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The proportion of online, non-face-to-face classes has significantly increased in recent years. Additionally, numerous apps, such as Duolingo, have emerged for foreign language education. Research with university students revealed that language learning apps featuring gamification elements received positive feedback, especially regarding visual experience and user satisfaction, with Duolingo being a prime example. In contrast, other apps were rated lower due to poor user experience. This highlights the importance of incorporating gamification in online language learning apps. The findings also confirm that gamification enhances interaction and enjoyment, with applications that integrate these elements achieving higher satisfaction ratings. Therefore, designing language learning apps should focus on integrating gamification while carefully considering both educational goals and user experience, as this greatly improves learning efficiency and engagement. In this study, we explore the role of gamification in online language learning and analyze Duolingo as a case study. Building on this analysis, we developed an online language learning app called Coco College, which incorporates several gamification elements. This app aims to create a smart learning environment and serve as a model for applying gamification to improve educational outcomes. Finally, we evaluate user experiences with Coco College to validate the effectiveness of the framework.

Recently, there has been significant attention on the progress of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly with the advent and swift of generative AI tools using large language models. Focusing on the generative AI tools such as ChatGPT and Google Gemini utilized to search for information, the present research explores the factors influencing the individuals’ perceived helpfulness of generative AI tools. Specifically, we first examine whether the perceived usefulness of AI and overall attitude toward AI affect the perceived helpfulness of generative AI tools. Second, we examine whether the perceived usefulness of AI influences the perceived helpfulness of generative AI tools via the overall attitude toward AI. To answer the research questions, we conducted a hierarchical multiple regression analysis and a mediation analysis using the Koreans who were aware of the generative AI tools such as ChatGPT and Google Gemini. The results indicate that (1) the perceived usefulness of AI and overall attitude toward AI are positively associated with the perceived helpfulness of generative AI tools; and (2) the perceived usefulness of AI impacts the perceived helpfulness of generative AI tools via the overall attitude toward AI. The findings provide important implications to enhance the perceived helpfulness of generative AI tools.

Skiing, as a highly challenging and enjoyable outdoor activity, can stimulate users' positive emotions and immersive experiences, and the design of skiing apps plays an important supporting role in this. With the increasing number of ski related apps on the market, users' demand for mobile apps to assist in optimising their sports experience is also growing. This study selected four skiing apps as research objects according to the Google Play download ranking. These include Exa Ski Tracker, Ski Tracks, Slopes: Ski & Snowboard, and Skill: Ski & MTB. Taking the nine elements of the Flow Theory as the research benchmark, we distributed 177 questionnaires to users, and finally collected 172 valid questionnaires. The questionnaires were analysed using the Kano Model. The Better-Worse coefficient was used for reliability and validity testing to reduce the limitations of the results. The users' flow experience and demand for app functions resulting from the use of the app during skiing were also investigated. Finally, we proposed improvements for the four skiing apps based on our analysis results to better facilitate the flow experience of skiing enthusiasts, satisfy user needs, and enhance the overall sport experience.

YouTube has become a popular platform for vlogs. Among various forms of vlogs, office worker vlogs, in which a person engaged in a specific job shows his/her work environment and daily routine, are gaining popularity. Thus, focusing on office worker vlogs, the present research investigates the effects of office worker vlogs’ characteristics (i.e., vlogger characteristics, vlog content characteristics) on the YouTube viewers’ growth needs, job commitment, and turnover intention. Specifically, this research examines whether vlogger characteristics (i.e., job similarity, homophily, and credibility) and vlog content characteristics (i.e., informativeness, vividness, and aesthetics) influence the YouTube viewers’ growth needs. Moreover, this research examines whether (1) the YouTube viewers’ growth needs affect their job commitment and turnover intention; and (2) job commitment impacts turnover intention among the YouTube viewers. With a sample of YouTube viewers of office worker vlogs (N = 215), structural equation modelling was implemented to investigate the relationships in the proposed model. The results indicate that (1) perceived job similarity to the office worker vlogger is positively associated with the growth needs of YouTube viewers; (2) perceived homophily with the office worker vlogger is positively associated with the growth needs of YouTube viewers; (3) perceived credibility with the office worker vlogger is positively associated with growth needs of YouTube viewers; (4) perceived informativeness of the office worker vlog is positively associated with the growth needs of YouTube viewers, albeit marginally significant; (5) perceived vividness of the office worker vlog is positively associated with the growth needs of YouTube viewers; (6) perceived aesthetics of the office worker vlog is positively associated with the growth needs of YouTube viewers; (7) the YouTube viewers’ growth needs are positively associated with their job commitment and turnover intention; and (8) the YouTube viewers’ job commitment is negatively associated with their turnover intention. The findings provide important implications for the production and use of office worker vlog contents.

