Earticle

본 연구는 임상적으로 우울증을 진단받은 환자군과 건강한 대조군을 비교하여 우울증의 인지적 취약성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 특히, 해석 편향, 기억 편향이라는 인지 기능의 하위 구성요소를 조사하고, 해석 편향 과 우울 증상 간 관계에서 기억 편향의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 주요우울장애(MDD) 환자 22명과 건강한 대조군 24명으로 구성된 총 46명의 참가자를 연령, 교육 수준, 성별을 기준으로 매칭하여 모집하였다. 참가 자들은 벡 우울척도-II(Beck Depression Inventory-II)와 컴퓨터 기반의 인지 과제(자기지시 선택과제, 유사성 평가 과제, 자유 회상 과제)를 수행하였다. 자료는 위계적 회귀분석과 부트스트래핑(bootstrapping)을 활용하 여 매개효과를 검증하였다. 임상군은 건강한 대조군에 비해 더 높은 수준의 우울 증상, 낮은 긍정적 해석 편향, 더 많은 기억 편향(침습 및 오류)을 보였다. 긍정적 해석 편향은 기억 편향 및 우울 증상과 부적 상 관을 보였다. 회귀분석 결과, 긍정적 해석 편향과 우울 증상 간의 관계에서 기억 편향이 부분 매개효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, 부트스트래핑 분석을 통해 그 통계적 유의성이 확인되었다. 본 연구는 우울증 에서 인지적 편향들이 상호작용한다는 결합된 인지 편향 가설을 지지하는 증거를 제공하며, 우울증 치료에 서 해석 편향과 기억 편향을 동시에 표적으로 하는 개입의 필요성을 시사한다. 향후 연구에서는 이러한 인 지 편향들의 시간에 따른 동적 상호작용을 탐색하여 우울증의 기제를 보다 심층적으로 이해하고, 맞춤형 치료 전략 개발로 이어질 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigates cognitive vulnerabilities in depression by comparing clinically depressed patients with healthy controls. Specifically, it examines sub-components of cognitive function-interpretation bias and memory bias-and explores the mediating role of memory bias in the relationship between interpretation bias and depressive symptoms. Forty-six participants (MDD group: 22; Non-psychiatric healthy group: 24) were recruited and matched for age, education, and sex. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II and computerized tasks assessing cognitive control (Self-Ordered Pointing Task), interpretation bias (Similarity Rating Task), and memory bias (Free Recall Task). Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression and bootstrapping to test the mediating effect of memory bias. The clinical group exhibited higher levels of depressive symptoms, lower positive interpretation bias, and greater memory bias (intrusions and errors) compared to the non-psychiatric healthy group. Positive interpretation bias negatively correlated with memory bias and depression. Regression analysis revealed that memory bias partially mediated the relationship between positive interpretation bias and depression. Bootstrapping confirmed the statistical significance of this mediation effect. This study highlights the interactive role of cognitive biases in depression, providing evidence for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis. The findings emphasize the importance of targeting both interpretation and memory biases in therapeutic interventions in depression. Future research should explore the dynamic interactions of cognitive biases over time to better understand their role in depression and develop targeted treatments.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and devastating dis-ease which is characterized by worsening dyspnea and exercise toler-ance. These patients are often found to have concomitant, depression, anxiety and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The interre-lationship of dyspnea, depression and HRQOL in these patients is not well studied. Retrospective analysis was performed on 46 PAH patients (mean age 51.73). Patients completed Medical Outcomes Study Short - Form 36 V2 (SF-36) to measure HRQOL, Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale and Zung Depression Scale (ZDS). Physical Health Composite Scores (PCS) and Mental Health Composite Scores (MCS) were derived from SF-36. Spearman’s correlation was computed to determine degree of correlation between pairs of scales. 46 patients (12 males, 34 females; median age 51.4 yr) with confirmed PAH were considered for the study of which 36 patients (9 males, 27 fe-males, median age 50.1 yr), were eligible for further analysis. MMRC Dyspnea Scale Score was 1.0 (Q1 to Q3:1.0 to 2.0). Median MCS was 52.1 (Q1 to Q3:41.7 to 57.1) and PCS was 37.9 (Q1 to Q3: 30.7 to 49.6). There was a significant negative correlation between dyspnea and PCS (r =-0.660, P<0.0001) and MCS (r =-0.342, P<0.0411). The ZDS was avail-able for 17 of these patients; their median score was 42.0 (Q1 to Q3: 33.0 to 46.0). There was a significant correlation between the ZDS and PCS (r =-0.578, P<0.0150,) MCS (r =-0.752, P<0.0005). Patients with PAH suffer from diminished HRQOL correlating with their dyspnea and underlying depression.

