Earticle

This study examines the theoretical basis for the appearance of the nominative case marker(NOM) on certain wh-adverbs in Korean(see Kim and Maling, 1993). Drawing on independent evidence from Korean case stacking, I argue that such wh-adverbs project KP at the highest level and that they are associated with a focus interpretation introduced by FocusP. This enables the assignment of NOM. Crucially, the proposed analysis accounts for the absence of NOM on way ‘why’ and ettehkey ‘how’: these adverbs are either externally merged in positions structurally higher than FocusP, making case assignment unavailable, or are deprived of KP, rendering them inaccessible to NOM. This analysis contributes to a broader understanding of the interaction involving focus, case, and adverbials in Korean. Overall, this work presents a syntactic approach to handling the phenomenon at issue.

One of well known ways to quantify an event is via quantifying an object in the assumption that the quantification force of an object can be transferred to an event. Unlike this common means to quantify an event, there is another way to contribute to event quantification with a verbal classifier. A verbal classifier consists of a classifier and a numeral and it quantifies an event denoted by the VP, similar to a nominal classifier that quantifies a noun. This paper examines a verbal classifier in Mandarin in comparison to a similar type of adverbial in English, Russian, and Finnish. It is shown that verbal classifiers in Mandarin are also a means to quantify an event like adverbials in those languages. However, this paper shows that verbal classifiers in Mandarin have interesting differences from the adverbials in those languages. For example, unlike Russian or Finnish, verbal classifiers in Mandarin are not (accusative) case marked. Moreover, unlike those languages, verbal classifiers in Mandarin are associated with a particular type of an event, namely semelfactives. This paper provides evidence that verbal classifiers in Mandarin are associated with the countability of semelfactives. The consequence of this paper suggests that semlefactives can be viewed as an independent class of an event, which is not a common assumption in the literature.

기업들은 내·외부적으로 발생하는 복잡한 문제나 이슈들을 해결하기 위한 방안으로 프로젝트를 만든다. 기업들이 수행하는 프로젝트의 경우 규모나 성격 등이 매우 다양하며, 일회성이며 기존에 수행하지 않았던 새롭고 독특한 업무를 수행함으로 인해 그 결과의 불확실성이 높다는 특성을 가지고 있다. 이러한 어려움을 극복하고자 기업들은 프로젝트 수행시 자체인력 외에 외부의 경험 있는 전문기관(컨설팅, SI 업체 등)을 활용하기도 한다. 프로젝트는 일회성과 독특성이라는 특성을 가지므로, 프로젝트 초기 그 목적이나 업무의 성격, 그리고 향후 발생할 수 있는 리스크 등을 충분히 고려하여 적절한 수행체계를 만드는 것이 중요하다. 또한 프로젝트 진행 과정에서 변화되는 내·외부의 상황에 대응할 수 있는 유연성을 가지는 것도 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 컨설팅과 시스템 개발이 동시에 진행된 대형 프로젝트 조직 구성 사례를 통해 프로젝트의 특성에 따른 수행조직 구성이 필요하며, 적절한 전문 인력의 배치와 참여인력들에 대한 현실적인 역할과 책임의 부여가 중요함을 보여주고 있다.

Projects are initiated to solve the problem of internal or external problem. Way of doing the project are internal employee or external professional organization. Projects are transient and unique process that do not use existing organization, so the high uncertainty of the result of project. Many companies use external professional organization that experienced similar project for reduce the risk. As companies use external professional organization, external professional organization have been gain various experience. Because the nature of the project are various, organization should consider the risks and adaptability to the environmental changes in progress. This research show the importance of organization by the nature of project through big project case.