This study proposes and tests a virtual reality (VR) framework aimed at reiterating the Spirit of Place (SiP) of heritage sites, conceived as a perceiver’s perception of place formed through the dynamic interplay of tangible and intangible influences within a given location. The framework applies Gilles Deleuze’s concepts of ‘difference in itself’ and ‘repetition for itself’ to create interpretive VR experiences that evoke SiP by integrating natural features, built structures, cultural memories, historical narratives, cultural narratives, and symbolic associations. Through a controlled experiment involving both video and VR interactions with heritage sites, participants reported elevated emotional connections and a deeper engagement with SiP in the VR environment. This confirms that VR can serve as an effective medium for heritage preservation, capturing the site’s distinct identity and fostering embodied engagement shaped by users’ memories and cultural familiarity. These findings validate the framework’s potential to convey the unique identity of heritage sites, offering a transformative tool for virtual heritage applications.

This study surveyed cyber university students enrolled in an English writing course to examine how ChatGPT influences their learning process and assess its educational potential. Participants used ChatGPT without prior instruction and completed a questionnaire on their experiences. Results indicate high satisfaction, with 89.1% finding ChatGPT useful for English writing, primarily for feedback on grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. However, students noted limitations, such as insufficient support for self-directed writing skills and a lack of clear guidance for improving writing organization. In terms of affective impact, ChatGPT was found to increase writing confidence and reduce stress, although its effect on fostering interest in writing varied. Overall, these findings suggest that while ChatGPT can be beneficial, effective integration may require additional instructor support to provide personalized feedback and supplement areas where ChatGPT falls short. Based on the results of this study, suggestions are made for effectively utilizing ChatGPT as an educational tool for cyber learners.

The smart tourism industry leverages smartphones and SNS, playing a key role in customers' purchasing decision-making behavior through its relationship with ICT. This study aims to analyze the overall sentiment of tourists regarding smart tourism by examining big data from social media. Data was collected using the keyword "smart tourism" from social media platforms such as Naver, Google, and Daum over the past year, from May 1, 2023, to May 1, 2024. Based on a total of 86,250 analyzed data points, sentiment analysis was conducted by calculating the probabilities of words and text data belonging to each class (positive or negative) and classifying them into sentiments with the highest probabilities. This study categorizes and identifies overall sentiments toward smart tourism as positive, negative, or neutral. It is significant in that it analyzes consumer perceptions of smart tourism to propose improvement measures for providing better services to consumers utilizing smart tourism.

In current issue in Korea, we should have two absolute demands of coding education in elementary, middle, and high schools, and teaching programming to non-majors. Such naive learners, that is, young generation students, pose significant challenges in how to make high-quality code. A big problem is that early coding education in schools may inadvertently lead to "coding quitters" (akin to math-averse students, often referred to as "math quitters"). To solve it, we should have continuous mentoring and make an active learner attitude, which makes mutual feedback way to an interactive, engaged approach. Then we also enhance coding proficiency and a positive learning environment for lower-grade students. How to keep sustained interactions with mentors and ongoing code reviews? To solve this problem, we propose a code review platform to incorporate a web-based compiler to identify bugs and offer guidance. With this platform, we allow users to share their code and enable others to reference and reuse code for promoting a culture of knowledge-sharing. Real-time feedback on code enhances code quality and enriches the learning experience. We expect students to improve their coding skills while developing a deeper understanding of programming principles through this collaborative environment.

