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본고에서 말하는 불교 관련 속담이란 불교와 관련된 어휘가 들어간 속담을 일컫는다. 필자가 속담사전에서 찾아 정리한 불교 관련 속담은 대략 400개가 된다. 하지만 그 중 2개 이상의 속담이 동일한 의미를 담고 있는 유사 속담이 69개 항목(203개 속담)에 달한다. 그리고 의미가 다른 속담인데도 유사한 형태와 구조를 하고 있는 속담도 다수 찾아볼 수 있다. 이러한 사실들은 곧 민중이 속담을 유통시키는 과정에서 모방이나 제2의 창조 방식으로 새로운 속담을 생성시키고 파생 시켜왔음을 짐작케 한다. 이에 필자는 본고에서 불교 관련 속담을 대상으로 하여 속담이 어떠한 방식과 유형으로 파생되는지 그 양상을 살펴보았다. 본고에서는 불교 관련 속담의 파생 유형을 ‘동의 속담으로의 파생’과 ‘이의 속담으로의 파생’ 두 가지로 나누어 고찰하였다. 그리고 와전 현상으로 인한 파생은 그것이 민중의 의도에 의해 파생된 앞의 두 유형의 파생과는 달리 민중의 착각이나 오해에 의해 의도치 않게 파생되었다는 점에서 다소 특이한 사례라 판단되어 별도의 항목으로 다루었다. 본고는 불교 관련 속담을 중심으로 속담의 파생 양상을 살펴본 것이긴 하나, 이를 통해 속담이 보통 어떠한 방식과 유형으로 파생되는지 속담 파생의 전반적인 양상을 살펴볼 수 있는 자리도 될 수 있었을 것이다.

In this study, the reason why there are many similar ones in Buddhism-related proverbs is due to various and active derivation within the boundary of Buddhism. This paper divided the derivation type of Buddhism-related proverbs into ‘derivation to proverbs with similar meaning’ and ‘derivation to proverbs with different meaning’, and it also examined proverbs whose meaning was distorted over time. The various and profuse derivation of Buddhism-related proverbs proves the active participation of the public in the creation, distribution, and derivation of them. Their active participation was possible because Buddhism was always existent in their lives either in visible or invisible forms and they found and used materials for proverbs in the religious characteristics of Buddhism. It is thought that the derivation type and aspects of proverbs examined in this paper would not be limited to Buddhism-related, but could be applied to other proverbs.

This paper attempts to account for conflation and derivation of light verb complex predicates(LVCP), especially the `have' complex predicate in the Minimalism (Chomsky 1995, 2000) and suggests that this type of light verb shows somewhat different properties from other light verbs like the ones in traditional grammar and Minimalism perspective, respectively. Throughout the paper I show that the light verb `have' also has a specific and semantic signature like other verbs, which is an important clue for the grammaticality of the complex predicate and that the tension between semantic and syntactic properties of these predicates is dissolved. Based on the study in Kim(2004), LVCP does not need a conflation just for a p-signature in the lexicon because the light verb `have' is neither a phonological null nor a phonologically defective affix. I suggest that a semantic signature of LVCP is conflated with that of the related complement at the lexicon, namely, both a syntactic label and a phonological signature of LVCP are not conflated at the lexicon, respectively.

A patent application by an unauthorised applicant may endamage a true inventor. So many countries have rules and regulations regarding remedies for the true inventor. The true Inventor’s request for assignment among several remedies for the true inventor is the most appropriate measures. German patent law and the revised Japan patent law in 2011 have admitted the true Inventor’s request for assignment. Meanwhile, the revised American patent law in 2011(The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, AIA) provides “Derivation proceedings.” An applicant for patent may file a petition to institute a derivation proceeding in the Office. The petition shall set forth the basis for finding that an earlier applicant as the inventor derived such invention from an the petitioner's application as the inventor and, without authorization the earlier application claiming such invention was filed. But Korea patent law does not admit the true Inventor’s request for assignment yet. It lacks proper protection for him. I think that the remedy is needed for the true inventor necessarily and hope for the introduction of the remedy under patent law reform.