본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 제 7기 자료를 활용하여 스트레스를 받는 20–50대 성인 3,333명을 대상으로 우울에 미치는 영향 요인을 알아보기 위해 실시되었다. 자료는 IBM SPSS 25.0 프로그램을 이용하여 회귀 분석을 실시 하여 분석하였다. 20대의 경우 학력, 건강 관련 삶의 질, 비만, 체중변화, 흡연, 주관적 체형이 유의한 영향요인으로 나타났으며, 설명력은 60.3%였다. 30대의 경우 성별, 가구소득 수준, 배우자와 동거, 경제활동, 건강 관련 삶의 질, 음식섭취량, 비만, 음주, 흡연, 주관적 건강이 유의한 영향요인으로 나타났으며 설명력은 30.3%이었다. 40대는 가구소 득 수준, 배우자 동거, 경제활동여부, 건강 관련 삶의 질, 흡연, 유산소 운동, 주관적 건강이 유의한 영향요인이었으며 설명력이 34.4%이었다. 50대에서는 성별, 학력, 소득, 경제활동, 건강 관련 삶의 질, 단백질 섭취, 지방 섭취, 고혈압, 당뇨병, 체중조절, 유산소운동, 주관적 건강, 주관적 체형이 유의한 것으로 나타났고 설명력은 42.3%이었다. 따라서, 본 연구를 통하여 스트레스를 받는 성인의 우울에 영향을 미치는 요인이 연령별로 차이가 있음이 밝혀졌으므로 스트레 스를 받는 성인의 우울을 낮추고자 할때 연령별 중재전략 수립이 필요하다.

This study aimed to identify the factors that influence depression in stressed adults by age. Data were extracted from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, covering 3,333 adults aged 20 to 59 years who were highly aware of stress. Linear regression analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS 25.0 program. The study found that in the case of people in their 20s, education level, health-related quality of life, obesity, weight change, smoking, and subjective body type were significant influencing factors, with an explanatory power of 60.3%. In the case of people in their 30s, gender, household income level, living with spouse, economic activity, health-related quality of life, food intake, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and subjective health were significant influencing factors, with an explanatory power of 30.3%. For people in their 40s, household income level, living with spouse, economic activity, health-related quality of life, smoking, aerobic exercise, and subjective health were significant influencing factors, with an explanatory power of 34.4%. For people in their 50s, gender, education level, income, economic activity, health-related quality of life, protein intake, fat intake, high blood pressure, diabetes, weight control, aerobic exercise, subjective health, and subjective body type were significant influencing factors, with an explanatory power of 42.3%. Therefore, as it was found through this study that the factors affecting depression in stressed adults differ by age, it is necessary to establish an intervention strategy for each age when trying to lower depression in stressed adults.

The olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) is a well-known method inducing ani-mal model of depression. Depression is associated with dysfunction of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system. In the present study, an-tidepressive effect of treadmill exercise was investigated using olfacto-ry bulbectomized rats. After bilateral bulbectomy, the rats in the tread-mill exercise groups were subjected to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day during 28 days. Increased immobility time and decreased fast time in the forced swim test were observed in the olfactory bulbec-tomized rats. Sucrose preference in the sucrose preference test was decreased and activity in the open field test was also increased in the olfactory bulbectomized rats. Treadmill exercise decreased immobility time and activity and increased fast time and sucrose preference in the olfactory bulbectomized rats. Expressions of 5-HT and tryptophan hy-droxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe of rats were suppressed by OBX and treadmill exercise increased the expressions of 5-HT and TPH in the olfactory bulbectomized rats. Serotonin receptor type 1A (5-HT1A) expression in the dorsal raphe was reduced by OBX and treadmill exer-cise increased 5-HT1A expression in the olfactory bulbectomized rats. In the present study, treadmill exercise ameliorated OBX-induced depres-sive symptoms. The antidepressive effect of treadmill exercise might be ascribed to the enhancement of serotonergic function through upregu-lation of 5-HT1A expression in the dorsal raphe.