Purpose: In the 1980s, Incheon promoted a housing site development project outside the city and moved in public institutions, educational institutions, department stores, and shopping malls, and the old downtown area was regressed due to hollowing out, such as a decrease in the resident population and a decline in commercial functions. On the other hand, the Songdo-Cheongna-Yeongjong area has been promoted as a free economic zone project since 2003, and the gap between the old city and the new city is widening day by day. As a way to close this gap, various projects are being implemented, and among them, there is a good possibility of regeneration of the open port cultural district rich in cultural and historical contents. Incheon's open port, where you can feel the atmosphere of the open port era, such as Chinatown, Japanese residential area, and Art platform, is a place with Incheon's own charm. Among them, I would like to study focusing on the local revitalization activities of the open port project, which local residents took the lead in discovering the charm of the region. Methods: The method of research first, examines how and by whom the open port route project is being carried out. Second, it examines the peculiarity of the open port project and its impact on the region. Third, it defines the effect and significance of private-led urban regeneration projects.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in core competencies of college students according to grade and gender. A survey was conducted with 1,146 college students, and t-tests were used to analyze differences based on grade and gender. The findings of the study are as follows: First, significant differences were observed in most core competencies between upperclassmen and underclassmen. Second, no significant differences were found in most core competencies between male and female students. These results suggest that colleges should consider grade and gender when aiming to enhance students' core competencies. In particular, it is necessary to develop educational programs that strengthen competencies from the early years, especially for those competencies that show substantial differences based on background variables.

This study aims to propose an improved UI design for kiosk systems that allows senior users, who are often marginalized by the rapid pace of digital culture, to use kiosks more conveniently and efficiently. For this purpose, a survey was designed applying the national guidelines for unmanned information terminals and Jakob Nielsen's ten heuristic principles to evaluate usability among 150 seniors aged 50 and above. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, it underwent two rounds of expert evaluation to verify the reliability and validity of the survey items. The survey was conducted over approximately one week, and data analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software. The survey results revealed that many users experience major inconveniences due to "complex selection steps" and "reduced readability from small text," indicating the need for improvements in the visibility and intuitiveness of the kiosk UI. Additionally, the necessity to simplify the menu selection process and the low average scores for recovery and control items highlight the need to enhance user experience. Accordingly, this study proposes UI improvements suitable for seniors, including enlarging key buttons, visually differentiating advertising elements, and simplifying menu selection. This research not only aims to enhance digital accessibility for the elderly but also provides a foundation for efficient kiosk usage across various age groups, and it is expected to serve as a guideline for future UI design.

Art Nouveau existed as an artistic and cultural style around the world for a short period from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. Art Nouveau, which began in the West around the same time, entered Korea as well, as shown in the designs of the time. This study aims to find a historical context by understanding the situation and design characteristics of Art Nouveau, which influenced modern graphic design, in Modern Korea around the 1900s. In order to analyze the Art Nouveau characteristics of Modern Korean graphic design, first, we examine the visual expression characteristics of Art Nouveau, and second, we identify the characteristics of the Art Nouveau style that appear in design cases from 1900 to 1945. The characteristics of Art Nouveau in graphic design are that objects, environments, and buildings are flat or simplified, and asymmetry and blank spaces are actively utilized in the layout. In addition, organic curves and geometric shapes inspired by vines are expressed. Various objects such as people, plants, animals, and buildings are flat and simplified, and asymmetrical layouts that actively utilize blank spaces are also applied. This confirms that the Art Nouveau style, which was a global trend at the time, was accepted as a contemporary cultural style in Korea as it entered the Modern era despite the atmosphere of the isolationist policy in the late Joseon Dynasty, and was accepted as a design through everyday media. Modern Korean graphic design, with its simple flat expressions that are different from Joseon Dynasty paintings and images, asymmetrical layouts that utilize white space suggests that it played an important transitional role in the development of current design.

The World Health Organization's declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic led to significant shifts in the food service industry, with a rise in contactless consumption methods like delivery services, kiosks, and drivethroughs due to social distancing. As people sought to cope with stress and restrictions, consumption patterns, particularly in the coffee industry, saw noticeable changes. This research focuses on analyzing search frequency data related to the "coffee industry" to identify trends, economic impacts, and sustainability. By processing and refining various search terms, the study aims to outline how the coffee sector can adapt and remain competitive in the Next Normal era. Emphasizing sustainability and technology, the research highlights the industry's role in driving sustainable practices and enhancing its position in both local and global markets. Understanding these trends will help businesses and policymakers effectively navigate the evolving coffee industry landscape.

