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Silence and Pause mark one of Pinter’s dramatic features in terms of its language style. They are important elements in creating the dramatic tension in his plays. Thus, the way to explain silence and pause has become an important factor in understanding Pinter’s language. Silence and Pause are more effective and powerful in revealing the characters’ anger, fear and desperation than words. At the same time, they can create a kind of menacing aura which intensifies the dramatic tension. With the skillful employment of silence and pause, the playwright asks the audience to be an active participant in the psychological activity of the character. For the playwright, the dialogue, silence and pause have equal status in terms of communication. Language, silence and pause could communicate in some specific contexts. Pinter is good at using the strategy in which the characters use both language and silence at the same time. The thesis intends to use textual analysis to observe the creativity of Pinter’s language with a view to helping readers have a deeper understanding of the dramatic art of Pinter’s dramas.

This study investigates the effect of vocabulary learning strategies on vocabulary knowledge, considering learners' proficiency levels, cognitive style, and language aptitude. A total of 84 Japanese learners completed a questionnaire on vocabulary learning strategies, a language aptitude test, a modified group embedded figures test, and a vocabulary knowledge test. The findings indicate that variations in vocabulary acquisition techniques are impacted by learners' proficiency levels, cognitive style, and language aptitudes. High-proficiency learners used indirect strategies more frequently, while low-proficiency learners' vocabulary knowledge was more strongly associated with direct strategies. Cognitive style had a negative effect on the use of indirect strategies, and field-dependence indirectly influenced vocabulary knowledge through indirect strategies in high-proficiency learners. Language aptitude had a positive effect on the use of direct strategies, which indirectly impacted vocabulary knowledge in low-proficiency learners. The study suggests that vocabulary learning strategies and knowledge are significantly influenced by learners' proficiency, cognitive style, and language aptitude. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences in shaping vocabulary learning strategies and their relationship to proficiency. To ensure effective vocabulary learning, it is crucial for educators to teach a variety of strategies accounting for learners' proficiency, cognitive style, and language aptitude.

本研究は、学習者の習熟度、認知スタイル、言語適性を考慮し、語彙学習方略が語彙知識に及ぼす影響を調査することを目的とする。84名の日本人学習者を対象に、語彙学習方略に関する質問紙調査、言語適性テスト、集団埋没図形テスト、語彙知識テストを実施した。その結果、学習者の習熟度、認知スタイル、言語適性によって用いる語彙学習方略が異なることが明らかになった。習熟度が高い学習者は間接的ストラテジーをより頻繁に使用し、習熟度が低い学習者は直接的ストラテジーを多用していた。また、場依存型の認知スタイルは間接的ストラテジーを介して語彙知識に影響を及ぼした。さらに、習熟度が低い学習者の場合は、言語適性が直接的ストラテジーの使用に正の影響を与え、間接的に語彙知識に影響を及ぼすことが示された。本研究の結果は、語彙学習方略と語彙知識が学習者の習熟度、認知スタイル、言語適性によって大きく左右されることを示唆しており、語彙学習方略の形成と習熟度との関係において個人差を考慮する重要性を強調している。効果的な語彙学習を促進するためには、教師が学習者の習熟度、認知スタイル、言語適性を考慮した多様なストラテジーを教えることが極めて重要である。

본 연구에서는 제주형 마을만들기를 활용하여 제주어를 보전하고 활용할 수 있는 방안 을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 제주어를 보전하고 활용하기 위해 제주시 구좌읍 김녕리 지역에서 추진되고 있는 제주형 마을만들기 사업에 제주어를 포함하여 사업을 추 진하고 있다. 이를 통해 지역 어르신들의 일자리 창출 사업을 진행함으로써 지역에서의 제주어 사용빈도를 높이고 관광객에게 제주어로 소통할 수 있는 기회를 마련하고자 하였 다. 어르신들이 이 사업에 참여하면서 가장 문제로 삼은 것은 젊은 층과의 소통이었다. 이를 해결하기 위해 제주어로 소통할 수 있는 창구를 만들어 줌으로써 어르신들은 자유로 운 제주어 사용과 젊은 층 및 관광객은 실생활에서 제주어를 사용하고 배울 수 있는 기회 를 제공하고자 하였다. 또한, 마을만들기 사업을 통하여 제주어를 다양한 방법으로 표현하고 하나의 관광상품 으로 인식될 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이를 위해서 제주어 보전과 사용 등 전문분야와 일반분야로 나눠 투 트랙 전략을 활용한 정책지원이 필요할 것이다. 그리고 제주지역에서 제주어 보전 및 사용빈도를 높이기 위해 마을만들기 분야에 제주어를 포함시켜 어르신들이 마을만들기 분야에 참여하여 제주어가 전수될 수 있는 체계를 만들어 줄 필요성이 있다고 본다. 본 연구는 지역별로 다양한 언어적 자원을 가지고 있는 제주어를 활용하여 위기의 언어를 보전할 수 있는 기회를 마련했다는 것이 핵심 포인트이며, 향후 제주어 보전정책을 수립하는데에도 기초자료가 될 것으로 본다.