이 글은 그동안 이루어진 중세국어의 피․사동사 파생법 연구의 성과를 정리하고, 여기에서 발견되는 쟁점과 앞으로 해결해야 할 과제를 탐색해 보기 위한 것이다. 그동안의 상당한 수준의 연구가 이루어졌지만, 접미사 목록의 작성 문제, 동일 접미사로의 판정 여부 등 구체적인 문제에 있어서는 많은 쟁점이 남아 있고 해결해야 할 과제도 많았다. 피동 접미사와 관련해서는 기존에 접미사 ‘-이(ɦi)-’에 의한 파생으로 보았던 것 중에 ‘-이(i)-’가 통합한 경우가 많았으며, 중세어의 ‘-이(ɦi)-’는 모두 동질적인 것이 아니라 공시적 교체형인 것과 통시적 변화형인 것이 있다. 특히 ㄷ불규칙 어간을 어근으로 한 ‘들이-’는 ‘-이(ɦi)-’가 아닌 ‘-이-’에 의한 피동사이다. ‘들이-’의 어근은 ‘듣-’의 불규칙 어간형 ‘드르-’와 관련된 것이다. 그동안 독립적 접미사 형태로 인정되지 않기도 했던 ‘-ㅣ-’는 1음절 어간을 어근으로 하여 통합하면서 약어미와 같은 성조 실현 패턴을 보이는 분명한 접미사이다. 사동 접미사에는 ‘이’계 접미사와 ‘오’계 접미사, 복합형, ‘-ᄋᆞ/으-’ 등 다양한 접미사가 존재했는데 이는 각 유형의 접미사들이 독특한 의미 기능을 지녔기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 기존에 사동 접미사의 하나로 다루어지기도 했던 ‘-ᄫᆞ-’(>‘-오-’)는 사동 접미사가 아니라 공접사일 가능성이 높다. 피․사동사 파생의 어근 가운데에는 활용에서는 발견되지 않는 불규칙 교체형이 발견되기도 한다(예：눌이-). ‘살이-’의 어근도 ‘살-’이 아닌 ‘사ᄅᆞ-’일 가능성이 있다. 끝으로 피․사동 접미사와 외형상 유사하면서도 단순히 동사 파생 기능을 하는 ‘-이-’와 공접사 ‘-이-’가 별개의 접미사인지도 밝혀야 할 과제이다.

The Aim of this paper is to survey the results and issues of the researches on the Middle Korean causative/passive verb derivation. Meanwhile, this paper will suggest issues and challenges that need to be more discussed and solved in the future researches. Although there are considerable research achievements on this subject both in quantity and in quality, there are still more issues and challenges, such as those of making a list of the causative/passive suffixes correctly and judging the functional identity of some suffixes closely. More specifically, many derivational passive verbs are known to be made by adding suffix ‘-ɦi-.’ However, a number of them are actually derived by adding suffix ‘-i-.’ Also, middle Korean suffix ‘-ɦi-’ is not homogeneous, that is to say, in some cases ‘-ɦi-’ is used as synchronic allomorph, in other cases it is a form has been diachronically changed. Especially, ‘들이-’ is the derivational passive verb derived by adding suffix ‘-i-’, not suffix ‘-ɦi-.’ The root of ‘들이-’ is related with ‘드르-’ which is the irregular stem of ‘듣-’. Sometimes, a certain suffix ‘-y-’ was not dealt as a separate one. However, it can be clearly argued that ‘-y-’ is a distinct suffix that is combined with one syllable root and shows the same tone pattern as middle Korean weak endings. Middle Korean causative suffixes can be classified into four types depending on the forms of suffixes. They are ‘i’ type, ‘o’ type, the blending type of ‘i’ and ‘o’, and ‘-ʌ/ɨ-.’ Maybe this is due to the semantic/functional differency of each type of suffixes. A suffix ‘-βʌ-’(> ‘-o-‘) has been usually dealt as a causative suffix. But it seems clear that it is an empty suffix, not a causative suffix. Among the roots of passive/causative verbs, there are some irregular stem forms of verbs which are not to be found in conjugation(e.g. 눌이-). And there is a high probability that the root of ‘살이-’ is ‘사ᄅᆞ-’, not ‘살-.’ Finally, there left a question to be answered later. It is important to make it clear if a suffix ‘-i-’ that has only a derivational function though it looks like a passive/causative suffix is identical with a empty suffix ‘-i-’ or not.