This study aims to derive effective marketing strategies for food service franchises by using social media big data analysis. Based on literature research and related papers over the past three years, the current status of the food service industry and changes in consumer behavior were examined in depth. Social media has become an important platform for information and communication for modern consumers, through which consumers form brand awareness and make purchase decisions. In particular, this study analyzed various effects of social media on consumer preference and brand perception. In the data collection process, consumer reactions and trends on various social media platforms were identified, and through this, the necessity of customized marketing strategies that accurately reflect consumer needs was emphasized. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that marketing strategies reflecting specific trends and consumer needs play an important role in the success of the food service franchise. In addition, this study specifically suggested how social media big data analysis can contribute to increasing brand loyalty and inducing customer participation through successful cases. We propose a plan for a food service franchise to strengthen its relationship with consumers by utilizing big data and improve service quality through continuous feedback. Finally, this study presents various ways for a food service franchise to strengthen its competitiveness through big data, and discusses future research directions and practical marketing improvements. Through this, we intend to promote the sustainable growth and development of the food service industry and emphasize the importance of establishing an innovative marketing strategy through social media. Through this methodology, we intend to present an effective marketing strategy for the food service franchise. The main result of this study is that it was possible to clearly grasp the consumer preferences and trends of the food service franchise through social media big data analysis. As a result of the analysis, consumers showed high interest in health and well-beingrelated menus, and it was found that positive reviews on social media had a positive effect on brand loyalty. In addition, it was confirmed that certain hashtags and campaigns are effective in inducing consumer participation. These results provide an opportunity for food service franchises to strengthen their relationships with consumers by establishing data-based customized marketing strategies. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of using social media in the food service industry and suggests that it can be used as practical basic data for establishing future marketing strategies.

The safety service design policy for children’s school zones aims to minimize risks for child pedestrians, who are more vulnerable to accidents than adults. This study presents an implementation plan from a collaborative governance perspective, focusing on building a safety culture for children’s school zones. Research methods included literature review, case analysis, and field data collection. Case studies covered child, traffic, and school safety across sectors like corporations, academia, and local governments, identifying implications for community-based design. Empirical research involved four workshops with stakeholders to map routes, identify risks, and collect needs. Practical solutions were developed using a checklist and prototype, then implemented. The study highlights the value of engaging communities in fostering safer school routes through collaborative workshops, prioritizing needs, and proposing user-centered solutions. This community-led approach offers sustainable, realistic alternatives to enhance children’s road safety. The findings were initially shared at ISAAC 2024 and expanded with further research.

Drowning remains a leading cause of accidental death among children under the age of five, with incidents often occurring suddenly and silently, making immediate rescue difficult. Despite the implementation of safety campaigns and life-saving equipment, these measures are often insufficient to prevent drowning accidents due to limitations in response time and the lack of real-time monitoring and rescue capabilities. This paper presents a novel multi-layered safety system specifically designed to address child drowning accidents. The system includes a wristband-shaped rescue device for children, an alert pad for safety personnel, and an alert server for the control center. The child rescue device continuously monitors the child’s location, movement, and water depth, automatically triggering a CO2-powered rescue balloon to float the child to the surface in dangerous situations. Additionally, the device features a manual rescue trigger that children can activate when they feel endangered. The Zigbee communication module ensures reliable signal transmission even underwater, immediately notifying safety personnel and the control center. This comprehensive system overcomes the limitations of existing ultrasonic sensor-based and wearable devices by ensuring rescue within the golden time (1–4 minutes). By integrating automatic rescue functions with real-time monitoring, this multi-layered system provides a practical and scalable solution for enhancing child water safety in diverse aquatic environments.

Osteoporosis can lead to fractures due to reduced bone volume and weakened bone strength due to qualitative changes. It is a skeletal disease that is easily fractured. Therefore, it is to identify the factors that affect the prevention of osteoporosis in middle-aged and older adults. This study conducted a survey of residents living in K area from June 5 to July 30, 2024. To compare perception, bone status, and health promotion of osteoporosis according to general characteristics, a t-test and ANOVA were conducted. The results of the paper are as follows. Firstly, the subject's bone status was 7.39 out of a total of 12 points, and they were aware of their bone status above average. Osteoporosis health promotion averaged 28.62 out of a total of 63 points. Secondly, there were statistically significant differences in the subject's osteoporosis perception according to age(F=7.35, p=.001) and marital status(F=2.84, p=0.01). Thirdly, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between health promotion and osteoporosis perception(r=.184, p<.001). Fourthly, age, perception, and bone status were significant variables, and explanatory power was 16.23%. Based on this result, it is necessary to develop programs for osteoporosis education and effective health practice. We need to make systematic and continuous efforts to develop programs