The purpose of this study is to propose a plan to preserve and utilize the Jeju language by utilizing Jeju-type village development. In order to preserve and utilize the Jeju language, we are promoting projects including the Jeju language in the Jeju-style village development project being promoted in Gimnyeong-ri, Gwannaeup, Jeju City. As a result, by promoting a job creation project for the elderly in the region, the Jeju language will be used more frequently in the region, and opportunities for tourists to communicate in the Jeju language will be created. When the elderly participated in this project, the biggest problem was communication with the younger generation. In order to solve this problem, by setting up a place where people can communicate in Jeju language, the elderly will be able to use Jeju language freely, and young people and tourists will have the opportunity to learn Jeju language in real life. In addition, it was found that the Jeju language can be expressed in various ways through town development projects and recognized as a tourism product. To that end, it will be necessary to provide policy support using a two-track strategy, divided into specialized areas such as Jeju language preservation and usage, and general areas.

일본어수동문은 유정 또는 비정의 주어가 타자로부터 영향을 받아 주어에게 어떤 동작 또는 작용이 주어의 의지와는 무관하게 자연적으로 발생하는 것을 나타낸다. 무대타동사수동이 자동사화 하는 경우가 있다. 이것은 타자로부터의 영향을 의식하지 못하는 비정물이 수동의 주어가 될 때이며, 대부분이 동작주가 표시되지 않거나 표시되는 경우에도 비정이거나 비정에 준하는 곤충 등이 올 때이다. <비정의 수동>문의 주어는 운문에서 자연물이 많고, 산문에는 인간에 의한 생산물이 나타나는 차이점이 인정되며, 구체명사가 대부분이다. 자동사수동문의 ‘피해’의 의미와 관련해서는 고대일본어의 경우, ‘행운(혜택)’, ‘중립’, ‘피해’의 뜻 모두를 나타내며, ‘피해’의 의미가 자동사수동문이라는 구문적인 요소에 의해 발생하지 않는다는 것이 확인된다. 무대타동사ラル형이 자발용법으로 쓰일 경우에는 동작주가 존재하지 않는다. 자발과 수동은 사태가 주어에게 자연생기 하는 공통점이 있지만, 영향을 주는 동작주의 유무에 따라 구별되는 구문의 차이가 있다.

This paper, for the description of the aspects of the Japanese passive sentences, will first provide statistics on the distribution of the usage of the predicate verb of RARU form and the types of verbs used in the passive style, focusing on data from the 8th to 10th centuries. The Japanese passive sentences indicate an Inanimate-Subject or an Animate-Subject influenced by something or someone resulting in an action or an effect, regardless of the subject's will. In the case of the passive Inanimate-Subjects, although the concrete noun comes to the subject in the same way, many subjects in verses are natural things while they are artifacts like boats and shrines in proses. In relation to the meaning of “meiwaku (inflection)” of Inanimate-Subject passive, in the ancient Japanese language, it means “lucky (Megumi)”, “neutral”, and “meiwaku”. This confirms that the meaning of “damage” is not caused by structural characteristic such as Intransitive passive.