English place-names ending in -wich and -wick (henceforth EPNWh and EPNWk, respectively) sometimes exhibit /w/-deletion, which is idiosyncratic in English phonology. For example, the suffix-initial /w/ is deleted after certain root-final consonants like /r/, /l/, /n/, and /m/: e.g. Norwich [nɔrɪʧ], Greenwich [grɪnɪʧ], Woolwich [wʊlɪʧ], Bromwich [brɔmɪʧ], Warwick [wɔrɪk], Alnwick [ænɪk]. After other segments, on the other hand, the suffix-initial /w/ is pronounced, as in Ipswich [ɪpswɪʧ], Northwich [nɔɵwɪʧ], Gatwick [gætwɪk]. Pickwick [pɪkwɪk], etc. This study conducted an online survey experiment using written forms to identify native speaker’s knowledge of morpheme-specific phonology involved in EPNWh and EPNWk. Total 42 actual and nonce words are tested by 43 respondents. The result is that morpheme-specific phonology in EPNWh and EPNWk was not equally productive to native speakers of British English. The suffix -wich was more likely to trigger /w/-deletion than -wick. The -wich was much more likely to delete /w/ than hypothetical -wid. However, the difference between -wick and -wid was not statistically significant. In addition, derivational rule-ordering in EPNWh and EPNWh was not sensitive to suffixes. Nevertheless, some native speakers equally reflected derivation in pronouncing the place-names.

이 논문은 연구자의 논문, ‘자아성찰과 자기성찰 용어 사용 양상 및 제언’의 후속 논문이다. 연구자는 용어 ‘자아’와 ‘자기’, ‘성찰’, ‘자아성찰’ 등의 개념을 어떻게 규정하고, 번역, 역번역할 것인가의 문제를 고찰했다. 국어학적 고찰뿐만 아니라 동양적 어원과 심리학적 전통을 바탕으로 논의하였다. 먼저 우리말의 ‘자아’와 ‘자기’의 쓰임과 용법뿐만 아니라 프로이드와 융의 개념과 의미에 대해 검토하였다. 둘째, 동양적 어원과 심리학적 전통에서 ‘성찰’에 대한 개념을 중심으로 그 어원을 찾고 의미를 고찰하였다. 이 속에서 서양의 대표적인 철학자, 심리학자들의 개념을 비교하였다. 셋째, 이러한 논의를 통합적으로 고려하여 용어 ‘자아성찰’의 개념과 의미를 규정하였다. 넷째, ‘자아성찰’의 번역․역번역 문제를 고찰하였다. 그리하여 ‘Self-examination’, ‘Self-reflection’, ‘Self- introspection’, ‘Self-finding’ 등을 자아성찰로 번역하거나 아니면, ‘자아성찰’을 ‘Ego-examination’, ‘Ego-reflection’, ‘Ego-introspection’, ‘Ego-examination’, ‘Ego-finding’ 등으로 역번역할 것을 제안하였다.