최근 디지털 기술의 발달과 팬데믹의 영향으로 고고학 분야에도 다양한 기술을 활용하려는 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 국외에서는 이를 디지털고고학(Digital Archaeology)이라고 하며,고고학 조사, 연구, 분석, 보존, 복원, 활용 등 고고학의 한 분야로 활발히 연구되고 있다. 현재 한국의 디지털고고학은 고고학의 한 분야라기보다는 3D 측량, 가상현실 콘텐츠 제작 등 기술적 보조 수단에 국한되어 해당 기술을 충분히 활용하지 못하는 경향이 있다. 또한 우리는 다량의 데이터와 콘텐츠를 생산하고 있지만 이를 제대로 관리․활용하지 못하고 있다. 디지털고고학에 대한 정책과 제도, 교육, 이에 대한 전문 인력 또한 부족한 현실이다. 국외에서는 1960년대 비교적 이른 시기에 디지털고고학이 시작되어 다양한 문제에 대한 고민과 해결 방안, 새로운 연구가 시도되었다. 본 연구의 목적은 국외 디지털고고학의 개념과 분야, 관련 정책과 교육, 분야 및 기술별 대표 사례를 종합적으로 검토하여, 이를 국내에 적합한 연구, 정책, 제도, 교육, 기술 적용 방안으로 활용하기 위함이다. 이를 위해 관련 논문, 단행본 등 최신 자료 조사와 함께 영국 등 국외의 박물관, 전시관, 학회 등을 직접 방문하여 조사한 결과를 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 국외에서는 고고학 전공자들이 고고학 조사와 연구, 보존과 복원, 전시와 교육 등을 위해 관련 기술을 최대한 활용하여 다채로운 연구 성과물이 도출되고 있다. 또한 이를 위해 대학의 고고학과 등에서는 GIS, 3D 스캔, CAD 등의 기술 관련 강의를 개설하고 지속적으로 전문가를 양성하고 있다. 또한 국가 차원의 정책과 제도, 예산 등이 이를 체계적으로 뒷받침하여 디지털고고학 분야를 활성화하고 산학 협력을 유도하며, 이를 통해 대중 참여 확대와 일자리, 경제적 부가가치를 창출하고 있다. 디지털 기술은 고고학 분야의 스펙트럼을 넓히고 새로운 조사와 연구의 가능성을 열어줄 것이다. “디지털고고학”을 붙여 쓴 것은 대중고고학, 선사고고학처럼 하루빨리 고고학의 한 분야로 빠르게 자리 잡고 연구되기를 희망하는 마음에서이다. 본고의 여러 사례가 관련 연구자에게 유용한 참고가 되기를 바라며, 관계 기관의 정책과 제도, 예산, 교육 등의 추진에 원동력이 되기를 기대한다.

Due to recent advancements in digital technology and the impact of the pandemic, various attempts to utilize technology have been made in the field of Archaeology. Overseas, this is referred to as “Digital Archaeology”, and it is actively researched as a field of Archaeology, such as excavation, investigation, analysis, preservation, restoration, and utilization. Currently, Digital Archaeology in South Korea tends to be limited to technical support tools such as 3D scanning and VR content, rather than being recognized as a field of Archaeology. Furthermore, although we produce a large amount of data and content, we struggle with management and preservation. The policies, regulations, and education regarding Digital Archaeology are also insufficient. Digital archaeology began relatively early in foreign countries and is actively being researched. This study aims to comprehensively examine the definition and fields of Digital Archaeology overseas, along with relevant policies, educational status, and representative cases. The goal of this study is to adapt this knowledge to suitable research, policies, regulations, education, and technological applications in Digital Archaeology of Korea. To achieve this, researching recent papers, publications, as well as field investigations in relevant conferences, museums, and organizations were conducted. According to the analysis results, archaeologists abroad are utilizing relevant technologies to the fullest extent in order to achieve diverse research outcomes in archaeological survey, analysis, preservation, restoration and exhibition. Additionally, several Universities has opened lectures related to technology to nurture experts. Furthermore, policies, regulations, and budgets are systematically supporting Digital Archaeology by promoting industry-academia collaboration, expanding public participation, and generating employment opportunities and economic value through this. Digital technology will broaden the research spectrum in the field of archaeology and open up new historical possibilities. It is hoped that the various cases presented in this paper will serve as a reference for archaeologists, as well as policies, regulations, budgets, and education from relevant organizations, will be gradually achieved.

I would suggest the base that unified grammar through comparison ‘case’ in South Korea with ‘격토’ in North Korea could be systematized. While ‘case’ is recognized word in South Korea, ‘격토’ is not recognized word in North Korea. In South Korea subjective complements ‘-이’,‘-가’, ‘-께서’, ‘-서’, ‘-에서’ are described, on the other hand, only ‘-이’, ‘-가’ ‘- 께서’ in North Korea are dealt with subjective complement without exception and ‘-에서’, -서’ are dealt with ‘위 격’. Only sentence component which is required a narrative word is recognized as complement. In South Korea, 보격 postpositions ‘-이/-가’ are situated before narrative words ‘되다, 아니다’: In North Korea 보격 postposition not only is not recognized but is dealt with ‘-이’, ‘-가’ as subjective complement. In North Korea since the sentence component and the object connected to an advervial postpositional word play a part in aiding incomplete narrative words, it is dealt with complement. As complement is a sentence component necessary and adverb is not indispensable, I think that dealing with them as complement is valid. A narrative word ‘-이다’ is not regarded as 격토 in North Korea. Instead ‘-이’ of ‘-이다’ changes into conjugated ending word, ‘바꿈토’. There is a pause before or after ‘-이다’ and it can be recognized as independent language unit. However, as it has a function of narrative word, it must necessarily discuss dealing with ‘-이다’. In South Korea, I am sure that Syntax theory on the basis of Structures and Transformational of Generative Grammar is different from ‘토’ theory and study sphere. I think it is necessary to look into the developing process by approaching comprehensive grammar theory of ‘토’ characteristics which is thought to be different between the two Koreas. Also, It is necessary to standardize on setting up the scope of each case between the two Koreas and it will be the next project.

