Earticle

The purpose of this study is to compare the discourse function of English relative pronouns used in ‘news report’ and ‘editorial’ of newspaper. It is assumed that these different registers in newspaper deliver different purpose of discourse respectively. Therefore, it is possible to hypothesize that relative pronouns appearing in newspaper can show different discourse function depending on its discourse purpose. To get this goal, 266 relative pronouns in ‘news report’ and 265 relative pronouns in ‘editorial’ were collected. They are also classified by the types of OS, OO, SS, SO and by restrictive or non-restrictive usage in order to identify discourse functions. The results showed that both ‘news report’ and ‘editorial’ have common characteristics such as the preference of 4 types of relative pronoun and more dominant using of restrictive usage. It is because cognitive language processing ability and discourse functions are applied in most of our language registers. The findings of the study also indicate that different preference of certain type of relative pronouns between ‘news report’ and ‘editorial’ is derived from realizing distinctive discourse purpose. The findings in this study are believed to improve our understanding on specific relative pronouns used in order to reflect discourse functions in accordance with discourse purpose.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the English It-cleft constructions in terms of their discourse function and their information structure of the focused constituents using the classification of Johansson (2002) and Hasselgård (2002). The findings of this study can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the information structure of the majority of It-clefts in English involves a clefted constituent carrying given information and a cleft clause carrying new information. Secondly, clefts with various clefted constituents have a range of discourse functions; summative seems prominent with clefted nominals, topic linking with clefted adverbials, and thematization with clefted propositional phrases and adverbials. Thirdly, there are correlations between four patterns of information structure and their discourse functions: Type A (all given) is related to Summative, Type B(given+new) with Topic linking, Type C(all new) to thematization, and Type D(new+given) to Topic lunching.

This study examined the Korean-Chinese correspondence patterns, focusing on non-interrogative expressions that perform discourse functions among Korean interrogative phrases appearing in the corpus. As a result, it was found that the 'malhae mwo hae' in Korean is widely used in colloquial language in a fixed form, and when expressions expressing empathy or sympathy in various contexts are expressed in Chinese, it is only properly conveyed by paraphrasing, not just translating. In addition, the Chinese expression 'hai-yong-shuo-ma?' similar to 'malhae mwo hae' revealed that the attention of Korean Chinese learners was required due to differences in usage situations. The Korean idiomatic expression 'myeoch nal myeochil' refers to a fairly long period of time or period following the questionnaire, using the questionnaire word 'ji' corresponding to 'myeoch', in Chinese it becomes 'ji-tian-ji-ye', and the subsequent quantitative vocabulary is written differently in Korean, meaning 'some days and some nights'. In additionally, it was noted that this could be expressed with the phrase ‘duojiule’, that denotes a long period of time, highlighting a difference. In this way, when expressing the structure of Korean interrogative expression in Chinese, it was found that the meaning was conveyed naturally through paraphrasing, adding or replacing specific vocabulary, and repeating the structure. In addition, the discourse functions of ‘expressing dissatisfaction’ and ‘blaming’ in non-interrogative expressions using interrogative pronouns also differed in the way they were performed.

구어 담화에서 사용되는 담화표지는 문법화 과정을 거쳐 새로운 의미가 부각되어 담화 상에서 다양한 기능을 수행한다. 한국어 원어민과근접한 의사소통 능력을 갖고자 하는 학습자들에게 있어서 담화표지가 필수적인 교수 내용이다. 이 연구는 중국인 중.고급 학습자를 위한 한국어 담화표지 교육 내용 구축에 주된 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 우선 국어학 분야에서 이루어진 연구 성과를 바탕으로 일차적인 담화표지 목록을 추출한 다음 중국인을 위한 한국어교육의 실제성을 고려하면서 선정 기준을 세워서 최종적인 담화표지 교육 내용을 제시하였다.

Discourse markers haverich conversational functions along with the variation of meanings inspoken language. This phenomenon is concerned to grammaticalization. This study is about the contents construction of Korean discourse markerseducation and aims to select discourse markers that are suitable forintermediate and advanced Chinese students to learn. First, some primarydiscourse markers that are addressed in preceding studies from theperspective of Korean language education (KLE) will be selected. Thenaccording to the selection criteria for Chinese learners, the ultimateeducational contents will be given out.

