Earticle

This study attempts to examine the trends of politics, society, culture and art in the 21st century, and to adopt a hybrid social phenomena analyzing the hybrid phenomena of make-up through the trends analysis shown in the fashion collection. According to the result of this study, types of the hybrids being deployed in fashion are the hybrid of past and present, the one of East and West, and the one of the upper classes and the lower classes. In make-up the hybrid of past and present is classified into retro make-up and royal make-up, the one of East and West is classified into traditional make -up and ethnic make-up, and the one of the upper classes and the lower classes is classified into vamp make-up and caports make-up. Make-up phenomena shown in the 21st are not several combination but hybrids of homogeneous and disparate things. These hybrid phenomena appeared as mixing and matching with style or genre of the past on the basis of eclectic mixing. Make-up is turning over a new leaf with that past and present, East and West, and the upper classes and the lower classes are mixed through this hybrid process. The future hybrids make-up will develop more with this tendency.

Body art which started at the very beginning of the world has used various expression methods to satisfy human beings' instinctive and social desires from ancient times to the present day. Body art, a temporary or permanent method of decorating human body through scar, tattoo, coloring, and removal, and deformation, is both a ritualized behavior and a mode of expression that creates images on human body using every possible visual expression methods. It is one of creative art forms that make harmony with human beings. Unlike painting which are drawn on a two-dimensional canvas, body art is normally performed on a three-dimensional human body, which has curves and bones. Therefore, one should understand anatomical features, skeletal structure, and skin features of a human body to create an art work on the human body whose shape and structure is three dimensional. Although body art itself is a good art form through which lots of things are expressed, it also can be combined with other various art forms using a variety of techniques to express various themes. Therefore this study integrated body painting, a form of boy art, with American pop art, the product of modern consumer culture in the machine reproduction era, whose value and status in art history has been ceaselessly discussed. This study aimed at creating high level art works by integrating pop art and body painting, and making the public enjoy body painting more. However, there is some concern that the characteristics of popular art, such as non-individuality and uniformity, may affect body painting. It is hoped that future studies will be carried out more successfully by complementing shortcomings of this study.

Purpose : The aim of this study was to ascertain whether or not manual lymph drainage (MLD) for breast cancer clients with unilateral lymphedema results in a measurable change in the skin edema and quality of life (QOL), using the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) as the study instrument, and percentage excess volume change as a result of treatment correlated with change in QOL. Methods : Fifty-three clients who had developed unilateral lymphedema after the breast cancer treatment were treated with MLD. Percentage excess volume and QOL was recorded before and after intensive manual lymph drainage. Percentage excess volume and QOL scores were assessed by paired t-test. Pearson's product-moment coefficients of correlation were calculated to examine the relationships between the percentage excess volume and the score of QOL. Results : Percentage excess volume was significantly (p<.05) decreased after MLD. The QOL scores in the role-physical, mental health after MLD were significantly (p<.05) higher than the scores before MLD, indicating an improvement in the QOL. The change in percentage excess volume was associated with a change in physical functioning, vitality, bodily pain and general health after MLD (p<.05). Conclusion : This study suggests that significant improvements are made in the skin edema and the QOL of breast cancer clients with unilateral lymphedema, which is necessarily correlated with limb reduction.

This study is based on the historical background of 19th-century German. Most of today's beauty culture was related research around the France of 18th century. It was presented as beauty culture in 19th's Europe. However, looking at the time of German, It was also developed beauty culture. The reason is that Germany had a philosophy and ideology of civil society and was developed chemical industry among the European countries in 19th- century. Modern beauty culture has been due to the form of 19th's beauty culture. Therefore, to understanding current beauty, we need to analyze the 19th's beauty culture. In this study, as analyzing portrait of 19th-century German, It might understand the beauty culture of German. The result is summarized as follows; In 19th-century German, Hair style was created curls in the front part and decorated the side part and tied the rest of hair. Pale white skin color was fashionable at that time. Looking at the make-up style, the shape of the eyebrows was the most natural form and color of eyebrow was presented painted light brown to dark brown in brown and black eyebrow as series. Blusher's color and position was changed. The lip colors were slightly red. In 19th- century German, Women's appearance was inclined to the natural styles. Except hair style, Beauty behavior is very similar to the present.

This study aims to define make-up design and examine make-up design through the most fundamental elements of design: the dot, line, side, and solid. Make-up design is the formative art to design and express images as drawing concrete shapes or images on the special place of faces of the characters in a play using cosmetics or tools. In ancient times, the term, “make-up design”was not used, but the concept of painting already internalizes the term of design. The concept of make-up design can be regarded as a term that is generated correspondingly to periodic changes. With regard to make-up design from the basic elements of design, the dot, line, and side, the dot has its own independent characteristics and includes the elements of jobs, personality, and age. And the line has chiefly strong features of personality. From make-up design, the side is the design element hard to be used independently. Color should be accompanied to express it as a design element.