Brain cell degradation is a clinical syndrome in which cognitive functions such as memory, language and judgment are reduced, It is a disease that cannot sustain daily life on its own due to cognitive impairment in the brain. Therefore this study is to conduct strategic research methods to improve brain function and psychological deterioration. For data analysis, numbers, percentages, means and standard deviations were performed according to the purpose of the study. Differences in brain funcion and physical improvement methods according to the characteristics of the subject were analyzed through t-test, One-way ANOVA, Mann- Whitney U-test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation between brain function and physical improvement was analyzed through the Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, there were significant differences in gender(t=10.47, p=.001), health status(F=4.61, p=.037), fear of disease development(F=7.85, p=.003) and interest(F=4.38, p=.042) in brain function and physical improvement methods. Secondly, there was a significant positive correlation between the expectation of sustain ability of daily life and the expectation of family help(r=.46, p=.003). Based on the research results, it is necessary to change the perception of brain function and physical changes. We also need to develop intervention programs to improve brain function and psychological decline in the future.

Diabetes can cause complications such as eyes, kidneys, feet, and nerves. The number of diabetic patients is increasing rapidly every year. Diabetes is a disease that progresses to chronic kidney failure due to damage to small blood vessels in the kidneys. It is a scary disease if left unattended, and complications occur if not managed from the beginning. Therefore, this study measures the effectiveness of the application of intervention programs to prevent diabetes complications. Among the patients diagnosed with diabetes, 62 patients who visited the health examination center in K area from December 27, 2023 through February 28, 2024. T-test was performed to compare the risk factors for obesity, physical and metabolic diseases before and after participation in the program. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, the body mass index was distributed higher the average of 26.84 points for women than 25.17 points for men. Secondly, the body fat percentage has been increased to an average of 34.58 points after participation from an average of 23.60 points before participation in the program. In conclusion, diabetes patients need continuous care and can be verified for effectiveness only by intervention performance of related programs. We need management and support at a community level.

This was a one-group pretest-posttest study that developed a high-risk intravenous medication safety program by applying the Six Sigma technique to hospital nurses and measuring the pre- and post-effects. Participants were nurses with more than three years of experience in administering chemotherapy and highly concentrated intravenous electrolytes working at a university hospital in City D. Data analysis was performed using the Minitab 16 PC+ program; frequency, percentage, and 4-block matrix analyses were performed. In the definition stage, an improvement team was formed to proceed with the task, which was defined as a highrisk intravenous medication safety issue in ward nursing. In the analysis stage, a lack of high-risk intravenous medication safety education was identified. In the improvement stage, nurses were provided with high-risk intravenous medication safety education. Post-study knowledge scores increased significantly from 11.24 to 21.32, while performance scores improved from 36.61 to 68.45 (p < 0.05). This study identified and improved the problems in hospital organizational systems and presented a strategy for establishing a safety system in medical institutions and improving human factors. This ultimately enhanced the safety of high-risk intravenous administration.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the trends of papers applying artificial intelligence to domestic nursing over the past 10 years to provide future nursing-related artificial intelligence program development and research direction. A literature review was conducted on 46 papers published in domestic journals from 2014 to June 2024. The analysis focused on research concept keywords and dependent variables. In order to examine the research concept keyword and distribution of dependent variables, frequency and percentage were used using an Excel program. The main research concept keyword was nursing education (19, 41.3%), and the main dependent variables were learning service satisfaction (6, 13.0%) and prediction accuracy (6, 13.0%) predicting the risk of falls and bedsores. Follow-up studies on the activation of case-based VR education in nursing education and the ethical issues of artificial intelligence are needed, and repeated followup studies are needed to increase the prediction accuracy of falls and bedsores in clinical practice.

Nowadays, the science of intelligence is on the front lines and a crucial issue in agriculture sectors. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology in floriculture is getting more popular and demanding throughout the world. To meet the global demand and establish modern industries, the application of artificial intelligence is necessary. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to analyze the application of artificial intelligence in floriculture and provide up-to-date information in related disciplines. With the continuous progress of artificial intelligence and improvements in plant biotechnology, transportation, and marketing strategies, floriculture has reached a historical maximum focus on mobility and competitiveness. AI is needed to have a big impact in the sector where currently most products are grown in the traditional way and monitored manually. However, it is easy to monitor individual plants, temperature and weather conditions, as well as soil nutrients, to increase flower productivity by taking the appropriate initiatives with the help of AI. Furthermore, waste of produce is much in this sector, as still now we do not have a better supply chain. Flowers are physically passed through auction houses on their fixed routes from growers to customers. Nevertheless, it can be minimized using AI in making flower products and their transportation potential. Finally, this paper will assess how artificial intelligence can be used in increasing flower production more efficiently and improving the floriculture industry with the augmentation of flower products. The application of AI in floriculture industries would facilitate identifying the future research direction.