本稿は親密體も鄭重體や敬語と同じく高校の敎育課程の中で敎えるべきであるという前提に立って第6次敎育課程による高等學校敎料書10種20卷を分析し, 問題点を指摘し, 親密體の敎育のあり方を提案しようとするものである. まず親密體について用語を定義し, 先行硏究にあたり, 親密體の槪念特徵を整理した. その화조をもって, l0種20卷の敎料書から資料を抽出し, 量的質的に分析した. 分析した結果, 次のような結論がでた. 全體的にいうと, このくらいの內容では學習者に親密體というものを理解させるのはむずかしいと思われる. 1. 親密體についての說明がない敎科書が多いのが一番問題である. ④⑥敎科書は親密體の會話は量的にかなりでてきているが, 說明が全くなく, 學習者は親密體の理解がむずかしいと思われる. 2. 說明があるものとして分類された敎科書も說明が十分ではない. ①は說明はあるものの量的に少くな過ぎるし, ⑧は「きいてみましょう」に例文が幾つかあり, 詩の下に終助詞の說明が少しあるだけである. ⑨は量的にはずばぬけて多い. 學生どうしの普通對話體という場面設定はあるが, ていねい體き普通體とだけ說明し, 分析的に說明していない. ⑩は電話で對話する時のいろいろな話し方としてでているだけで, 說明とはいえない. 3. すくなくとも人稱代名詞, 終助詞, 感動詞に男女の差があること, 女性の場合, 名詞, な形容詞の$quot;だ$quot;がおること, 縮約形, 助詞の省略などはきちんと敎えるべきであると思われる. 4. 親密體は場面と直結して敎えることが重要であるが, 場面設定がなかったり不明であったり場面に適切でなかったり無原則に親密體とです·ます體を混用しているのでは學習者はどのような場合に親密體を使ったらよいのか混亂するだろうと思われる. 5. 不自然な感じのする親密體の會話がかなりみられたが, それは場面や登場人物や文脈に合わないため, また助詞の省略や縮約形を使っていないためだと思われる. この点についてはさらに今後, 親密體の會話の分析がすすめられる必要がある. 生き生きして自然な親密體の會話は面白く, 學習者をひきつけるものなので, そのような敎材をつくる努力をすべきであると思われる. 今後の課題としては, 親密體の槪念及びその特徵について, さらに硏究を深め, その指導法についても硏究を重ねる必要がある.

본 연구의 목적은 어머니의 놀이 신념과 양육 스타일이 영아기 자녀의 언어 발달에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 영아용 순차적 언어 척도(김영태 외, 2003), 부모 양육 스타일 설문지(Bornstein, et al., 1996; 이형민 외, 2008), 그리고 부모 놀이 신념 척도(Fogle, 2003; Lee, 2008)를 사용하여 6개월에서 24개월 사이의 영아기 자녀를 키우는 243명의 어머니로부터 자료를 수집하였고, SPSS V.22.0과 Process Macro를 통해 분석되었다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자녀의 월령, 자녀의 성별, 어머니의 양육행동, 그리고 어머니의 놀이지지 신념은 자녀의 언어발달에 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 어머니의 양육행동이 자녀의 언어발달에 미치는 영향력의 관계에서 어머니의 놀이지지 신념은 유의한 매개효과를 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 어머니들이 아동들이 놀이에서 실험하고 탐색할 수 있도록 허용하면서 놀이를 힘께 즐길 수 있을 때 자녀의 언어발달이 더욱 촉진될 수 있음을 시사한다.

The aim of this study is to examine the influence of mothers’ beliefs about play and their parenting style on the language development of their children. Data were collected from 243 mothers with children aged between 6 and 24 months using the Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (Kim et al., 2003), the Parental Style Questionnaire (Bornstein et al., 1996: Lee et al., 2008), and the Parent Play Beliefs Scale (Fogle, 2003: Lee, 2008). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 22.0 and Process Macro. The findings can ge summarized as follows: Firstly, children’s monthly age, gender, mothers’ parenting style, and beliefs about play had notable impacts on their children’s language development. Secondly, mothers’ beliefs that support play had significant mediating effects on the developmental levels of their children’s language with the main effects of mothers’ parenting style. The findings suggest that when mothers allow their children to experiment and explore during play, while enjoying play together, and set positive limits, children’s language development can be further facilitated.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of ‘affirmativelanguage’ experiment upon freshmen nursing students’ negative affect, self-efficacy andstress coping style. Methods: A nonequivalent control quasi‐experiment was conducted on the subjects of55 freshmen nursing students for 26(experimental group) and 29(control group). Datawere analyzed using x2-test and t-test for participants’ homogeneity test and conductedcontent analysis of process diary record and personal impressions. Results: As for negative affect, in case of the experimental group, depression(t=-2.384,p=.022) and anxiety(t=-2.243, p=.025) were significantly low with no difference for thecontrol group. As for self-efficacy, both experimental and control groups showedsignificance and as for stress coping style, the control group used sub-categorizedstrategies better than the experimental group. There were 4 topics and subsequent 15topics derived from the content analysis. ‘Affirmative language’ experiment showedalleviation of depression and anxiety helpful for study participants in self‐reportingmeasurement, and helpful for stress self‐management competence. Conclusion: It is necessary to connect the curriculum operation with interest of competence and practice of students stress self‐management through the participatingexperiment experience.