The purpose of this research study was to explore social support as a moderator in the relationship between depression and suicidal thought in a sample of the public officers in charge of social welfare. This study also examined the impact of depression on suicidal thought among the public officers in charge of social welfare. The samples were 287 public officers in charge of social welfare in Gyeonggi-do. The findings indicate that increased depression is associated with a high level of suicidal thought. The research results show that social support was an important resource for reducing suicidal thought of the public officers in charge of social welfare. As the perception about social support by public officers increased, their level of suicidal thought was decreased. Also, there was an evidence in favor of the moderating role that social support may serve as a protective factor against suicidal thought. Based on the results, counselors such as case manager as well as social workers should consider the importance of understanding and using social support system for suicidal thought of the public officers in charge of social welfare. Finally, these findings are discussed in terms of social work practices and social policies.

본 연구는 주제범위 문헌고찰을 통해 COVID-19 팬데믹 상황에서 국내 노인 우울의 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 2024년 5월까지 RISS, KISS, DBpia를 검색하여 최종 12편의 문헌을 선정하였다. COVID-19 팬데믹 상황에서 노인 우울 정도는 대체로 증가하였으며, 주요 관련요인으로는 외로움, COVID-19 스트레스, 사회적 거리두기 어려움, 일상생활수행능 력 저하가 있었고, 사회적 지지는 보호요인으로 나타났다. 우울 측정도구는 GDSSF-K와 SGDS-K가 주로 사용되었다. 전화 정서지지, 촉각돌봄, 로고테라피 기반 집단미술치료 중재가 효과적이었으나 소규모 표본과 비무작위 설계의 제한점이 있었 다. 본 연구는 향후 팬데믹 상황을 대비한 노인 정신건강 프로그램 개발의 토대가 될 것이다. 특히 조기 우울 선별과 사회적 지지 강화를 포함한 접근성 높은 중재 전략을 마련할 필요가 있음을 시사한다.

This scoping review synthesized evidence on depression among older adults in Korea during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the Joanna Briggs Institute framework, we searched three Korean databases (RISS, KISS, DBpia) through May 2024. Twelve studies (2020–2023) were included after quality appraisal. Depression levels among older adults generally increased during the pandemic. Primary correlates included loneliness, COVID-19 stress, social distancing difficulties, and functional decline, while social support showed protective effects. The most used measures were GDSSF-K and SGDS-K. Three intervention studies—telephone support, tactile care, and logotherapy-based art therapy—demonstrated effectiveness in reducing depressive symptoms but had limitations including small samples and nonrandomized designs. This review provides foundational evidence for developing mental health programs to prepare for future pandemic situations affecting older populations. The findings highlight the need for accessible interventions with early depression screening and stronger social support for older adults.

목적: 본 연구는 헤어 디자이너의 재미요인을 파악하여 과중한 업무에서 오는 자기상실감 회복을 위하고, 자기효능감 및 삶의 질 향 상 및 개인역량강화에 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다. 방법: 서울, 경기지역의 뷰티 서비스업 종사자를 대상으로 2020년 7월 1일부터 7월21일까지 3주간 설문조사를 하였고, 총 344부를 분석에 사용하였다. 분석방법은 SPSS 26.0 프로그램을 사용하여 빈도분석, 요 인분석, 신뢰도분석, 상관관계분석, 일원분산분석, 사후검증, 다중회귀분석을 수행하였다. 결과: 첫째, 연령에 따른 재미요인을 분 석한 결과 20대, 30대, 40대보다 50대 이상에서 더 높게 나타났으며, 즐거움, 사교, 건강에서 통계학적 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 둘 째, 헤어 디자이너의 재미요인이 자기효능감 및 삶의 질에 미치는 영향은 통계학적 정적(+) 상관관계를 보였고, 삶의 질의 정신적 안녕은 부적(-)상관관계가 나타났다. 셋째, 재미요인이 자기 효능감에 미치는 영향은 즐거움, 건강, 자기 효능감에서 통계학적으로 유의한 정적(+) 상관관계를 보였다. 넷째, 자기 효능감이 삶에 질에 미치는 영향은 신체적 안녕과 유능감이 통계학적으로 유의하게 정적(+)상관관계가 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 헤어 디자이너의 자기 효능감이 삶의 질에 미치는 영향관계를 규명하기 위해 진 행되었으며, 헤어 디자이너의 연령이 높을수록 재미요인에 영향을 주었다. 재미요인의 즐거움과 건강은, 신체적 안녕 및 유능감에 영향을 미쳐 삶의 질향상에 도움을 주는 결과를 도출하였다