Ko, Yong-Jin. 2014. A study on the discourse functions of ‘NARA’. Journal of Linguistic Studies 19(1), 21-38. 言語を習得して自由自在にコミュニケーションできる能力は「言語の知識の形成」とつながっている。大竹(1988)は、「「言語の知識」とは、「言語的コミュニケーション能力」であって、「文法の知識」と「語用論の知識」からなる」と述べている。いままで意味論の研究が進められ、広義の談話分析と呼ばれる領域で研究成果をあげている。「談話」は、ことばがコミュニケーションのために使われるときに作る、文脈を持ったまとまりのことである。談話分析では、たとえば、「スポーツ大会に誘う」という「勧誘談話」を達成する過程で、どのようなことばが使われるのかを調べ、複数の文のつながりがどのように展開するかを記述するということである。談話のまとまりの中で、どのような「主題」と「叙述」が情報の流れとして組み合わされるかを分析することもできる。ここで、日本語の条件表現は、日常推論の特性を最もよく反映する言語形式といえよう。日本語の条件表現に関していえば、坂原(1985), 益岡(1993), 田窪(2006), 有田(2006)などで前․後件の関連性について研究されている。「ナラ」形式については、Akatsuka(1983, 1985)、久野(1973)、益岡(1993)など、その意味機能の観点から分析が行われている。本稿において、まず、「ナラ」形式の典型的な意味について述べ、テクスト構成的機能と対人関係的機能との関連について分析を加えた。(Cheju Halla University)

Based on a pragmatic-functional perspective, this study examines a relationship between the syntactic structure of a passive voice and its discourse-motivated pragmatic functions. To find out the pragmatic- oriented tendency and pragmatic factors that determine the choice of a passive construction, three information structure principles are consulted as anchoring-points: 1) the principle of ‘end-weight’; 2) the principle of ‘end-focus’; 3) the principle of ‘topic preservation’. Through a data analysis, it is proposed that the frequent occurrence of a particular type of passive in discourse is one of the reflexes of its structural advantage functionally associated with its pragmatic-motivated tendency; as a multi- functional category, passives serve as a useful text-structuring tool to thematize a given entity in patient-position and focalize a new entity in agent-position, making a rhetorical contrast between the two entities more prominent. Finally, it is suggested that the choice of a passive construction in discourse contributes to the effectiveness of message presentation and discourse organization, serving as a discourse device, creating textual coherence, and facilitating language production.

The Maa pee＾+Low-tone construction corresponds to a wide array of adverbial and complement clause notions, including temporal, conditional, purpose, result, motivation, utterance complements, and subjunctive mood. The pattern of senses found in discourse argues that the construction actually codes only that the dependent clause proposition is "temporally related" (in an extended sense) to its matrix proposition. Comprehenders must interpret more specific relations based on stored knowledge and textually-overt lexical items.

The present study attempts to reveal how computerized corpus-based contrastive analysis using learner corpora may shed light on a better understanding of the nature and scope of the Korean EFL learners’ use of so in English spoken monologue. So in the study is multifunctional not only in the spoken monologue of the NS but also in the Korean EFL learners’ monologue. There are four functions of so that have all three groups, NS, intermediate learners, and beginner learners, have in common. First they all use so as a resultative marker indicating a cause-result relationship. Second, so as an elaboration marker marks an utterance that says more about the prior utterance. The third function of so found in all three groups is serving as a boundary marker. It marks the opening and the end of the monologue. An additional function of so as a boundary marker in the study is to signpost the main idea of the speech. Another function of so found in all three groups is marking continuation of speech. This kind of so does not signal any particular relations between the utterances but just add one idea to another to continue the speech. Indicating hesitation is the last function of so found in the study. This function is found only in the Korean EFL learners’ spoken monologue. According to the result of the comparison between the English connective so and the Korean connective kulenikka, there is reasonable possibility that the hesitation function of kulenikka might have transferred while the learners are producing the speech.