<소학언해>는 <번역소학>이 지나치게 의역에 흐른 것에 대한 반성으로 축자역을 따른직역체 번역문이다. 동일 내용의 한문 원전을 언해한 것이라는 사실에 비추어 볼 때 이들 모두 한문의 영향을 받은 것은 사실이지만 축자역을 원칙으로 한 <소학언해>의 경우 한문 문법의 영향을 보다 크게 받았을 것이 분명하다. 이러한 가설 하에 본고는 명사화 어미 ‘-ㅁ/음’ 의 사용을 중심으로 직역체 번역문인 <소학언해>의 용례를 <번역소학>과의 비교 속에서 분석을 시도하였다. 분석 결과 의역체인 <번역소학>에 비해 직역체인 <소학언해>에 명사형 어미 ‘-ㅁ/음’의사용이 뚜렷하게 많은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 한문의 ‘V1-V2’구조의 구문을 ‘S-V’구조 또는‘V-O’구조로 파악하려는 경향에 인한 것으로 동명사가 발달한 한문의 어휘적 특성과 어순을최대한 유지하면서 SOV형인 한국어의 기본어순을 재현하기 위해 주어나 목적어 자리에 오는 동사 형태에 명사화 어미인 ‘-ㅁ/음’을 추가하여 명사적 기능을 수행하게 함으로써 한문의형태적 제한성을 극복하려 노력한 결과로 보인다.

<The Korean Annotation of ‘Sohak’(소학언해)>is a translated version pertaining to near translation, based on the examination that the existent <The Korean Translation of ‘Sohak’(번역소학)>was too liberally translated. The fact that both works reflect a great deal of impact of the Chinese language remains true as both are the annotations of the same material. However, one can assure that the former must have been influenced more than the latter, as it strictly kept the near translation. Based on such a premise, this study attempted to analyze the examples of the usage of the nominalized suffix ‘-ㅁ/음’in <The Korean Annotation of ‘Sohak’>, in comparison to <The Korean Translation of ‘Sohak’>. The result of the analysis revealed a much higher frequency of the nominalized suffix ‘-ㅁ/음’in literally translated <The Korean Annotation of ‘Sohak’>, than in liberally translated <The Korean Translation of ‘Sohak’>. This seems to be caused by the tendency of the Chinese language to recognize the sentences with ‘V1-V2’structures as ‘S-V’or ‘V-O’. That is to say, the frequent usage of ‘-ㅁ/음’ seems to be the consequence of the endeavor to overcome the structural limitations of the Chinese language, and to maintain the features and word orders of the language in which gerunds are highly developed, adding the ‘-ㅁ/음’suffix to the verb form on the subject or object position to reenact the original word orders of the Korean Language.

Ozaki Koyo have made plans to carry out various new attempts in order to make a new language style. At first he put to use a specific compromise style between elegance and common, that means a blending with elegance in literary composition and common in composition written in the colloquial. After that he attempted to write spoken and written nobel from ｢Ninninnyobo｣ to the year of Meiji 28. All of his works in that time was not the unification style with written and spoken language but left a few compromise style between elegance and common in the beginning. Aiming at this point, according to investigate his remaining speech and later years works named ｢Konzikiyasya｣, it was found to be as follows; 1. Items conformed on the remaining speech: He recognized the possibilities of written language style in order to higher the world of art. 2. Items conformed on ｢Konzikiyasya｣: Because of using written language style on physical features and spoken language style on colloquial literature, it was not pure written and spoken language style.

