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With the recent emergence of generative AI systems like ChatGPT, DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion in the market, creativity in various fields such as literature, art, and drama has become more feasible and efficient, injecting vitality into the cultural industry. However, the rapid advancement of AI technology has sparked debates on whether copyright can be granted for AI-generated content. Despite numerous copyright disputes, there is still a lack of concrete research on this issue. The aim of our research is to establish a foundation for determining whether copyright can be recognized for content created through generative AI. According to recent legal precedents, for content created by generative AI to receive copyright protection, the extent of human involvement in the creation process serves as the determining factor. To this end, we will examine legal cases from South Korea, the United States, and China, reviewing current legal frameworks and cases to lay a theoretical foundation. Our research has identified key issues such as the originality standards for AI-generated content, the degree of human intervention required, and whether AI can be recognized as a copyright holder. We expect to make valuable and practical contributions to policymakers, legal experts, and practitioners in addressing intellectual property issues related to AI.

The purpose of this study is to analyze research trends in Early childhood literacy education literature through keyword network analysis and to identify the substructure of research topics in these prior studies. To achieve this, keywords from 126 journal articles covering early childhood literacy education published over the past ten years were selected for analysis. The collected data underwent frequency analysis, network density and centrality analysis using UCINET, and visualization and substructure analysis of the keyword network using Gephi. The results of the keyword frequency and centrality analysis indicated that the keywords 'Reading Interest,' 'Picturebook,' and 'Literacy Interaction (Mother)' were prominent keywords with high values. Substructure analysis by community identifies five areas: “Reading Interest and Language Expression," "Picturebook Reading and Interaction," "Home Literacy Interaction," "Reading Ability and Phonological Awareness," and "Writing Development and Education." The largest cluster was identified as “Reading Interest and Language Expression”. This study is significant in that it establishes educational strategies to support early childhood literacy education and can serve as a foundational resource for future research.

South Korea is experiencing a decline in its population due to a decreasing birth rate, which is leading to a reduction in the number of educated people. In response, the country is actively working to attract international students. On the other hand, China, with its geographical proximity and similar cultural background, tends to prefer studying in South Korea, which offers a scientific and systematic education system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between friendship and adjustment to university life according to the purpose of studying abroad among Chinese students who are engaged in sports activities. Therefore, the subject of the study was to set the population of Chinese students who are engaged in sports activities in Korea. The sampling method was convenience sampling, and a total of 300 copies of data were sampled through sharing the questionnaire link online and via email. The survey tool used was a questionnaire, which was modified and supplemented based on a questionnaire whose reliability and validity were recognized in previous studies. Statistical analysis used for data analysis was performed according to the purpose of analysis using SPSS Windows 20.0 Version. The conclusions obtained in this study through data analysis according to these methods and procedures are as follows. First, it was found that there is a partial difference in friendship among Chinese students who participate in daily sports depending on the purpose of their study abroad. Second, it was found that there is a partial difference in the adjustment of Chinese students to university life according to the purpose of studying abroad for Chinese students who participate in daily physical education. Third, it was found that the friendship of Chinese students who participate in daily sports has a partial influence on their adaptation to university life.

In the Ukraine-Russia war and the Israel-Hamas conflict, drones have become symbols of “overwhelming military superiority,” utilized across tactical and strategic levels for front-line attacks and assaults on critical national facilities. As drone threats intensify, various countries around the world are swiftly establishing “Counter-Drone Systems” to protect critical infrastructure, while North Korea has also unveiled kamikaze drones. The Repulic of Korea is similarly building counter-drone systems focused on protecting national critical infrastructure, yet issues with time synchronization and interoperability have emerged. This study conducted Focus Group Interviews (FGI) with experts from the public, private, and military sectors to identify current issues in the areas of counter-drone system deployment protocols, diversification of counter-drone components, and mobile-based information-sharing systems. Based on these findings, this research aims to organize and optimize a framework for establishing counter-drone systems for critical national infrastructure. Furthermore, we propose this as a methodology for deploying counter-drone systems for essential infrastructure, establishing procedures to effectively respond to evolving drone threats. The procedures outlined in this study require continuous innovation through integrated R&D and training, ensuring real-time responses to increasingly sophisticated drone threats.