本稿の目的は、日常生活でよく発話されている談話標識「なんか(nanka)」の使用様相を分析することにある。また、談話上、「なんか(nanka)」の出現する位置による分類を「文頭(opening)」,「文中(turn-taking)」,「文末(closing)」に設定して、その機能を分析・考察した。本稿では、日本語母語話者同士の自然会話のデータである「日本語自然会話書き起こしコーパス：名大会話コーパス」をもとに、分析した。その結果、文頭において使用されている「なんか(nanka)」の談話機能は、「話題を発展させ、発話内容を具体化し、その具体的な内容を導くような前置き表現」であるといえる「発話開始としての前置き表現」と「発言権を獲得するために、否定的なイメージを緩和させ、柔らかいイメージに転化していく談話標識」に使用する「否定的なイメージの緩和標識」の機能があることがわかる。また、文中においては、「発話を和らげるために付加的に説明する標識」とともに、「なんか」は認知的に検索して得た情報を表すときに使う談話標識である。次に文末においては、発話の最後に、「曖昧さを残しながら聞き手に発話を譲る時に使う標識」と「同意・共感する標識」として使われる。

"Suspended Clauses" play a major role in smooth communication in Japanese society. The purpose of this paper is to summarizes previous research based on the current state of research on “Suspended Clauses” and incorporates the viewpoint of pragmatics such as politeness for various Utterance-functions. The results of the study are as follows: (1) “Suspended Clauses” are expressions formed by “elimination of the main clause” and “addition of final particles”, but “to achieve a particular pragmatic effect, Subordinate clauses to main clauses for pragmaticization” (2) “Suspended Clauses” ending in subordinate clauses are clear reaction opportunity fields, which have the function of adding the obligation to react to the listener with a minimum reaction. (3) “Suspended Clauses” are flexible for both listeners and speakers. In other words, it has a function to respond flexibly so that the speaker does not infringe the face while predicting the subsequent conversation. (4) After dividing politeness into 'positive politeness' and 'negative politeness', we analyzed “Suspended Clauses” as a strategy.

In this thesis, conversational & structural features of echo question in the Russian colloquial discourse, and the difference between conversational structure and discourse function of repetitive question along with the preceding speech have been addressed. repetitive question is type of a speech that realizes both ‘repetition’ and ‘question’, and the ‘right to answer’ and ‘stimulating function of consequent utterance’ for the preceding utterance coexist in this speech. Meanwhile, repetitive question is a speech that occurs when there is a lack of understanding in the practical condition and receptive condition of the speech intended to utter. In terms of the practical condition, it realizes ‘confirmation of understanding question’, ‘deepening of understanding question’ and ‘examination of understanding question’. Furthermore, in terms of the receptive condition of the speech, it realizes ‘problem raising question’, ‘invalidating question’, and ‘examination of understanding question’.

本研究では語用論において用いられたfaceの概念を談話に適用させ、談話構造におけるfaceの役割を把握するため に、face行為理論を提示し日本語における談話マーカー「それで」を分析対象とし、その特徴や機能を明らかにした。 「それで」は、①相手のfaceを脅かす機能を持つ談話マーカーであるので、公的な場面や社会的関係が上位の場 合には用いることができない。②話し手の発話に自分をFTAする要素が含まれている場合、それに反発するために用いら れ、anti-FTAマーカーとして機能する。特に、「それで」が単独で使われる場合は、anti-FTAマーカーとしての機能と 共に、続く表現を用いなくてもFTAを引き出す働きもある。③「それで」に続く発話が、「それで」の持つface-threateni ng機能を補足するために引き出される場合、positiveな機能を果たす場合とneutralな機能を果たす場合がある。

In this paper, I observed the use of the discourse marker ‘eh’ in the first face-to-face conversation and analyzed what functions it played in the context before and after. The following summarizes the functions of the discourse marker ‘eh’ in each utterance. (1) ‘eh’ in the ‘content confirmation’ utterance performed the function of temporarily stopping the progress of the other party’s talk. In addition, ‘eh’ in the utterance of ‘information request’ performed the function of inducing more detailed information, going back to the utterance in front of the other party. (2) ‘eh’ in the ‘topic proffer’ utterance was used as a signal to change the direction of the story or action from the current story flow. (3) ‘eh’ in the ‘evaluation’ or ‘disagreement’ utterance performed the function to show attitudes and feelings that the new information content deviated from existing knowledge. (4) ‘eh’ in the ‘response to question’ utterance indicates the other person’s question was unexpected and shows the resistance to the question.