This paper is a follow-up paper of 'The study of the Aspects of use of ‘ego- introspection' and ‘self-introspection' terms and Suggestion' paper. Researchers examined how to define the terms 'ego', 'self', 'introspection', and 'self-introspection' and their translation and reverse translation problems. In addition to the study of Korean language, It was discussed based on the oriental origin and the psychological tradition. First, we examined the concept and meaning of Freud and Jung as well as the usage and usage of 'ego' and 'self' in Korean. Second, In the oriental origin and psychological tradition, I have searched for the origin of the concept of 'introspection' and examined its meaning. In this context, Researchers compared the concepts of representative Western philosophers and psychologists. Third, the concept and meaning of the term 'ego-introspection' are defined by taking these discussions together. Fourth, I examined the Translation․Reverse Translation problems of 'ego-introspection'. So it suggested to translate ‘Self-examination’, ‘Self-reflection’, ‘Self-introspection’, ‘Self-finding’ into ‘自我省察’ and it suggested to reverse translate '自我省察' into ‘Ego-examination’, ‘Ego-reflection’, ‘Ego-introspection’, ‘Ego-examination’, ‘Ego- finding’

The main thrust of this study is to investigate and elucidate the essential nature of English place-names ending in -wich, focusing on the phonological relationship between root-final /r/ and suffix-initial /w/. The pronunciation of the names can be divided into two types: w-deletion or not. If a suffix -wich is attached to a sonorant-final base, /w/ is deleted as in Greenwich [grinɪʧ] and Woolwich [wulɪʧ]. Otherwise, it is not deleted as in Ipswich [ɪpswɪʧ] and Droitwich [drɔɪtwɪʧ]. However, Middlewich and Combwich exhibit different behavior in that they are pronounced as [mɪdlwɪʧ] *[mɪdlɪʧ] and [kʌmɪʧ] *[kʌmbwɪʧ], respectively. More interestingly, the fact that Norwich and Harwich in non-rhotic areas are pronounced as [nɔrɪʧ] and [hɑrɪʧ], instead of *[nɔ.wɪʧ] and *[hɑ.wɪʧ], leads to confusion. In order to solve the puzzle, this study proposes that intrusive-r is emerged in the process, especially in the case of r-deletion during the base-formation. Finally, this paper shows that the phonological behavior in English place-names ending in -wich can be successfully formalized within the framework of both rule-based and constraint-based theories.

This paper explores how to derive the word order of Old English(OE) subordinate clauses via the labeling system(Chomsky, 2013), which provides a new perspective on the word order in question. AUX-V, V-AUX, AUX-V-O and AUX-O-V orders are derived in OE subordinate constructions where quantified and pronominal objects are not selected. After arguing that the headedness parameter approach cannot capture these word orders, we show that these word orders can be derived unproblematically within the labeling system(Chomsky, 2013), where given SO={AUX, V}, one of the SO moves out of the SO in order for minimal search to select the remaining head as the label. Thus AUX-V order is derived in {AUX, V} if AUX moves out of the SO whereas V-AUX order is done if V moves out of {AUX, V}. Next if an object NP is merged in the remaining VP, producing SO={VP, NP}, one of the SO moves out of the SO again in order for the label of the SO to be selected, thus deriving AUX-V-O or AUX-O-V respectively. The labeling system adopted here rules out V-O-AUX order which did not exist in OE by virtue of no feature sharing in {VP, NP} during the derivation.

Despite its initial success, Lexical Morphology failed to systematically explain affix concatenations in English with so many issues left unresolved. Fabb(1988) and Aronoff and Fuhrhop(2002), among others, tried to propose alternatives to Lexical Morphology by turning their attention to the properties of individual suffixes. This paper, combining these two proposals, introduces two place restriction features, [initiality] and [finality]. The combination of these features presents four suffix subgroups: beginning suffixes, free suffixes, closing suffixes and monosuffixes. These four subgroups along with an appendix explain the apparently problematic suffix concatenation in English, thereby obviating the entire enterprise of Lexical Morphology.