Purpose: This study investigates the effects of depression and job stress on the presenteeism of hairdressers providing hair care in S-si and K-do. Methods: Data analysis was performed using the SPSS/Win 22.0 software. To confirm the factors that influence each subject’s presenteeism, multiple regression analysis was used. Results: Factors affecting presenteeism were depression (t =-3.64, p <0.000), job stress (t =-2.80, p =0.005), and education level (t =2.39, p =0.018), while those influencing perceived productivity were depression (t =-1.83, p =0.006) and education level (t =3.56, p <0.000). Conclusion: It is necessary to emphasize the necessity of various management measures to better understand presenteeism according to the health issues of beauticians and reduce production loss caused by presenteeism.

目的: 这项研究的目的是确定发型设计师的乐趣因素，以使他们从繁重的工作中恢复自我损失感，并将其作为提 高自我效能和生活质量以及个人能力的基本数据。方法: 从2020年7月1日至7月21日，对首尔和京畿道的美容服 务工作者进行了为期三周的调查，总共使用了344份进行分析。使用SPSS 26.0程序作为分析方法，并执行了频 率分析，因子分析，可靠性分析，相关性分析，单向方差分析，后测和多元回归分析。结果: 首先，根据年龄分 析娱乐因素的结果是，在50岁或50岁以上的人高于20岁，30岁和40岁的人，并且在娱乐，社交和健康方面存在 统计学差异。其次，发型设计师的娱乐因素对自我效能感和生活质量的影响显示出统计学上的正（+）相关性， 而生活质量的心理健康状况则具有负（-）相关性。第三，乐趣因素对自我效能的影响在愉悦，健康和自我效能 方面显示出统计学上显着的正（+）相关性。第四，自我效能感对生活质量的影响在身体健康和能力方面显示出 统计学上显着的正（+）相关性。结论: 进行这项研究的目的是建立发型设计师对生活质量的自我效能感，而发 型设计师年龄越大，其有趣因素就越有趣。乐趣因素的享受和健康影响着身体的健康和能力，其结果有助于改 善生活质量。

목적: 본 연구에서는 MZ세대를 대상으로 두피 및 모발상태가 우울감에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 탈모 시장 발전과 연구에 따른 기 초자료를 제공하고자 연구하였다. 방법: 만 20세부터 만 45세 남녀 MZ세대 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. SPSS 25.0을 사용하 여 자료를 분석하였으며, 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, Cronbach’s α 계수를 산출, 독립표본 t-test, 일원변량분석, Duncan test를 실시하였다. 결과: 탈모상태는 여성, 25세 이상의 연령층, 기혼, 주부, 전문직, 판매/서비스직, 흡연자, 음주를 주 2회 이상의 경우 탈모상태가 좋지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 우울감은 40-45세 연령층, 기혼, 월 평균 소득이 400만원 미만, 흡연자의 경우 우울감과 하위요인이 높게 나타났다. 탈모상태는 우울감의 하위요인에 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 연구결과가 조사 되었다. 결론: 연구를 통해 탈모상태가 우울감에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 탈모 시장 발전과 연구에 따른 기초자료를 마련하였다.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of scalp and hair condition on depressive symptoms in the MZ generation and to provide foundational data for the development of the market and research on hair loss. Methods: A survey was administered to men and women of the MZ generation, with ages ranging from 20 to 45 years. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0, and exploratory factor analyses, calculation of Cronbach’s α coefficients, independent sample t test, one-way analysis of variance, and Duncan’s post-hoc test. Results: Hair loss conditions were worse among women, those aged ≥25 years, married individuals, housewives, professionals, sales/service workers, smokers, and those who consumed alcohol more than twice a week. Symptoms of depression and its subfactors were more frequent among those aged 40–45 years, married individuals, those with a monthly income below 4 million KRW, and smokers. The condition of hair loss was found had a statistically significant positive effect on depression subfactors. Conclusion: This study analyzing the impact of hair loss on depressive symptoms provides baseline information, contributing to the advancement of hair loss market and related academic research.