이 글은 일상 대화에서 쓰인 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’의 기능을 살펴보는 것이 목적이다. 논항을 취하고 명제 내용에 관여하는 실질 용언의 ‘있잖아’와 달리, 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’는 일상 대화 속에서 다음과 같은 세 기능을 담당하고 있다. 첫째, 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’는 [마디]-[담화 표지-마디]에 놓여 화제를 도입하는 데 초점을 둔다. 그런데 앞 화제와 의미적으로 단절되어 새로 화제를 구성하는 마디의 앞에 놓이어 화제 전환에 관여할 수도 있지만, 새로 화제를 구성하더라도 앞 화제와 의미망이 여전히 연결되어 있어서 화제 추이에 관여할 수도 있다. 둘째, 화제가 바뀌는 지점에 ‘있잖아’를 두어서 청자에게 화제가 바뀐다는 신호를 일부러 보내어 청자의 주의를 환기시킨다. 이와 같이 청자에게 주의를 환기시키는 이유는, 청자에게 갑자기 새로운 지식을 활성화하도록 하는 것은 청자에게 부담을 줄 수 있어 청자의 체면을 손상할 가능성이 커지기 때문이다. 이 때 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’는 화제 이동으로 인한 청자의 체면이 손상되는 것을 막거나 줄이기 위한 공손성 장치로 쓰인다. 셋째, 화제의 내용을 잘 알고 있지만 그 화제를 지시할 정확한 언어 기호를 모를 때 어휘부에서 그 기호를 탐색하는 과정에 담화 표지 ‘있잖아’가 쓰일 수 있다.

The purpose of this paper is to deal with functions of issjanha as a discourse marker. The functions of issjanha can be divided into three types based on Maschler(2009). Firstly, issjanha has a textual function. It introduces a topic, which makes all the utterances keeping coherence in the part of conversation. It is general that issjanha consists in constructions X issjanha or issjanha X, where X is a topic. If hearer takes part in X, the hearer is not a topic but an appellation. Secondly, issjanha has an interpersonal function. Hearers usually focus on the one topic. If speakers change a topic without notifying to hearer, hearers lose face. The loss of face can be prevented with issjanha as a discourse marker. Thirdly, issjanha has a cognitive function. Though speakers know the contents of a topic, sometimes they don’t know the exact linguistic sign referring the contents. In that case speakers can use issjanha while searching for the sign, and issjanha works for keeping their turn in conversation.