The widespread destruction of national critical facilities by drones and missiles in the Ukraine-Russia war has highlighted the need for a combined human-machine defense training module to protect infrastructure. Korea's anti-drone defense system is still inadequate, and the related training system is also lacking. However, Germany, Israel, and other countries are already developing defense systems using a MUM-T system, and Korea should build a training model suitable for our situation. By introducing scientific training such as AR/VR, we can provide efficient training in an environment similar to the real situation, and it is also economical because it can reduce costs. In conclusion, we need to build a drone defense system and training system at the same time to defend national critical facilities.

This study aims to propose an evaluation system model and training methods for innovating the security systems of national key facilities in Seoul Metropolitan City, as modern security threats evolve from traditional physical threats to asymmetric threats utilizing advanced technologies. The research findings indicate an urgent need to transition from existing manpower-centered security systems to manned-unmanned hybrid security systems incorporating advanced technologies such as AI and drones. In particular, the study identified the necessity of developing integrated performance indicators for balanced evaluation of human factors and unmanned systems, as well as customized training programs considering facility-specific characteristics. This study provides policy recommendations for implementing advanced technologies, nurturing specialized personnel, and strengthening cooperation systems among relevant agencies, serving as a standard model that can be expanded nationwide in the future.

As various drone terrorism incidents have occurred around the world, C-UAS(Counter-Unmanned Aerial System) has attracted attention against growing drone threats. In particular, in Korea, the need for protection of national critical facilities emerged especially since a North Korean drone invaded the skies over the Seoul metropolitan area and failed to respond effectively in December 2022. Recently, various private, public, military, industrial, academic, and research experts have been actively conducting research on C-UAS development. The opinions of the experts proposed so far emphasize the need to build a C-UAS on a facility or region basis, but in the long run, an integrated C-UAS at the megacity level or higher. For this purpose, the technologies of the C-UAS elements were divided into four fields: detection/identification, tracking/visibility, judgment/neutralization, and interconnection/collaboration. In particular, it was emphasized that interconnection/collaboration technologies are required to build a future integrated environment. For this purpose, hyper-connected network technology, distributed data distribution technology, and dynamic mission management technology are required as core technologies, and the direction for building them was presented.

Worldwidely, various kinds of drone threats are consistently happening and drone-atttacks are actively executed in battle field, e.g., Ukraine-Russia war. Consequently, it becomes important to build a countunmaned aerial system(C-UAS). In December 2022, South Korea could not identify, tracking and neutralize North Korea’s small drones flying over Seoul metropolian area. In the aftermath of the accident, C-UAS has been adopted and fielded into several national critical facilites. Several experts proposed that it is necessary to make diagnosis of possible drone threats, identify weaknesses and design rigorous and thorough C-UAS per important region, not independent facility in order not to waste national resources. In the short or midterm view, it is an urgent task to build regionally integrated C-UAS since there is no system for defending the facilities. However, in the long run, there must be national scale C-UAS integrated system to enhance antidrone capabilities and derive co-operative effect between C-UAS systems. Thus, we proposed cloud-based CUAS integrated system model to make sure that drone threats can be instantly detected throughtout the whole country and the most efficient couter measures which are recommended and determined by AI services and command and control system can neutralize incoming hostile drone attacks.

The growing threat of drones around the world has led to a growing demand for Counter-drone equipment. Currently, there are three main types of drone equipment on the market: detection, identification, tracking, and neutralization, and how they are configured can make a difference in their ability to respond. However, the high cost and rapid pace of technological advancement of most of the equipment on the market today means that it is rapidly becoming obsolete, making it difficult to deploy quickly where it is needed. Based on our recent fieldwork and research into the current state of Counter-drone equipment, we've identified ways to ease the burden of deployment and maintenance.

Drones are being used in conflicts and wars all over the world these days. Drones are used not only as essential weapon systems in war but also for various purposes in peacetime. Drones have become general-purpose weapons used primarily by countries, organizations, and individuals as asymmetrical powers with high costeffectiveness and efficiency. In particular, authoritarian states are transferring drone manufacturing technology, mass producing them without combat testing, and using them in warfare. Drones can be made at low cost and can be used for a variety of purposes, including surveillance and reconnaissance, assassination, bombing, deception, and show-off. In times of peace, it is necessary to establish an anti-drone defense system for key national facilities that are at the core of people's lives and the continuation of war. The anti-drone defense system for protecting important national facilities follows the procedures of detection, identification, decision, and strike. This study examined the threat of drones and the anti-drone defense system, identified potential limitations, and then developed combat development elements to address them. The purpose is to present measures for the core tasks of establishing a counter-drone defense system ecosystem among the derived combat development elements, namely doctrine (laws and systems) and leadership. In particular, a multi-domain integrated defense concept was proposed, taking into account the aerial threat of drones.