이 논문에서 필자는 정량적 통계 처리방법과 정성적 분석방법을 사용하여 곤충 관련 전문용어의 조어법에 나타나는 조어 유형과 어종의 특징을 알아보고자 했다. 곤충 관련 전문용어 4,763개의 조어법 유형을 조사한 결과, 하나의 형태소로 이 루어진 단일어가 122개(2.6%)이고 둘 이상의 형태소로 이루어진 복합어가 4,637개 (97.4%)로 나타났다. 이는 곤충 관련 전문용어가 대부분 2차적으로 생성된다는 의 미로이해된다. 복합어를 다시 조어법유형별로 나누어보면, 명사와 명사의합성법 이 가장 많았고(3,831개, 80.5%), 다음으로 용언의 관형형과 명사의 합성법(387개, 8.1%), 접두사와 명사의 파생법(325개, 6.8%), 용언의 명사형과 명사의 합성법(28 개, 0.6%), 명사와 접미사의 파생법(24개, 0.5%), 어근과 명사의 합성법(24개, 0.5%), 부사와 명사의 합성법(18개, 0.4%) 등이 뒤를 이었다. 어종별로는 고유어가 2,693개(56.5%)로 가장 많았고, 혼종어가 1,992개(41.8%) 로 뒤를 이었다. 기타 한자어가 74개(1.6%), 외래어가 4개(0.1%)로 나타났다. 혼종어 가운데는 한자어와 고유어의 결합으로 형성된 유형이 1,855개로 가장 많았고, 고유어와 외래어의 결합으로 형성된 유형이 122개, 외래어와 한자어의 결합으로 형성된 유형이 0개, 고유어와 외래어와 한자어가 결합된 유형이 15개로 조사되었 다. 순수하게 한자어와 외래어로 형성된 용어가 74개(1.7%)에 불과하다는 것은 곤 충 용어의 조어에 고유어 계통의 어휘가 적극적으로 참여한다는 의미로 이해된다. 곤충 관련 전문용어(주로 이름)의 조어에는 해당 곤충의 서식지를 표시하는 [금 강산], [아무르] 등의 형태, 생김새를 묘사하는 [꼬마], [납작] 등의 형태, 몸체와 날 개의 색깔을 표현하는 [검정], [빨강] 등의 형태, 식물이나 동물 분야와 어휘 체계 를 공유하는 [도토리], [표범] 등의 형태, 발견자의 이름을 나타내는 [니이쿠니], [린네] 등의 형태가 적극적으로 참여하고 있다.

This paper aims at elucidating some aspects unique to the word-formation of insect names which belong to a kind of technical terms, by using both quantitative and qualitative analysing method. The results are summarized as following: First, after surveying the word-formation types of technical terms related to insect names, we have acquired the fact that simple words composed of a single morpheme have the lower ratio, 2.6%, while complex words composed of more than two morphemes have the higher ratio, 97.4%, of total data of 4,763 samples. This means that the (technical terms related to) insect names are produced secondary or indirectly, not firstly or directly. Second, after analysing their original birth place of those samples, we have acquired the fact that indigenous words account for more than half portion of total items, 56.5%, while Sino-Korean and loan words account for a relatively small portion of total items, 1.7%. The remainders are of hybrid types. Judging from the above fact, we think that original Korean words positively contribute to the word-formation of insect names, Third, through the above survey and analysis, we have ascertained that some typical morphemes frequently appear in insect names. They are habitat designators such as [Geumgangsan](Mountain Geumgang) or [Asia](Asia); appearance describers such as [kkoma](kid) or [napjak](flattened); coloring expressions such as [geomjeong](black) or [ppalgang](red); animal or plant names, sharing a partial lexical system with insect names, such as [dotori](acorn) or [pyobeom](leopard); personal names of first finders such as [Niicuni] or [Linné].