We are performed as part of research on the development of functional materials for black ginger, lactic acid fermentation of black ginger extract. Lactic acid bacteria fermentation was performed by adding 4 types of lactic acid bacteria starter products, B. longum, Lb. Plantarum, Lb. acidophilus and mixture of 8 types of lactic acid bacteria to the ginger extract substrate, respectively. As a result of adding these four types of lactic acid bacteria to the ginger extract substrate, the number of lactic acid bacteria measured was 2.04~5.00× 107. Meanwhile, a protease (Baciullus amyloliquefaciens culture: Maxazyme NNP DS) was added to the ginger extract to decompose the peptide bonds of the contained proteins. Then, these four types of lactic acid bacteria were added and the number of lactic acid bacteria increased to 2.84× 107 ~ 2.21× 108 as the result of culture. The total polyphenol contents were 4.82~6.26 μg/mL in the lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts, and after the reaction of protease enzyme and lactic fermentation, increased to 14.27~20.58 μg/mL. The total flavonoid contents were 1.52~2.21 μg/ml in the lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts, and after the protease reaction and fermentation, increased to 5.59 ~ 8.11 mg/mL. DPPH radical scavenging activities of lactic acid bacteria fermentation extracts was 17.03~22.75%, but after the protease reaction and fermentation, remarkably increased to 32.82~42.90%.

As a consequence of increased obesity prevalence, diabetes mellitus (DM) has become one of the most common diseases in humans. In a preliminary study, we are found that extracts from banaba leaf complex extracts fermented with Phellinus linteus (BLPL) had the most potent effects against diabetes as compared to other fermented or crude extracts. In the present investigation, the effects of BLPL on mice and rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes was evaluated. Type 1 DM was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of STZ that has direct toxic effect on pancreatic β cells in mice and rats. Seven days after injection, blood glucose level of the diabetic mice was significantly higher than those of the control animals (387.6 and 85.5 mg/dl, respectively). BLPL was orally administered for 14 days in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Daily administration of the extracts for 14 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels of the diabetic mice (213 mg/dl), whereas glucose levels of the untreated diabetic mice were unchanged (404 mg/dl). Moreover, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALT), aspartate aminotrasferase (AST), total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly reduced in BLPL-treated mice comparing to the diabetic control. Oral administration with BLPL also reduced weight of thrombi in the arteriovenous shunt model of rat. In conclusion, our data suggest that fermented banaba leaf complex extracts can ameliorate diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and thrombogenesis.

The rapid development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has transformed how people interact and encourage users to take on more active roles in online knowledge-sharing communities (OKSCs). While the influence of social capital on knowledge sharing is well-documented, its accumulation within OKSCs, particularly in relation to personality traits, remains underexplored. Few studies have examined the combined effects of personality traits and value co-creation on social capital accumulation, which is crucial for enhancing community engagement and knowledge flow. This study integrates the Big Five Personality Traits with Social Capital Theory, analyzing data from 433 members of CSDN, a leading Chinese developer community. The findings reveal that agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness significantly enhance both participation and citizenship behaviors, ultimately fostering social capital accumulation. Moreover, value co-creation serves as a mediator between personality traits and the growth of social capital. These insights offer a deeper understanding of how personality traits drive engagement and knowledge sharing in OKSCs, providing both theoretical contributions and practical recommendations for nurturing social capital in these platforms.

A bicycle is an eco-friendly vehicle that does not emit harmful exhaust gases that pollute human beings or the earth, and is used for leisure or sports by exerting an exercise effect on the human body while a person rides a bicycle. Chains and sprocket wheels have long been used as power-trains for environmentally friendly and human-friendly bicycles. In this study, a new type of power-train device that can be applied to the center of the wheel of a bicycle using a belt and a pulley capable of performing a shift function is described. A method of applying a pulley capable of performing a shift function to a wheel of a bicycle depends on the type of a bicycle to be adopted. Bicycles that do not require a shift function, bicycles that require only one of the front and rear wheels, and front and rear wheels are all applied. The application of pulleys with shift function to these various types of bicycle wheels was studied.