National Major Facilities are crucial not only because they determine the quality of life of its citizens, but also because they determine a country's ability to sustain warfare in the event of a war. In the Ukraine-Russia war, Russia used long-range and FPV suicide drones to attack Ukraine's energy facilities, paralyzing the country's daily life. In the Israel-Hamas conflict, Hamas used inexpensive FPV suicide drones to penetrate Israel's unmanned, scientifically advanced security system. Drones have thus emerged as a new threat and have proven their capabilities in war. Currently, the defense of national major facilities in Korea focuses on the illegal intrusion of unidentified persons on the ground. Therefore, it is limited to effectively respond to the infiltration of drones into the air. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed the development of a manned and unmanned combined defense system by deploying a four-legged robot equipped with an RF scanner and a jammer for defense drones. This is a realistic alternative that can effectively respond to airborne threats and prevent unnecessary loss of life. We also proposed changes in weapons systems, operational concepts, and organizational structure to respond to new threats.

This paper presents a proposal to build a combined manned and unmanned defense system to strengthen the defense system of national major facilities. With the recent increase in asymmetric threats such as unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), it has become difficult to ensure the safety of major facilities with traditional defense systems (which focus on preparing for threats on the ground) alone. Therefore, this study analyzes the need for a combined manned and unmanned defense system by highlighting the threats to major facilities in the Ukraine-Russia war and analyzing the evolution of North Korea's unmanned threats, and examines the weapon systems, operational concepts, and organization and deployment to implement it. In the field of weapon systems, the study included the introduction of anti-drone systems such as radars, RF scanners, and jammers to counter airborne threats in addition to ground threats, and the neutralization of enemy drones through non-physical strikes. In the field of operational concepts, the countermeasures were divided into scenarios based on conventional ground infiltration and scenarios based on air infiltration. Finally, in the organization and deployment section, the report discussed the composition of manned and unmanned systems, such as patrol, standby, and on-site measures, as well as the establishment of new organizations and the merger of existing organizations.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of interactive metronome intervention on the physical function of an Older adult individual with Parkinson’s disease. The participant of this case study was a 72-year-old male with Parkinson’s disease diagnosed 3 years prior. This study was a single-subject research with an A-B-A design. She received IM training during the treatment phase (B phase) for 50 minutes per session. She was assessed pretest and posttest using the Berg balance scale and Wolf motor function test, and at baseline and the treatment phase using the measured boxand- block test and a Tetrax system. After training, the patient’s static and dynamic balance, functional activity, and performance time of the upper extremity improved. Interactive metronome therapy improved the manual dexterity of both hands. Interactive metronome therapy also improved the limit of stability of the Parkinson’s disease. Though a case study, the results of this study suggest that IM intervention y is effective at restoring the physical function of patients with Parkinson’s disease

In this work, we carry out an exploration into the topic on life for our happy life through the outlook on life and attitude of Crusoe, the main character of the novel "Robinson Crusoe." "Robinson Crusoe" is a work by Daniel Dipon and is the story of Crusoe gaining a new appreciation for his life and circumstances through his isolated life on his remote island. We analyze Crusoe's outlook and attitude on life and explore the outlook on life that we can adopt for a happy life. The story of Crusoe shows how our views and attitudes on life can be formed and changed through the difficulties and challenges we face. This investigation is executed employing the subsequent methodology. Positive attitude emerges as a coping mechanism and a driving force for Crusoe's resilience in the face of adversity. His ability to adapt to challenges and maintain optimism fosters a mental and emotional resilience that is crucial for happiness. This aspect of the narrative underscores the transformative power of a positive mindset in navigating life's complexities. Through this, we will be able to discover methods and strategies that can improve our outlook and attitude on life and pursue happiness based on the lessons and insights gained from Crusoe's experience. We anticipate that the outcomes of this investigation will offer important insights to improve our happiness and satisfaction. In addition, Crusoe's outlook and attitude on life will contribute to increasing our understanding of how to form an outlook on life for a happy life.