본 연구는 유튜브(YouTube) 토크쇼 구어 자료를 토대로 한국어 비선호 응답(Dispreferred Response)의 상호작용적 기능을 분석하였다. 비선호 응답이 지식(Knowledge), 정체성(Identity), 사회적 관계(Social Realtion)를 조율하는 전략적 기제라는 전제하에 담화 맥락별 변이 양상을 고찰하였다. 담화 맥락은 사회적 거리와 상호작용 목적에 따라 공적, 사적-초면, 사적-친분 담화로 유형화하였으며 <더 피플>, <덱스의 냉터뷰>, <핑계고>를 분석 대상으로 삼았다. 대화 분석 방법론을 통해 비선호 응답 인접쌍을 추출한 뒤 세 가지 차원에서 비교 분석을 진행하였다. 분석 결과, 비선호 응답은 맥락에 따라 뚜렷한 전략적 차이를 보였다. 공적 맥락의 화자는 객관적 근거와 분석가적 정체성을 통해 전문적 권위 확보와 협력적 거리두기에 주력하였다. 반면, 사적 맥락에서는 개인적 경험과 공유 서사를 지식의 근거로 삼되, 초면일 때는 취약성 노출을 통한 진정성을, 친분 관계에서는 모의 비공손을 통한 공동체적 정체성을 구축하며 적극적 연대 전략을 취했다. 본 연구는 화자가 비선호 응답을 통해 능동적으로 담화의 주도권을 확보하거나 친밀감을 형성하는 실질적 전략을 사용함을 입증하였다. 이는 규범적 공손성 논의를 넘어 실제 한국어 대화의 상호작용 기능을 구체화했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study analyzed the interactive functions of Korean dispreferred responses based on spoken language data from YouTube talk shows. Given that dispreferred responses employ strategic mechanisms that coordinate knowledge, identity, and social relations, we examined contextual variations. Discourse contexts were categorized into public, private first-encounter, and private intimacy discourses, based on social distance and interaction purpose. The data were drawn from the YouTube talk shows “The People”, “Dex’s Cold Interview”, and “Pinggyego”. Using conversation analysis, adjacency pairs with dispreferred responses were extracted, coded, and comparatively analyzed across three dimensions. The results revealed distinct context-dependent strategic differences in dispreferred responses. In public contexts, speakers focused on securing professional authority and maintaining a collaborative distance through objective evidence and analytic identity. Conversely, in private contexts, they used personal experiences and shared narratives as the basis of knowledge. However, in first-time encounters, they demonstrated authenticity through exposure to vulnerability, and in intimate relationships, they employed an active solidarity strategy by constructing an mutual identity through simulated informality. Furthermore, speakers actively used dispreferred responses to secure discourse control and build intimacy. This study is significant because it moves beyond discussions of normative politeness and concretizes the interactional functions of actual Korean conversations.

The purpose of this study is to examine the discourse function of Korean grammar items in an inductive way. Through this inductive approach, this study tries to summarize the discourse functions that are being handled at high frequency in the actual education field and cluster them. In this way, it is possible to understand what kind of discourse function is being actively used in Korean. The grammatical items in this paper are mainly subject to teaching in Korean educational grammar. This study refers to the Korean textbooks and the Korean grammar dictionary for education as materials to select them. Each grammatical item can have multiple meanings, which can be derived from the grammatical basic meaning, and these grammatical meanings make it possible to acquire distinctive functions in a specific discourse context. First, this study classifies the type of discourse function based on inductive analysis of individual grammatical items for Korean corpus. The grammatical items are 54 particles, 98 connective expressions, 189 final ending expressions, and 8 pre-final endings. Second, this study analyzes whether the discourse function of grammatical items in each category has different grammatical features. Third, this study classifies the grammatical items by discourse function and identifies specific grammatical items belonging to each group.

This study aims to categorize ‘topic coherence function’ of Korean discourse markers and analyze ‘starting a topic function’. First, the study analyzes the functions of discourse markers from the perspective of ‘discourse coherence’ and analyzes their functions to classify them into seven types of coherence layers. The topic coherence function was further divided into ‘macroscopic coherence of topic’ including starting a topic, changing a topic, and returning to a topic and ‘microscopic coherence of topic’ including ‘filling the gap,’ ‘modifying the articulation,’ and ‘listing.’ Then discourse markers provided according to the functions and the usage of each function have been analyzed. A list of discourse markers by function is provided. The significance of the present study comes from systematically classifying the topic coherence functions of discourse markers that have been sporadically suggested and providing a list of discourse markers for Starting a topic function from the perspective of teaching Korean as a foreign language. The results of the present study can be utilized as fundamental data in selecting discourse markers as a lesson and in composing a syllabus.

By examining the use of one-syllable-adjectives in the modern Chinese, this paper examines the “mirror structure” created by adjectives acting as adverbial in front of a verb, and as complement when placed behind a verb. Focusing on the interactions between adjectives and verbs, this paper illustrates the aspect attributes of Adj.+V and V+Adj. from an event structure perspective. Based on this, the author seeks to explain the contrastive features found in the “mirror structure” of adverbial-complement formed in the discourse function level.