본 연구는 초등학교 실과 생명과학 영역을 중심으로 사례기반학습을 활용한 교수·학습 방법을 고찰함으로써 초등학교 현장에서 문제 해결을 위한 다양하고 효율적인 실과 교육을 구현하는데 기 여하고자 하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 2009 및 2015 개정교육과정을 반영한 5∼6학 년(군) 실과 교과서의 생명과학 영역 내용을 분석하였으며, 사례기반학습을 적용하기 위한 수업 목 표와 교수·학습 절차를 설계하였다. 이를 바탕으로 사례기반학습을 활용한 초등 실과 생명과학교육 의 실행방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사례기반학습에 적합 한 내용을 추출하기 위하여 2009 개정교육과정의 검정교과서와 2015 개정 실과교육과정 생명과 학교육 영역의 내용을 분석하여 실과 교과와 연계할 수 있는 주제를 선정하였다. 둘째, 초등 실과 생명과학교육 교수·학습 설계 절차는 생명과학 관련 사례 이해하기, 사례 분석하기(개별탐구), 해 결방안 탐색하기(팀별탐구), 해결방안 결정하기, 해결방안 평가하기의 5단계로 구성하였다. 셋째, 초등 실과 생명과학교육의 실행방안으로 생명과학교육 사례, 사례 분석틀을 활용한 교수 도움 자 료, 학습자용 사례분석 활동지, 교수·학습 과정안을 개발하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻은 결과를 종합해 보면, 사례기반학습을 활용한 초등 실과 생명과학교육은 생 명과학교육 관련 주제에 따라 구조화된 사례를 기초로 학생들이 의사소통하고 주도적으로 문제를 해결해가는 과정을 통해서 문제해결력 등과 같은 고등사고 능력과 미래역량을 기른다는 점에서 교 육적 의미를 갖는다.

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the implementation of diverse and efficient practical arts education for problem-solving in elementary school field by developing teaching-learning strategies that utilizes case-based learning with the focus on life science area of elementary practical arts. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, the contents of the life science related contents of the 5th and 6th grade practical arts textbook that reflects 2009 and 2015 revised curriculum, and instructional objectives and teaching-learning models for case-based learning are developed. The conclusions of this study are as follows. First, In order to extract the content suitable for case-based learning, contents of the life science education field of the practical arts textbooks of the 2009 revised curriculum and the 2015 revised curriculum were analyzed, and then the topics linked to the practical arts were selected. Second, the procedures for case-based learning for life science education of elementary practical arts consisted of 5 steps which were about understanding cases related to life science, analyzing cases(individual exploration), exploring solution(team exploration), deciding solution, and evaluating solution. Third, for implementation plans of life science education of elementary practical arts, a life science education cases, teaching aids using case analysis framework, case analysis activity paper for learners, and teaching-learning process were developed. According to the results obtained from this study, the life science education of elementary practical arts using case-based learning has educational implications in that students can develop high-level thinking ability and future competence such as problem-solving capability through the process of communicating and solving problems based on cases structured according to the subject of life science education.

This paper aims to investigate “double nominative ‘ka’ construction” based on spoken and written language in corpus which consist of a million words each. Findings; First; the usage frequency of double nominative constructions is only 1% that of the nominative marker ‘ka’. Second; the percentage use of double nominative ‘ka’ construction in spoken language is three times more than that in written language. Third, some adjectives, which require two thematic roles, make double nominative constructions at a rate of only 0.08%. Lastly, save for those adjectives, there are only a few verbs which make double nominative constructions, like ‘nada(나다)’, ‘neomda(넘다)’. According to these results, we suggest that nominative ‘ka’ has distinct functions at the syntactic and pragmatic levels, in addition to a function as a nominative marker at the morphological level. At the syntactic level, it could correspond with subject, on the assumption that sentence constituents and cases should be distinguished. Meanwhile, nominative ‘ka’ could be a focus marker regarding new information at the pragmatic level. Thus, it is unnatural to have double nominative ‘ka’ in a clause, because communication will be more effective when there is only one focus.