Marketer-generated emotional content on social media is used to communicate with consumers, while the success of social media marketing is built on trust. The present study examined how to leverage the emotional expression of Marketer Generated Content (MGC) to increase consumers’ perception of trustworthiness. Building on Affective Valuation Theory, this study investigates how emotional expression of emotional expression of MGC (calm vs. excited) influences consumers’ perception of perception of trustworthiness. It introduces individual ideal effects to discuss boundary conditions. Two experiments were designed to test hypotheses. This study found that the consumers’ ideal affect status match and mismatch to the emotional expression of MGC results in an increase and decrease of the consumers’ perception of trustworthiness, respectively. In addition, this study indicated that perceiving shared emotional values mediated the effect of the match between ideal affect and emotional expression of MGC on the perception of trustworthiness.

Logo design plays a crucial role in brand marketing as an effective communication symbol that represents the identity of various products or services. The creative work of simplifying these symbolic meanings has traditionally been a specialized area reserved for designers, requiring unique artistic skills. However, with the advancement of artificial intelligence technology, it is anticipated that even the field of logo design could partially replace the role of designers, leading to changes in design methods and processes. Notably, AI Logo Maker Web tools provide automated solutions that allow users to easily and quickly create logos. With easier accessibility, convenience, and high efficiency compared to human designers, their use has been expanding, and related research has been progressing. However, specific studies comparing the AI's creativity in the idea generation phase with that of human designers have yet to be thoroughly conducted. This study aims to explore the collaborative potential by analyzing and comparing the types of idea generation (combination, similarity, expansion) in logo design sketches by professional designers versus AI Logo Makergenerated logos through word frequency analysis based on in-depth interviews. The results indicate that the total number of idea-related words used was 343 for designer sketches and 311 for AI Logo Maker outputs, with the AI using fewer words overall compared to the designers. Designers used more words in combination and similarity categories, while the AI excelled in expansion. The AI demonstrated remarkable performance in expansion, suggesting that AI Logo Maker Web services should be used in a complementary manner rather than as a replacement for designers. AI can provide rapid results by suggesting highly expansive ideas, while designers can refine these ideas to align with the concept. To better reflect the intuitive and creative workflows of users, AI needs to develop flexible and customizable interfaces that cater to varying levels of user expertise. Additionally, the AI's customization features should be enhanced through collaborative efforts with professional designers. This research specifically presents a direction for collaboration between designers and AI by comparing their idea generation types. At the same time, it proposes important insights into the value of artificial intelligence technology and human designers within the design industry.

It is understood that 80% of the amount of information accepted by humans corresponds to visual information. In the modern society, competition between brands is accelerating day by day due to the overheating of product supply, and consumers are leading the era of purchasing gems and services to satisfy their needs. In addition, in a competitive market where the quality of competitive products is leveled with technological advances, brand experience through consumers' total experience is a decisive factor in purchasing. Most brands use a variety of visual components to effectively communicate information for the purpose of consumers' cognition, memory, and purchase decisions. In order to meet changes in competitive markets and consumer needs, companies must not only think about what products and services to provide, but also what kind of relationship they will have with customers. It is necessary to choose whether it will be recognized as a brand for a temporary transaction that simply sells and buys goods, or whether to form lasting bonds by providing the total and sensuous experience that consumers want. In order for a brand to be remembered as an experience rather than a transaction, it is necessary to change its perspective on the customer experience. Products or services are, after all, part of the customer experience that customers prefer. Since consumption begins with visual information processing, cognitive and memory structures and visual information characteristics must be understood and utilized from the perspective of emotional memory. If a design is developed so that memory stimulation factors act as a brand experience (BX) factor to form a friendly image by facilitating brand recognition and memory, this can serve to reinforce customer brand loyalty. Therefore, the brand experience (BX) design should be a strategic design that can provide an impressive visual experience tailored to the needs of consumers and eye level.

The Yin and Yang Five Elements Philosophy is one of the oldest philosophies of the East. It contains a deep understanding of nature and color that Orientals have. However, the philosophy of Yin and Yang has been treated as an unscientific and shamanic realm. This study aims to develop and develop the philosophy of Yin and Yang as a color system. This study is related to the philosophy of Yin and Yang, published during the Yang Dynasty of China. Literature research was conducted on the basis of Oh Haengdaeui. The appropriate color values of the five elements were studied in correspondence with the purest colors in the modern sense. This study colorfully visualizes the process of change of the five elements: wood, fire, soil, metal, and water. The change lies in the rotation in the right direction, where the five elements of the five elements help each other, and in the rotation in the left direction, where the five elements of the five elements help each other. The five elements of the Five Elements intermingled with each other to determine the changing colors. As a result, it was found that the five elements of the five elements change color in 10 different ways. It was three changes between chromatic colors, three changes in achromatic white and three chromatic colors, three changes in achromatic black and three chromatic colors, and one change between achromatic white and achromatic black. The Western color system is based on an achromatic axis and a color wheel. However, it can be seen that the change of color in the Yin and Yang Five Events is expressed through the rotation of achromatic and chromatic colors together in the right direction and the left direction.