The purpose of this paper is to provide an essential and clear formalization of palatalization and spirantization in English within the framework of Optimality Theory (henceforth OT; Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1995). English requires a supplemental process called j-deletion after palatalization. Although the process has been regarded as fusion (or coalescence) in many works, setting up j-deletion seemed to be inevitable under the rule based and even OT framework. This would be because j-deletion has been strongly believed to raise phonological opacity inducing counter- feeding and counter-bleeding effect. This paper shows that palatalization in English has no opaque process. To deal with the processes as a kind of fusion, I employ the autosegmental view which regards features as autonomous entities and segmental change is a result of the interaction of features. In addition, I assume that vowel /i/ and glide /j/ are identical in the input, following the recent claim that syllabification does not need to be specified in the lexicon. Finally, palatalization and spirantization can successfully be accounted for without the process like j-deletion and derivational (or serial) approaches.

This manuscript, researched on the issues of derivations through the [attribution] of “Expertise” between modern Korean and Japanese linguistics mainly based on the suffix of expressing people. The results are as followed from the examination which became clear. 1. “~sa(師)/~shi(師)”is defined as the base that holds the attribution towards “X ”which could be indicated as the meaning of the suffix of the persons occupation. However, this attribution does not express affirmative nature at its extent, but negative character as well. Through this research, the derivative of modern Korean and Japanese linguistics such as “~sa(師)/~shi(師)”would be a minor use of recent occupations showing an aspect of expression change. 2. In comparison between “~sa(師)/~shi(師)”and“~sa(士)/~shi(士)”, “~sa(士)/~shi(士)” indicates rather specific meanings. Hence, the [nature] of “~sa(士)/~shi(士)”is figured to be located a rank below “~sa(師)/~shi(師)”. However, it is understood through this research that recent derivatives of “~sa(士)/~shi(士)” is active towards participation of word formation. This shows that the attribution of “~sa(師)/~shi(師)”holds “Expertise” of “Occupation” as “~sa(士)/~shi(士)” in modern use holds the attribution of two meanings which is “Occupation” and “Qualification”. 3. The “Expertise” that “~za(者)/~sya(者)”holds is located in the attribution which will be “[Independency]”. Therefore, it is considered from the affix change of“~in(人)/~nin(人)”which “Person” will be the original source and with “~za(者)/~sya(者)”combined, it will conduct “[A Person with Expertise holding Independency]”. 4. The “Expertise” that “~ga(家)/~ka・ke(家)” holds is located in the attribution which will be “Occupation” and “Qualification”. This holds a similar nature between “~sa(師)/~shi(師)”, “~sa(士)/~shi(士)”.

So far we have analyzed palatalization in English by means of Optimality Theory with Candidate Chain(OT-CC), which is focused on the derivational history. First of all, classical Optimality Theory (OT) relates the input into the output directly, and is output-oriented and parallel one without any intermediate representation. Accordingly, it could not handle opacity, that is, counterfeeding or counterbleeding order, properly. OT-CC has well-formedness conditions of candidate chains which require faithful initiation, gradual divergency, and harmonic improvement. In addition, the opaque candidate wins against the transparent form by Precedence Constraint which sets up the violation order of faithfulness constraints. Thus, wrong candidates could be ruled out by these two devices. The case of ‘confession’ could be explained by PREC(ID[ant], MAX) ‘partiality’ by PREC(ID[ant], ID[glide]), ‘habitual’ by PREC(ID[dr], MAX) respectively. Therefore, derivational history is reflected on the candidate chains, <kənfesyon, kənfešyon, kənfešon>.