This paper explores some properties of the reflexive pronouns in Korean and provides a functional account of their antecedent conditions. The representations of semantic and pragmatic functions are kept separate in the grammatical system of Korean. In Korean, these two functions are differently coded. Semantic functions are coded by case markers. Pragmatic functions are coded by word order and a topic particle. These two functions play major roles in conditioning the binding properties of reflexive pronouns in Korean. They are conditioned neither by the structural command approach nor by the grammatical subject. They are conditioned by both semantic and pragmatic functions. The semantic hierarchy, which predicts an appropriate interpretation of the reflexive reading, is supplemented or may be overridden by some pragmatic conditions

The purpose of this paper is to analyze two apparently different contraction structures with the same mechanism. Adopting Jaeggli’s idea, this paper argues that case valued elements block contraction between infinitival to/finite auxiliary and their host both in to-contraction and finite auxiliary contraction. For the reason that contraction is assumed to be a phonological operation visible at PF and case is assumed to be directly related to PF area, although the derivational approach to contraction made here is based on Jaeggli’s idea, this paper also makes efforts to revive his idea within the minimalist theory. Problems that Jaeggli has under minimalist theory about PRO subjects with null case and successive cyclic movement of wh-phrases can be solved by assuming that DPs with no case valued and thus not visible at PF stay in the embedded spec-VP and that lexical items survive in the numeration and remerge when possible checker derived in the derivation until all the necessary features are checked. In addition, this paper further assumes that just like in the canonical interrogative sentences, a tensed feature on C in a subject question attracts the tense affix in T so that the auxiliaries appear in the head C position. Under this assumption, an analysis of finite auxiliary contractions can also be made with the same mechanism that is used to explain to-contractions.

브르테셰는 『모니크의 운명』에서 그녀 자신과 주변의 여성들에게서 관찰되는 모든 것을 생생하게 잡아내어 이주노동자, 알코올 중독, 농촌문 제, 시험관 아기 등 현대 프랑스 사회의 문제점들을 흥미있게 다루고 있다. 즉, 브르테셰는『모니크의 운명』에서 다양한 인물들을 보여주면서 그 인 물들을 통해 사회가 강요하는 가치나 관념을 흔들고 만화라는 남성 중심의 분야에서 구축된 질서를 파괴하면서 전복의 의지를 보여준다. 이러한 브르테셰의 비판 의식은 그녀만의 고유한 표현과 설득의 도구를 통해 드러나고 있다. 만화의 기본 표현 방식인 플랑쉬와 칸의 배열을 통해 전통적 만화 창작 방식과 현대적 창작 방식을 동시에 추구하면서 독자가 습관적인 독서에 머물지 않도록 하고 있다. 또한 기존의 명화들을 패러디 하면서 우리가 익숙한 종교, 문화, 문학 등의 전통을 되짚어보게 한다. 브르테셰가 묘사하는 인물들을 보며 독자들은 일단 만화의 유머와 재치 에 재미를 느끼지만, 곧 개인주의적인 인물들의 행태가 자신과 다르지 않 음을 확인하며 안도감과 공모감을 느끼면서도 현재 자신의 모습을 들여다 보게 된다.

Bretécher exploite le langage visuel propre à la bande dessinée, soit les rapports entre planches, cases et dessins. La variation des planches dans Le destin de Monique maniplue l'inconscient de la perception de l'oeil et du cerveau du lecteur, faisant ainsi bouger la narration iconique de façon cinématographique. Bretécher fait sauter les cases, décontruisant ainsi l'espace blanc qui explicite la technique de l'ellipse. Par sa nature de déviation et de subversion, Ce geste non seulement ridiculise la logique traditionnel de la répartition égale de la planche mais en fait aussi la critique, critique de l'hypertexte sur le texte d'origine. En retravaillant les tableaux classiques, Bretécher déplace certains détails et ajoute ses propres éléments discursifs. Il en résulte une refonte qui porte son sceau d'appropriation et un nouveau discours qui rencontre de plusieurs discours différents portant les mêmes catégories sémantique. Et la dessinatrice parvient à désacralier les figures les plus codées, les plus valorisées de la culture pour ébranler les tabous. À travers ce travail de transgression et ces clins d'oeil au lecteur, Bretécher manifeste cette intention subversive de parodier l'art classique religieux ou maniériste. Quant aux thèmes abordés de face(l'implantation des embryons) ou de biais(l'angoisse des stars, le personnel domestique immigré, l'alcoolisme, la paysannerie, l'inceste), l'auteur les traite par tous les moyens disponibles. Le lecteur exerce une pression sur l'auteur dans le choix de ses thèmes, et l'auteur façonne le public dans ses techniques de lecture ainsi que dans sa vision de la société moderne. Il résulte de ces influences mutuelles le plaisir ludique de la connivence que nous apporte toute bonne bande dessinée.