Since the emergence of ChatGPT, transformer-based language models have become highly popular. This study utilizes a transformer-based approach to measure Korean sentence similarity for software testing. By doing so, we propose test cases using metamorphic relationships. The performance of the transformer models is then compared using similarity measures. First, we create a test set by transforming sentences from the Defense Daily according to specific rules. We then input these transformed sentences into the RoBERTa, Electra, and T5 models. We check whether the similarity measure between the original sentence and its variant satisfies the metamorphic relationship. The performance of each model is then compared using a similarity measure. In our experiments, the RoBERTa model satisfied metamorphic relations in MR5 and MR6, which involved transforming nouns and verbs into synonyms, and in MR7, which involved altering sentence order, with accuracy rates of 80%, 85%, and 88%, respectively. All tests passed except MR7 (77%) for the Electra model and MR1 (73%) for the T5 model. Finally, we compared the performance of each model. In the comparison, the Electra model outperformed the T5 model (99.96%) and the RoBERTa model (99.62%) with an accuracy of 99.97%.

As a result of analyzing domestic traffic accidents, the number of fatalities caused by black ice-related accidents is as much as 3.7 than that of snowy road accidents. Unlike ordinary snow, black ice is difficult to detect with the naked eye, and it is hard for drivers to distinguish it within a second while driving. Therefore, the plan is to apply computer vision to detect black ice in real-time. To accomplish this task, three Artificial Intelligence models were compared and analyzed. The Artificial IntelligenceI models used are CNN, YOLOv5, and YOLOv8. The CNN model detected 258 out of 285 images where black ice occurred, with an accuracy of 87%. YOLOv5 detected 270 out of 285 images, achieving an accuracy of 95%. Lastly, YOLOv8 showed the highest accuracy, detecting 280 out of 285 images with an accuracy of 98%. In the future, this research will be combined with real-time CCTV installed by the National Traffic Information Center to detect black ice in real-time during winter and provide solutions to reduce the likelihood of traffic accidents caused by black ice.

The purpose of this study is to create and present a standardized module of ISP (Information Strategy Plan), a smart factory logistics automation consulting method that is helpful to companies or consultants who will build logistics automation.In order to develop the module, first, cases of smart factories, smart logistics, supply chain management(SCM), consulting methodology (ISP), and logistics center construction consulting methods were investigated step by step. In order to develop the module, first, cases of smart factories, smart logistics, supply chain management (SCM), consulting methodology (ISP), and logistics center construction consulting methods were investigated step by step. As a result, ISP (Information Strategy Plan), a consulting methodology, was linked to Deming's PDCA. For the first stage of PLAN(contingency analysis and purpose, problems with logistics center operation), for the second stage DO(establishment of consulting plans and explanation of proposals, derivation of strategic tasks that are master plans), for the third stage CHECK(establishment of detailed implementation plans, consulting output) and for the fourth stage ACT(project management) were applied (post management). The limitation of the study is that the reliability of the mapping results is limited because the relevant data were compared to develop the consulting methodology as a standardized module, but FGI analysis through experts or Delphi surveys are not conducted.

Digital technologies such as Fifth-Generation Mobile Communications (5G), Virtual Reality (VR), and Augmented Reality (AR) are driving transformative innovations across various industries, with education being a particularly notable area of impact. These technological advancements are fostering the expansion of EduTech and digital big data, thereby enabling the provision of highly personalized and accessible learning experiences. By integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI), blockchain, and Extended Reality (XR) technologies, educational methodologies are becoming increasingly immersive, adaptive, and efficient. These innovations are redefining traditional learning paradigms, enhancing learner engagement, and broadening global access to education. Governments and institutions worldwide are making substantial investments in the digitalization of educational environments, utilizing state-of-the-art tools to optimize learning outcomes and prepare learners for the challenges of the future. We examine the profound implications of digital innovation on education, focusing on its role in shaping new paradigms of learning and exploring its broader socio-economic impacts.