On February 21, 2023, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea designated five hair dye ingredients, including m-phenylenediamine, as prohibited substances in cosmetics due to potential genotoxicity, which may cause genetic damage or mutations in humans. Based on the revised regulations, products containing these ingredients have been banned from manufacture and import as of August 22, 2023. However, products manufactured or imported before this date may still be sold until August 21, 2025. Therefore, mphenylenediamine, which has already been verified to exhibit genotoxicity, was selected as the test substance for this study. The chromosomal aberration test was conducted in compliance with OECD TG 473. Mammalian cell lines, specifically the Chinese Hamster Lung (CHL/IU) cell line, were used. The test examined the chromosomal aberration-inducing potential of the test substance with and without metabolic activation. Genotoxicity assessment is not conducted based on a single test; instead, it requires a 3-battery approach, comprising from three different tests. Preliminary studies have shown a positive response in the reverse mutation assay for m-phenylenediamine. This study adds the chromosomal aberration test to compare the results, supporting the validity of a 3-battery approach and suggesting the ethical viability of cell-based toxicity testing to assess chemical hazards.

On February 21, 2023, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety prohibited five hair dye ingredients, including m-phenylenediamine, from use as ingredients in cosmetics based on an assessment that found these ingredients to pose genotoxicity risks, potentially causing genetic damage or mutations in humans. From August 22, 2023, six months after the date of regulatory amendment, the manufacture and import of products containing these ingredients have been banned. The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety has periodically reviewed the safety of 352 restricted-use ingredients, including preservatives, hair dyes, and UV filters, every five years through regular risk assessments. However, products already manufactured or imported prior to this regulation can be sold until August 21, 2025. In this context, a micronucleus test using mammalian bone marrow cells was conducted to determine the presence or absence of genotoxicity in m-phenylenediamine, which has been confirmed to exhibit genotoxicity. The micronucleus test using mammalian bone marrow cells was conducted in accordance with OECD TG 474. To evaluate the genotoxicity of the test substance, ICR mouse bone marrow cells were used to examine whether the test substance induced micronuclei. Genotoxicity testing requires evaluation based on a three-battery approach, comprising three different types of tests rather than a single test. Although the test substance showed a positive result in the reverse mutation test, an additional micronucleus test was conducted in this study to compare the results. The findings indicated a negative result for m-phenylenediamine in the micronucleus test, thereby supporting the necessity of the three-battery approach.

This study applies Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to Multi-type Power Management Systems (PMS) in ships, addressing the growing need for eco-friendly technologies in the maritime industry. We analyzed 30 risk factors across monitoring, control, and protection functions of PMS. The results revealed that 'Fail to Correct Monitor' was the most frequent risk type (50%), although with relatively low Risk Index (RI) values. Medium risk levels were predominant (50%), emphasizing the importance of systematic management. The Generator/Fuel Cell/Battery status monitoring module showed the highest risk occurrence rate (23.3%). Significant improvements were achieved through alternative measures, with the Reverse Power Trip function showing a 75% risk reduction. Key mitigation strategies included manual control options, standby power systems, and communication redundancy. This study provides a foundation for enhancing the safety and reliability of ship PMS, suggesting a balanced approach for future research that considers both occurrence frequency and impact. The findings offer practical insights for implementing safer and more efficient ship power management systems in compliance with international environmental regulations.

Recently, there has been a growing demand for low-profile antennas applicable to fields such as vehicles and VSAT products for satellite communication. In this paper, we present the development of a planar array antenna that combines a high-gain leaky waveguide antenna with a horn antenna. This antenna features a low-loss structure that facilitates beam tilt characteristics and achieves sufficient gain. The array antenna, consisting of 120 leaky wave elements, achieved a gain of 25.5 dBi and a beam tilt angle of 30 degrees at the center frequency of 12.2 GHz. The feed line employs a T-junction distribution method and WR-75 waveguide feeding to realize broadband low-loss characteristics. Future research will focus on horizontally polarized and circularly polarized antennas, as well as continuous improvements to the antenna's physical performance characteristics, such as gain, beamwidth, sidelobe levels, size, and weight.