目的: 本研究旨在探讨头皮及头发状况对MZ世代抑郁症状的影响，为脱发市场的开发及研究提供基础数据。方 法: 对MZ世代的男性和女性进行问卷调查，年龄范围为20至45岁。使用SPSS 25.0软件进行数据分析，包括探 索性因子分析、Cronbach’s α系数计算、独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析和Duncan’s事后检验。结果: 女性、 ≥25岁、已婚人士、家庭主妇、专业人士、销售/服务人员、吸烟者以及每周饮酒超过两次的人群中，脱发情况 更为严重。40-45岁、已婚人士、月收入低于400万韩元的人群以及吸烟者中，抑郁症及其亚因素的症状更为常 见。研究发现，脱发状况对抑郁症亚因素具有统计学上显著的正向影响。结论: 本研究分析脱发对抑郁症状的影 响，提供了基线信息，有助于脱发市场和相关学术研究的进步。

목적: 헤어 미용인의 대상으로 직무스트레스를 조사하고 우울과의 관계를 파악하며, 우울에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하고자 하 였다. 방법: SPSS/WIN 22.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 일반적 특성에 따른 직무 스트레스와 우울의 차이는 t-test, ANOVA를 실시 하였고, 직무 스트레스와 우울의 상관관계는 Pearson correlation coefficient로 분석하였다. 우울에 미치는 영향요인을 파악하기 위 해 Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis를 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 헤어 미용인의 직무스트레스에 대한 전체 평균 점수 는 41.55±8.78점이었고, 헤어 미용인의 우울 평균점수는 16.79±9.05로 나타났다. 우울에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타난 변수는 보상부적절(t=7.30, p<0.001), 결혼상태(t=-4.53, p<0.001), 직무요구(t=2.53, p<0.012), 연령(t=2.77, p<0.006), 직장문화(t=246, p<0.015)였다. 결론: 헤어 미용인의 정신건강을 향상하기 위해 직무스트레스와 우울에 대한 중재 프로그램 개발이 필요하다

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate job stress in hairdressers, determine its relationship with depression, and identify factors that affect depression. Methods: Levels of job stress and depression according to general characteristics were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0. The correlation between job stress and depression was analyzed using Pearson correction effect. To identify the factors affecting depression, stepwise multiline stress analysis was used. Results: The overall average score for job stress by hairdressers was 41.55±8.78, while the average score for depression was 16.79±9.05. Variables that appeared to affect depression were inadequate compensation (t =7.30, p <0.001), marital status (t =–4.53, p <0.001), job requirements (t =2.53, p <0.012), age (t =2.77, p <0.006), and workplace culture (t =246, p <0.015). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that an intervention program for job stress and depression be developed to improve the mental health of hairdressers.

目的: 本研究旨在调查美发师的工作压力，确定其与抑郁症的关系，并确定影响抑郁症的因素。方法: 使用 SPSS/WIN 22.0，根据一般特征分析工作压力和抑郁水平。使用皮尔逊校正效应分析了工作压力与抑郁之 间的相关性。为了确定影响抑郁的因素，使用了逐步多线应力分析。结果: 美发师的工作压力总平均得分为 41.55±8.78，而抑郁症的平均得分为16.79±9.05。似乎影响抑郁的变量包括补偿不足（t =7.30，p <0.001）， 婚姻状况（t =–4.53，p <0.001），工作要求（t =2.53，p <0.012），年龄（t =2.77，p <0.006）和工作场所文化 （t =246，p <0.015）。结论: 根据这项研究的结果，建议制定一项针对工作压力和抑郁的干预计划，以改善美 发师的心理健康。

Social isolation is known to induce emotional and behavioral changes in animals and humans. The effect of treadmill exercise on depression was investigated using social isolated rat pups. The rat pups in the social isolation groups were housed individually. The rat pups in the exercise groups were forced to run on treadmill for 30 min once a day from postnatal day 21 to postnatal day 34. In order to evaluate depression state of rat pups, forced swimming test was performed. Newly generated cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus were determined by 5-bromo- 2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry. We examined the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe using immunofluorescence. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) was detected by Western blot analysis. The present results demonstrated that social isolation increased resting time and decreased mobility time. Expression of 5-HT and TPH in the dorsal raphe and expression of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus were decreased by social isolation. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was suppressed by social isolation. Treadmill exercise decreased resting time and increased mobility in the social isolated rat pups. Expression of 5-HT, TPH, BDNF, and TrkB was increased by treadmill exercise. The present results suggested that treadmill exercise may ameliorates social isolation-induced depression through increasing neuronal generation.