This paper examines the role of domain of application of phonological and morphological processes in one language, Nuuchahnulth. The paper argues that the various processes encountered in the language are best understood as involving a division of labor between the stem level and the word level domains. One consequence of this conclusion is that a mono-stratal, non-derivational model of the grammar, such as standard Optimality Theory (OT) is unsuited to the task of dealing with such cases. In this paper I argue that we must adopt a model which allows at least a constrained amount of derivation, such as the model of Stratal OT, as in Bermúdez-Otero(1999), Kiparsky(2000), et al.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop the Theory of Uncertainty on COVID-19 using the strategy of theory derivation. Methods: Theory derivation was carried out in the following steps: review the literature to explore the phenomena related to uncertainty on COVID-19; select a parent theory that provides valuable concepts and a useful structure for derivation, and identify the concepts and structure of the parent theory to use in derivation; modify and redefine the concepts and structure of the parent theory to create a derived theory. In the literature review process, relevant findings were synthesized to support the propositions of the derived theory. Results: The Theory of Uncertainty on COVID-19 was derived from the Uncertainty in Illness Theory to make it relevant and applicable to a specific aspect of uncertainty on COVID-19, health-related uncertainty perceived by a person who has not contracted COVID-19. It is a middle-range theory targeting the general population and consists of a linear and unidirectional model centered on three themes: antecedents of uncertainty, appraisal of uncertainty, and coping with uncertainty. Conclusion: The Theory of Uncertainty on COVID-19 will be able to contribute to efforts to manage perceived uncertainty on pandemic diseases and improve individual biopsychosocial health in the future.

To increase the convenience in daily life activities, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been developed and used; it can achieve a hyper-connected society by connecting various devices and systems through the Internet. In building an IoT environment, the moving target defense (MTD) strategy is used as a method to construct an active defense strategy for a mission-critical system. However, there is a lack of indicators that can easily identify the various properties of the MTD strategy and enable in constructing and establishing a new MTD strategy-based protection plan. To solve this problem, in this paper, we survey various MTD strategy research results and analyze the research that has been conducted to derive the various properties of the three perspectives in the MTD strategy (When to move, What to move, How to move). In addition, based on the various derived properties, we propose a graph that can easily identify the various research results that appear. Additionally, it shows that the combination of various properties can be used as an indicator to understand the research direction of a new protection strategy research based on the software-defined MTD strategy for IoT device protection.

Background: This study aims to derive the characteristics of each work type for industrial radiography based on empirical evidence through expert advice and a survey of radiation workers of various types of industrial radiography. Materials and Methods: According to a Korean report, work types of industrial radiography are classified into indoor tests, underground pipe tests, tests in a shielded room (radiographic testing [RT] room test), outdoor field tests, and outdoor large structure tests. For each work type, exposure geometry and radiation sources were mainly identified through the expert advice and workers’ survey as reliable empirical evidence. Results and Discussion: The expert advice and survey results were consistent as the proportion of the work types were high in the order of RT room test, outdoor large structure test, underground pipe test, outdoor field test, and indoor test. The outdoor large structure test is the highest exposure risk work type in the industrial radiography. In most types of industrial radiography, radiation workers generally used 192Ir as the main source. In the results of the survey, the portion of sources was high in the order of 192Ir, X-ray generator, 60Co, and 75Se. As the exposure geometry, the antero-posterior geometry is dominant, and the rotational and isotropic geometry should be also considered with the work type. Conclusion: In this study, through expert advice and a survey, the external exposure characteristics for each work type of industrial radiography workers were derived. This information will be used in the reconstruction of organ dose for health effects assessment of Korean radiation workers.

Background/Objectives: In this study, through big data analysis, the current situation and cause are identified and a plan to reduce accidents in bicycle accidents is derived. Methods/Statistical analysis: In order to secure data on bicycle traffic accidents, data from Gyeonggi-do were collected and analyzed using R and Tableau, which are big data analysis tools. After collecting the data, it was preprocessed according to the analysis. Findings: As a result of the analysis, it was found that bicycle accidents increased as the bicycle population increased. Therefore, in this study, an intersection notification and a bicycle cross-section were proposed. Improvements/Applications: The results of this study are expected to be used to develop policies that can be prevented in advance while instilling awareness of bicycle accidents.