 古代와 다른 의미로 변화한 어의확대의 변화 현상이며, 또 유의어인 ｢恋し｣의 경우 가장 큰 의미는 ‘그립다’ 라 할 수 있는데, 대상이 사람인 경우에 ʻ그립다, 슬프다, 사랑 한다ʼ 등의 의미까지 나타내고 있어 의미의 확대현상이 나타나고 있다. 中世의 ｢懐かし｣와 그 類義語인 ｢恋し｣｢思ふ｣ 등의 이러한 사적 고찰을 통해서 語史를 살필 수 있고, 語義変化와 意味 관계를 함께 생각할 수 있다. 이와 같은 의미변화의 사적고찰과 유의어와의 비교연구를 통해서 어휘의 통시적인 변화를 볼 수 있기에 그 가치와 의의가 크다.

In this manuscript, for an integral consideration of a vocabulary transition, the centroid of [Amakusa heike] and the centroid of [Amakusa isob] and the centroid of [Kyōgen] are basically selected to discuss and analysis synonym of sentimental vocabulary ‘missing something or somebody (Koisi)‘ and ‘think of or be considered (Omohu)’, relating to ‘Natukasi’ in kirishitan literature. Specially, a sentimental vocabulary carries distinct characteristic of definition change in the comparison of others. According to kirishitan document, which is good example of this research, it was studied intensively through analyzing of its object and example. As a considering about trend of historical transition and integral consideration of sentimental vocabulary, it can be summarized as below. In relation to ‘Natukasi’, the example of the difference of definition and relations about synonym, which are Koisi and Omohu, is carefully examined Reviewing about the object of example, an origin definition of ‘Koisi’ and ‘Omohu’, which are synonym of ‘Natukasi’ is ‘missing’ and ‘thinking of (or about)’. In the middle ages an era of change, the characteristic definition of ancient language- ‘Natukasi’ has meaning of not only ‘getting closer and becoming familiar with someone’ but also ‘missing good memories in the past or something in the distance’. The reason of this is like that existed at the same time that synonym, ‘Koisi’ and ‘Omohu’, which has meaning of the thinking of someone in the distance. Thus it is considered it appears the transition of definition during middle ages. It has historical consideration about the method of definition and transition ‘Koisi’ and ‘Omohu’ in this manuscript. As a result, the transition of definition is occurred by general transition which based on historical and social facts. In addition, it is significant that the recognition of Japanese was largely reflected throughout considering of transition of definition.

本稿では中世のキリシタン文献中、当時の日本語を知る為の貴重な資料である『平家物語』と『イソポ物語』、そのほか『狂言』を中心に｢懐かし｣と関聯してその類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣の意味用法と特質、その史的変化について考察した。 日本の中世では、｢懐かし｣をどのような意味に用いたか、｢懐かし｣の類義語の｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣はどうであるか、｢懐かし｣と｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣のキリシタン物での用法はどうか、意味の変化はどうか、などについて考察した。 意味用法、そして語彙の変化においては、｢懐かし｣という語の類義語に｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣という語がある。｢懐かし｣と｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣の三語はいくらか、ニュアンスの差があるが、歴史的に区別された意味が明確に規定されていない。 そして󰡔平家物語󰡕と󰡔イソポ物語󰡕、そのほか󰡔狂言󰡕を中心に、｢懐かし｣と関聯してその類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣の意味用法と特質、その史的変化について考察した結果、それぞれの意味は ‘なつかしいʼ　‘恋しくみたいʼ　‘思う、考えるʼ　に見える。 日本の中世は変化の時代で、古代語の｢懐かし｣の意味が 古くは ‘みちかにしたい、慣れ親しみたいの意ʼを表わし、中世をかけて後世に、‘懷旧の思いʼをいうようになる。それには、離れている人や物に覚えるその類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣があるからである。その類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣の場合も　‘恋しくみたい、愛するʼ　‘思う、考えるʼ　まで語義の拡大の変化がみえる。それは中世と云う時代的·社会的の要因である語義の拡大の変化の一例にみえる。又、このような語彙の史的変化を通じて語彙の通時的、変化の様相が見えてその意義と価値があると思われる。 以上、本稿では｢懐かし｣と関聯してその類義語である｢恋し｣と｢思ふ｣についてその意味･用法と語義変化をキリシタン資料の中で『平家物語』と『イソポ物語』、そのほか『狂言』を中心に大系的に考察して明らかにした。