In this paper, I delve into some grammatical aspects of Sino-Korean nominals which can combine with the light verb -ha ‘do’ in order to form a complex verb. They were assumed to be a noun when they were first introduced into Korean vocabulary. As they are combined with the light verb -ha in Korean, however, they are shown to behave as a verb in terms of theta-marking and Case-assignment, showing a diachronic change over a long period of time in history.

Purpose: This study was to evaluate effects of case management provided for 7 months for medical aid in Korea. Methods: This study was a retrospective comparative study using secondary data analysis. Data from two pre-existing survey were reanalyzed. The data were collected through door to-door interviews using the structured questionnaire. For the medical service use, claims data from the Korea National Health Insurance Corporation was used. Subjects were 73 in the intervention group and 118 in the control group. Results: There was no significant change in the intervention group in self-care ability (p = .296), medication adherence (p = .194) or quality of life (p = .903) compared to those of the control group. For hospital visiting days, it appeared to decrease in the intervention group (p = .038) but with no significant difference from that of the control group (p = .157). Neither were there significant differences in medical expenditures (p = .605). Conclusion: Although the effect of case management in this study appeared extremely limited, the short intervention period and characteristics of the medical aid beneficiaries and the limit of controlling only the demand side were discussed as factors to be considered. Nurses have been carrying out professional roles in case management in Korea. However more efforts are needed to develop case management as an area for nursing specialization.

본 연구는 사례기반학습(CBL)에 기초하여 온라인 자기개발 교양 교과목을 적용한 사례 연구이다. 팬데믹 상황에서 확장되는 온라인 교수-학습 환경에서 사례기반학습을 적용한 사례 정보를 제공하고 온라인 교육에서 사 례기반학습의 활용 가능성을 모색하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 자기개발 교과목 구성요소를 도출하고, 사 례기반학습 교수-학습 전략에 따라 15차시 수업을 구성하였다. A사이버대학에서 2021-1학기에 과목을 수강한 620명을 대상으로 만족도 평가를 실시하였다. 양적 분석을 통해 만족도를 확인하고, 질적 분석을 통해 온라인 교 수-학습 환경에서 ‘사례’의 의미를 확인하였다.

This study is a case study that applies online self-development general education course based on Case Based Learning(CBL). The study seeks to provide case information that applies CBL to an online teaching-learning environment and explore the possibility of using CBL in online education. To this end, self-development course components were derived, and 15 weeks classes were organized according to CBL teaching-learning strategies. The satisfaction assessments were conducted on 620 students who took this course in 2021-1 at A Cyber University. Satisfaction assessment was confirmed through quantitative analysis, and the meaning of 'case' in online teaching-learning environments was verified through qualitative analysis.

Purpose: The implementation of case management for long-term hospitalization use has been approved for controlling medical cost increases in other countries. But, introduction of the case management in Korea has created issues that hinder its effective operation. This qualitative study aimed to obtain further understanding of the issues surrounding the management of Medical Aid beneficiaries' use of long-term hospitalization from the case managers' perspectives and to provide suggestions for successful case management. Methods: Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. Medical Aid case managers with 3 or more years of case management experience were recruited from urban, suburban, and rural regions. Data were collected through in-depth interviews: 12 nurse case managers participated in focus group interviews and 11 participated in individual one-on-one interviews. Results: Four major themes emerged: on-site obstacles that hinder work progress; going in an opposite direction; ambiguous position of case managers; and work-related emotions. Eleven subthemes were discovered: chasing potential candidates; becoming an enemy; discharging patients who have nowhere to go; welfare-centered national policies increasing medical costs; Medical Aid Program that encourages hospitalization; misuse of hospitalization; feeling limited; working without authority; fulfilling the expected role; fretting about social criticism; and feeling neglected and unprotected. Conclusion: The findings highlight the complexity and ambiguity of the issues faced by case managers. Successful management of Medical Aid resources requires the orchestrated efforts and collaboration of multiple stakeholders. More systematized support and resources for nurse case managers are essential to fully implement this nursing innovation in Korea.