Oh, Youngju, park, Hyesook & Chang, Soyoung. “The Effects of Learning Style Preferences, Language Learning Strategies on English Proficiency of Korean College Students.” Studies in English Language & Literature 43.2 (2017): 299-324. This study examines the relationships among learning style preferences, English learning strategies and English proficiency of Korean college students. Four hundred college students participated in the study. The learning style questionnaire was adopted from the Learning Style Survey(LSS) by Cohen, Oxford, Chi(2001) and the English learning strategy questionnaire was adopted from the Strategy Inventory for Language learning(SILL) by Oxford(1990). The participants were asked to self-report on these questionnaires in the classroom. Independent T-test, Analysis of variance and Multiple regression methods were used to analyze the collected data. It was found that (1) participants generally preferred analytical, reflective, visual learning styles in order than others, and learning style preferences slightly differed by gender, academic field, and English proficiency, (2) there were statistically significant differences in the uses of strategy use by English proficiency, (3) learning styles explained almost 23.4 % of language learning strategy use and 6.7 % of English proficiency, (4) learning strategy use explained 18.7 % of English proficiency, having a significant effect on English proficiency. (Kunsan National University)

本研究は 韓日近代新聞における言語生活の対照研究の一環として、韓国の開化期の『独立新聞』と同時期の日本の『読売新聞』の雜報欄に注目し、両言語の言語生活の実態について考察したものである。新聞を対象とした今までの多くの先行研究は、現代語の語彙研究が中心であり、近代の新聞を言語資料とした対照研究はほとんど見られない。また、従来の研究は、社会言語学的な観点を歴史的研究に積極的に適応していなかった。考察の結果、両新聞共に男性を基準とした報道の傾向が指摘できる。女性の場合は新聞で扱う記事は極めて少なく、言及される内容も両新聞共にマイナス的な素材であることに特色がある。また、日本の『読売新聞』の語彙は、現代日本語へ繋がる言語表現(名詞に限って言えば)が多い。しかし、韓国の『独立新聞』の語彙の場合は、現代韓国語までは繋がらないまま、廃れてしまう語彙や意味縮小や意味転成などが見られたことが注目される。韓国語の場合は、近代語から現代語へ到る過程で、大きな社会変革や制度の変化(脱日本語化)により、現代語までは繋がらず消滅した語彙が多かったと考えられる。以上、両新聞を分析した結果から、現代日本語の基盤は近代(明治時代)に求めることができるが、現代韓国語の基盤は開化期の韓国語と異る部分が多いことが分かる。今後、資料を幅広く、精密に調査しながら、両言語の言語生活の実態及び変化の様子などを究明していく必要がある。

This study analyzes the differences between formal and informal language styles and focuses on casual and intimate speech in the film Eat Pray Love (Murphy, 2010). The purpose of this study is to help second language learners understand and distinguish between formal and informal English. A total of 1,784 lines were transcribed from the film, with single-word responses like “Yes,” “No,” “Wait,” and “Okay,” left out. The subtitles were transcribed from the film’s dialogue, and the movie was rewatched for contextual understanding, and to categorize the subtitles into formal and informal styles. Informal language styles were further classified into five categories: omission and fragmentation, non-standard and ungrammatical structures, colloquial and slang expressions, conversational emphasis and emotional expression, and humor, exaggeration, and figurative language. The results show that informal speech expresses relationships, the speakers’ emotions, and situational context. The study suggests that exposure to real media such as film can improve second language learners’ speaking ability, listening comprehension, and communicative competence. Teaching methods should incorporate informal expressions and emphasize the understanding of tone and context. Teachers should encourage second language learners to use both formal and informal styles appropriately. This research contributes to understanding how language style functions in real-life communication.

Political campaign language is a style of political language as a communicative device for political campaign. Previous studies on political campaign language in Thailand mainly focus on slogans and political campaign speeches. Few studies on political posters were found. Political campaign posters are widely used by political party to interact Thai people in public space. They seem to be the main component of political discourse. This paper, thus, aims to study how language style and linguistic attribution used in political campaign posters. Data of analysis derive from 93 campaign posters of 16 parties around Bangkok Metropolitan region in general election of Thailand on July 3, 2011. The analysis showed that two linguistic styles were significantly found in political posters. These were the use of discourse construction, rhetorical devices, and the style of pragmatic use. The prominent pragmatic uses found on posters were assertive, commissive, politeness, argumentative and manipulative. This paper concluded that these political linguistic styles were attributed as clearness, politeness, empathy, closeness, and vagueness. It also argued that materialism, economic ideology and modernism of information technology were embedded in political campaign policy for their supporter and voters. This would turnout the voter movements in Thailand. Also, this would make a particular style of Thai political campaign language.