‘Akeru’ and ‘hiraku’ share a meaning which is to make a way for men, animals or air to get in or out in a closed space. ‘Akeru’ has a feature of opening in one direction, whereas ‘hiraku’ of opening left and right, in both directions. In the case of windows, therefore, when it is a sliding window ‘akeru’ is used, and when an opening and shutting door ‘hiraku’ is used. From the fundamental motion described above, we can infer that ‘akeru’ indicates a motion opening doors, covers, curtains and etc. and meanings of opening the door of a store for business and of making way for men to pass by. In the case of ‘hiraku’, on the other hand, other than the meanings it shares with ‘akeru’, indicates meanings of ‘flowers blooming’, ‘business opening’, ‘holding an event’, ‘opening the door for the countries outside’, ‘opening up a new field’ and etc. from its fundamental meaning of opening in left and right directions. ‘Akeru’ describes concrete meanings, whereas ‘hiraku’ describes abstract meanings as well as concrete meanings. In the case of ‘mitiwo akeru/hiraku’, the former describes the meaning that a man standing in a way stands aside for other people to pass by, and the latter describes the meaning of opening up a new way.

Study on Auditory adjectives in Japanese and korean - On vocabulary Education View through Synonym Kim, Young-Ah In this study, we analyzed the auditory adjectives, ‘Urusai’, ‘Yakamasii’ and ‘Sawagasii’ to compare and contrast with Korean words of siggeurupda, yoranhada and ddeodeulsseoghada, the Korean equivalents of the above-mentioned Japanese auditory adjectives in order to look into the similarities and differences of the Korean and Japanese auditory adjustives. Firstly, the difference of Japanese is that ‘Urusai’ and ‘Yakamasii’ are used against a single sound and ‘Sawagasii’ is used to express an unpleasant feeling against a multiple sound. Secondly, ‘Urusai’, which is used to show displeasure against low sounds is focused on the listener and ‘Yakamasii’ and ‘Sawagasii are words are focused on the objective. Thirdly, ‘Yakamasii’ is external, but ‘Urusai’ is internal. Fourthly, ‘Urusai’ implies something that is too complicated to solve, while ‘Sawagasii’ denotes a mismatch and disharmony. Additionally, as for the difference in the Korean words of siggeurupda, yoranhada and ddeodeulsseoghada, firstly, siggeurupda and yoranhada are only used to emotional or non-emotional auditory feelings caused by both single sounds and multiple sounds and ddeodeulsseoghada is only used for sounds made by more than one person. Secondly, siggeurupda focuses on the listener him/herself but yoranhada is only used for focusing on the state of the situation. Thirdly, siggeurupdahas uses the similar method of meaning as ‘Urusai’ and ddeodeulsseoghada uses the similar method of meaning as ‘Sawagasii’. From the perspective of Japanese-language education, the comparison chart of auditory adjectives in Japanese and Korean as well as the concrete examples through the contrastive analysis (provided in this paper) may offer a guideline for selecting synonymous adjectives, aiding Japanese learners of Korean to misuse of them.