Central cord syndrome (CCS) is extremely rare as a direct consequence of generalized epileptic seizure. CCS is associated with hyperextension of the spinal cord and has characteristic radiologic findings including posterior ligamentous injury and prevertebral hyperintensity following magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We experienced the case of a 25-year-old man who suff ered CCS after status epilepticus. Cervical spinal MRI revealed high signal intensity at the C1 level but with no signal or structural changes in other sites. After rehabilitation management, the patient significantly improved on the ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) motor scale and bladder function. We proposed that epilepsy related CCS may be caused by muscle contractions during generalized seizure, which can induce traction injury of the spinal cord or relative narrowing of spinal canal via transient herniated nucleus pulposus or transient subluxation of vertebra. We also suggest CCS without radiologic fi ndings of trauma has good prognosis compared with other CCS.

중재제도의 핵심은 중재인이라고 할 수 있다. 중재인의 공정성과 독립성이 담보되지 않으면 중재제도의 실효성을 거두기 힘들다. 각국의 법률과 국제협약은 중재인의 의무에 대하여 각 규정을 두고 있다. 각 규정의 정도의 차이는 있지만 공통적으로 중재인의 공정성과 독립성을 강조하고 있고 그 위반의 효과를 언급한다. 그러나 공정성과 독립성의 추상성으로 인하여 구체적인 의미는 관련된 판례를 통하여 구체적으로 드러난다. 투자 중재에서 일방이 선임한 중재인에 대하여 타방이 기피를 신청하는 경우가 다수 있어 왔다. ICSID는 대부분의 사건에서 중재인의 기피신청을 받아들이지 않았다. ICSID 협약 제57조가 중재인으로서의 명백한 자질부족을 기피의 요건으로 제시하고 있기 때문이다. 본고에서 중재인에 대한 기피신청으로는 드물게 인용된 2가지의 ICSID사례를 중심으로 투자 중재인의 공정성과 독립성을 살펴보았다. 이 사례들에서는 문언상 명백성의 요건에도 불구하고 해석론으로 기존의 명백성의 기준 대신에 합리적인 의심 내지 외관성의 기준을 근거로 기피신청을 인용하였다. 이와 같은 해석론에 맡기는 데는 한계가 있고 투자 중재에 있어서 중재인에 대한 기피의 기준을 국제상사중재의 수준으로 완화하여 협약 제57조상의 명백성의 요건을 폐기하고 합리적인 의심 내지 의심할 만한 외관의 기준으로 개정을 추진할 필요가 있다.

The core of the arbitration system is the arbitrator. If the impartiality and independence of the arbitrator is not guaranteed, the arbitration system will not be effective. In that regard, the national laws and international conventions have clauses on the duties of the arbitrator. Although there are differences in the extent of each rules. they emphasize the impartiality and independence of the arbitrator in common and refer to the effect of the violation. However, due to the abstraction of impartiality and independence, the specific meaning can be grasped through the relevant cases. There have been many cases in which one party propose the disqualification of the arbitrators appointed by the other party in an investment arbitration. In contrast, the ICSID did not accept the proposal of disqualification of arbitrator in most cases. This is because Article 57 of the Convention requires a proof of the manifest lack of the quality required by the Convention. In this article, I have reviewed two ICSID cases in which rarely upheld the proposal of disqualification, including facts, in a relatively detailed way. In these case, it was judged based on the standard of reasonable doubt or appearance instead of the standard of the manifest. Judgments that alleviate the standard of the disqualification of arbitrators in ICSID investment arbitration are emerging and that trend will likely remain in the future. However, it is also possible to consider revising Article 57 of the Convention to the same level as that of commercial arbitration, to mitigate the requirements of manifest lack of quality in the Article 57 of the Convention.

In the so-called inalienable possession (IAP) constructions both the possessor NP (PS NP) and the body-part NP (BP NP) can take Accusative Case. In their passive counterparts the BP NP can take either Nominative or Accusative Case, whereas the PS NP can take only Nominative Case. I suggest how to account for these Case marking phenomena in terms of Agree in the framework of Chomsky's (2000, 20001) recent Minimalist Approach. I argue that the Case marking phenomena can be straightforwardly accounted for in terms of the theory of Agree and the basic syntactic relation and principle such as c-command and MLC without the stipulations employed in the previous accounts.