Ca14Zn6Al10O35:Eu3+, Nd3+ phosphors were synthesized using precursors impregnated with starch in aqueous metal salt solutions of Ca, Zn, Al, Nd, and Eu. As a result of measuring the photo luminescence of the synthesized Ca14Zn6Al10O35:Eu3+, Nd3+ phosphor powder, light in a wavelength range of 650-780 nm was emitted. The phosphor emitting light in this wavelength range can be applied to a red light source in a plant factory. The surface structure, components, and crystallinity were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD). As a result of XRD analysis, it was confirmed that pure Ca14Zn6Al10O35:Eu3+, Nd3+ phosphor having a single phase was synthesized. As a result of EDS and SEM analysis, the synthesized Ca14Zn6Al10O35:Eu3+, Nd3+ phosphor powder contained Eu and Nd ions, which were used as activators, and the particle size of the powder was uniform.

Instrumented indentation test is a useful analytical technique for measuring the mechanical properties of micro- or nano-scale thin films processed by coating or plating on a substrate. Generally, properties measurable by instrumented indentation test include composite hardness, plastic hardness, elastic modulus, and elastic compliance. However, it is known that measuring tensile strength and elongation, which are typically assessed using traditional tensile testing machines, is not possible. In this study, we use a nanoindenter, the most representative instrument for instrumented indentation testing, to measure the mechanical properties of a polymer film coated on a wafer. We then analyze the correlation between hardness and strength. Through the analysis results, we aim to derive tensile strength and elongation from the property data measured by the nanoindenter, and explore methods to construct stress-strain curve(S-S Curve) from this raw data.

This study examined listeners’ ability to detect emotion from various speech samples, including both spontaneous conversations and actor-posed speech. We investigated the interaction between lexical content and vocal cues (i.e., tone of voice) and how these factors influence emotion perception from voice. Our approach involved two experimental conditions. In the text condition, participants assessed emotional attributes solely from written transcripts, devoid of vocal information. In the voice condition, participants evaluated emotions by listening to audio recordings. Results indicated that vocal cues generally enhanced emotional expressions, overriding lexical meaning for certain negative emotions in spontaneous speech. Correlation analysis revealed that lexical meanings suggesting anger or hostility could be perceived as positive affective states in some spontaneous speech when vocal cues were present. In perceiving sadness or anger in posed speech, much higher correct response rates were obtained in the voice condition compared to the text condition, indicating successful use of vocal cues alongside lexical meaning. However, when identifying happiness in posed speech, listeners showed little improvement from vocal cues. The correlation between acoustic parameters and emotional ratings was analyzed to understand how listeners utilized vocal cues. The vocal cues with the highest correlations were pitch and harmonicity to noise ratio. Listeners perceived angry and happy voices as pitch values increased, but distinguished happiness from anger when the voice contained more noise compared to harmonicity. Sad or timid voices were perceived as pitch values and variation decreased. Our research highlights the complex interaction between lexical content and vocal cues in emotional communication.

Interspecific competition within coexisting species often has a strong influence on their abundance, distribution, fecundity, growth, or survival. Moreover, sympatric carnivores have developed strategies to minimize resource overlap, such as food, habitat, and activity time, and avoid interspecific competition. Therefore, niche partitioning is important for coexistence of sympatric mammalian carnivores. In Korean ecosystem, it is likely that seven native species of meso-carnivores replaced local extinct large carnivores as top predators. Therefore, their role as top predators and their coexisting has become very important to the Korean ecosystem. This study aimed to obtain temporal (activity time, one of three factors mentioned above) niche overlap of five sympatric carnivores play a role as top predators in the same habitat near Chupungryeong, South Korea. Nineteen infrared sensor camera trappings were conducted to evaluate activity patterns and temporal niche overlap of sympatric carnivores. A total of 1,248 photos of meso-carnivores were obtained over 3,406 trapping days. Five meso-carnivores—leopard cat (LC), raccoon dog (RD), yellow-throated marten (YM), Siberian weasel (SW), and Asian badger (AB)—were identified. LC, RD, SW, and AB activities were nocturnal and YM activity was diurnal. Temporal niche overlaps between two carnivores were evaluated using Pianka’s index and all the species exceeded 0.60 Pianka’s index except YM. RD, which tended to have high nocturnal behavior, showed the lowest overlap with YM, and AB showed high overlap compared with other nocturnal carnivores. Direct interference of similar nocturnal carnivores can be avoided through temporal niche partitioning by varying peak activity times The temporal niche partitioning does not clearly indicate the coexistence mechanism of sympatric carnivores in South Korea. However, owing to limited studies on niche partitioning of sympatric carnivores in South Korea, this study provides foundational data on the coexistence of sympatric carnivores.