본고에서는 화제전환을 나타내는 접속사 중, 유의어 ｢さて｣와 ｢ところで｣의 차이점에 대해서 통계언어학적인 접근을 시도하고자 현대 일본어 말하기 코퍼스와 글쓰기 코퍼스를 이용하여 고찰하였다. 그 결과 빈도수 분석으로 ｢さて｣가 ｢ところで｣보다 다용된다는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 선행연구에서는 ｢さて｣가 ｢ところで｣보다 논설성이 짙은 의미로 사용되었다고 주장되어 왔으나, 조사 결과 두 단어가 비슷한 양상을 보였으며, NDC(日本十進分類法)에서는 오히려 ｢さて｣가 ｢ところで｣보다 논리성이 짙은 글에 사용되었다. 또한 CSJ를 이용하여 두 단어의 빈도수를 추출한 결과에서도 ｢さて｣가 주로 논설문, 보고문, 연설, 뉴스의 해설문과 같은, 말하는 이가 일방적으로 이야기를 하는데 쓰이는 경향이 더 두드러진다고 보기 어려웠다. 뒤에 공기하는 문장의 종류를 살펴 본 결과 ｢さて｣와 ｢ところで｣ 모두 정보요구문과 공기하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 결과로부터 두 단어의 차이점에 대해서는 다음과 같이 규정할 수 있자 않을까 생각된다. 첫째, ｢さて｣와 ｢ところで｣는 둘 다 논리적인 글에 잘 사용되는 단어이다. 둘째, ｢さて｣와 ｢ところで｣의 뒤에 오는 문장의 차이는 정보요구문과 선언적 발화가 아니라 선언적 발화의 경우로 한정된다.

In this paper, seek semantic function differences of Japanese synonym SATE and TOKORODE. This paper outlines a statistical Linguistics approach by BCCWJ and CSJ. SATE is more used than TOKORODE in search of the frequency data. Advance study said SATE has used more by formally word than TOKORODE, but in this paper seek not to use formally specifically SATE. TOKORODE has used more. In NDC reserch appeared TOKORODE was more used than SATE. And in CSJ resarch present that SATE isn’t more used by descriptive writing, report, speech, news. In study seek co-occur sentense to seek two word’s difference. In past study approached SATE didn’t co-occur information information sentence. But in this data indicate possibility of co-occur both SATE and TPKORODE. In the last analysis Japanese synonym SATE and TOKORODE have the new regulations. First both SATE and TOKORODE is frequently used formal and logical paper. The second, in this study appear SATE and TOKORODE’s deifference is only whether co-occur proclamatory sentence or not. It’s not possibility information request sentence.

Study on Auditory adjectives in Japanese and korean - On vocabulary Education View through Synonym Kim, Young-Ah In this study, we analyzed the auditory adjectives, ‘Urusai’, ‘Yakamasii’ and ‘Sawagasii’ to compare and contrast with Korean words of siggeurupda, yoranhada and ddeodeulsseoghada, the Korean equivalents of the above-mentioned Japanese auditory adjectives in order to look into the similarities and differences of the Korean and Japanese auditory adjustives. Firstly, the difference of Japanese is that ‘Urusai’ and ‘Yakamasii’ are used against a single sound and ‘Sawagasii’ is used to express an unpleasant feeling against a multiple sound. Secondly, ‘Urusai’, which is used to show displeasure against low sounds is focused on the listener and ‘Yakamasii’ and ‘Sawagasii are words are focused on the objective. Thirdly, ‘Yakamasii’ is external, but ‘Urusai’ is internal. Fourthly, ‘Urusai’ implies something that is too complicated to solve, while ‘Sawagasii’ denotes a mismatch and disharmony. Additionally, as for the difference in the Korean words of siggeurupda, yoranhada and ddeodeulsseoghada, firstly, siggeurupda and yoranhada are only used to emotional or non-emotional auditory feelings caused by both single sounds and multiple sounds and ddeodeulsseoghada is only used for sounds made by more than one person. Secondly, siggeurupda focuses on the listener him/herself but yoranhada is only used for focusing on the state of the situation. Thirdly, siggeurupdahas uses the similar method of meaning as ‘Urusai’ and ddeodeulsseoghada uses the similar method of meaning as ‘Sawagasii’. From the perspective of Japanese-language education, the comparison chart of auditory adjectives in Japanese and Korean as well as the concrete examples through the contrastive analysis (provided in this paper) may offer a guideline for selecting synonymous adjectives, aiding Japanese learners of Korean to misuse of them.