This paper proposes a Holochain-based system to enhance the security and management of healthcare data in a distributed cloud environment, addressing the limitations of blockchain technology. While blockchain ensures data integrity, it faces performance degradation and resource consumption challenges when processing large volumes of transactions. To overcome these issues, the study introduces Holochain, a technology that enables data recovery in case of loss and validates data through local consensus without requiring global agreement. The proposed system is composed of a HoloLink module and a transformation module, with the user interface fully implemented. Performance evaluation experiments demonstrate that the Holochain-based system significantly reduces validation time as the number of nodes and transactions increases, compared to traditional blockchain systems.

In this study, we analyzed the current status of implementation, problems, and improvement measures of the Serious Accident Punishment Act (SAPA) in small-scale construction sites with a construction cost of 5 billion won or less. To this end, we collected opinions from relevant experts using a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire and the Full Ranking Procedure (FRP). The results of the survey showed that the level of awareness of the Serious Accident Punishment Act was high, but there were many difficulties in practical application and compliance in small-scale sites. Major problems included a lack of resources and finances, lack of safety awareness among management, and lack of manpower and expertise. Improvement measures to solve these problems included establishing a safety and health management system, strengthening education and training, and government financial support. In particular, there were differences in awareness and influence of SAPA depending on the respondents’ educational level, and it was confirmed that respondents with higher educational levels had a deeper understanding of the purpose and challenges of the law. This study suggests effective application methods of SAPA to improve safety in small-scale construction sites, and is expected to contribute to the establishment of systematic improvement plans to strengthen safety management and legal compliance in the construction industry in the future.

In this paper, we analyzed new smart construction technologies based on the data registered from 2020 to July 2024 and identified a total of 21 technologies certified as smart construction technologies, which accounted for 21.6% of the total 167 new construction technologies. In addition, we analyzed the distribution by field and confirmed that 17 smart construction technologies (13.5%) were included in the civil engineering technology field, 3 in the architectural technology field (2.4%), and 3 in the mechanical equipment technology field (2.4%). After selecting 12 major keywords of smart construction technologies for TF-IDF analysis, we analyzed whether these keywords were included in the designated technical documents and found that the most frequently mentioned keyword among the 21 certified smart construction technologies was "data & artificial intelligence." This study is useful for understanding the current status of smart construction technologies and the utilization of important keywords in the construction technology field. Through this, it can be used as data to suggest the development direction of smart construction technologies and evaluate the technology demand and applicability in specific fields.

Aronia is tremendous known to excellent food for anti-cancer and anti-bacterial and the Kimchi which occupies a prominent position in dietary life of Korea is also a significantly outstanding food for prevention of constipation and colorectal cancer or intestinal regulation. For development of manufacturing technique of functionality Aronia added Kimchi that has a superior medical action, the effects during Kimchi production were researched through fermentation with water and 70% ethanol extract or addition of powder of 0.5% to 2% within 5℃ to 15℃. Optimal fermentation temperature of Aronia added Kimchi was 10 ℃ and when the addition rate of water or ethanol extract was 1 % was adequate. Furthermore, optimal fermentative temperature and times of Aronia powder added Kimchi were similar to that add Aronia extract but the addition rate was 0.5 % which was a half of extract additive. The total polyphenol content of the fermented functional Kimchi which has added with Aronia was twice higher than that of the control Kimchi. DPPH radical and ABTS anion scavenging of the functional Kimchi were 2.7 times and 1.7 times higher than those of the control Kimchi, respectively as well (p<0.05). This was observed as the result of 1.6 times higher antioxidant effect of the functional Kimchi than the control Kimchi. As the total content of polyphenol was increased during fermentation of the functional Kimchi with various food materials, high anti-oxidant activity of the functional Kimchi was observed as well. This result shows that the antioxidant effect of the functional Kimchi is increased by adding Aronia melnocarpar which has high antioxidant activity and good antioxidant functionality.