본 연구는 지적장애아동을 둔 어머니들의 우울 정도를 파악하고, 양육스트레스, 자아탄력성과 우울의 상관관계를 규명하기 위한 조사연구이다. 또한 본 연구는 자아탄력성이 양육스트레스와 우울 사이에서 완충효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 경기도에 거주하는 있는 240명의 지적장애아동을 둔 어머니들이 연구 대상으로참여하였다. 연구도구로는 QRS-SF(양육스트레스), CES-D(우울증), CD-RISC(자아탄력성)을 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient 을 이용하여 분석하였고, 자아탄력성이 양육스트레스와 우울 사이에서 완충효과를 검증하기 위해 다중회귀기법을 사용하였다. 연구결과, 지적장애아동을 둔 어머니들의 양육스트레스가 높아질수록 우울이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자아탄력성이 높아질수록 우울이 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 우울에 영향을 주는 완충요인에 대한 분석결과 자아탄력성은 양육스트레스와 우울 사이에 완충효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 지적장애아동을 둔 어머니들의 우울을 조절하기 위해서는 양육스트레스를 낮추는 것이 중요하고, 사회복지 실천 개입 프로그램은 지적장애아동을 둔 어머니들의 자아탄력성을 향상시키는 것에 중점을 두어야겠다. 끝으로 우울증이 높은 장애아동을 둔 어머니들을 대상으로 할 사회복지사, 상담사, 특수교사 등의 다양한 분야의 전문가를 위한 사회복지 개입 전략을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this research study was to assess the depression level of mothers of children with mental retardation and to examine the relationship among parenting stress, resilience, and depression. Also, the other purpose of this study was to test the role of resilience in relation to parenting stress and depression. A participant of 240 mothers of children with mental retardation were recruited from cities in Kyeonggi-do and completed the questionnaires of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Questionaries on Resources and Stress Short Form as well as Conner Davidson Resilience Scale. The data were analyzed t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient. To examine whether resilience could moderate the effects of parenting stress on depression, hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted. The findings indicate that increased parenting stress is associated with a high level of depression. Increased resilience is associated with a low level of depression. The result of this research shows there is an evidence in favor of the moderator role of resilience between parenting stress and depression. These findings are discussed in terms of social work practices. Social work interventions for decreasing depression should be focused on development of resilience for mothers of children with mental retardation. Finally, recommendations to guide service providers such as social workers, counselors, and teachers of special education in their work with depressed mothers of children with mental retardation are made.

대략적으로 20% 대학생들은 우울증에 의해 대학생활과 삶의 질에 부정적인 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 사회적 지지와 자아탄력성은 우울증 감소에 중요한 요인으로 간주되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 학생들의 자아탄력성이 사회적 지지와 우울 사이에서 매개효과를 나타내는 지 검증하고자 한 것이다. 경기도에 거주하는 있는 211명의 대학생들을 대상으로 구조화 된 설문지를 이용하여 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 대학생들의 사회적 지지가 높아질수록 우울이 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 자아탄력성이 높아질수록 우울이낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 통하여 자아탄력성은 사회적 지지와 우울 사이에 매개효과가 유의미하는 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로, 본 연구의 토대로 우울증이 높은 대학생들을 위한 사회복지 임상적 함의를제시하였다.

Approximately 20 % of college students have clinically relevant depression which may affect academic success and quality of life. Social support and resilience were considered to be the two significant factors for depression. The theme of this research study was the impact of social support and the resilience of depression among college students. This study also aimed to explore resilience as a mediator in the relationship between social support and depression of college students. The samples were 221 college students in Gyeonggi-do. The findings indicated that increased social support was associated with a low level of depression. The research results showed that there was a significant relationship between resilience and depression. Also, there was evidence that was in favor of the mediator role of resilience between social support and depression. The implications of clinical practices for college students who have high levels of depression will be discussed.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a severe type of stroke causing neu-rological dysfunction with high mortality rate. Depression is one of the most common complications of ICH. In the present study, the effects of treadmill exercise on ICH-induced depressive symptoms in relation with apoptosis were investigated using rats. ICH rat model was induced by injection of collagenase into the hippocampus using stereotaxic instru-ment. Open field test for activity and forced swimming test for depres-sive symptoms were conducted. Apoptosis in the hippocampus was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3, and western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax. Western blot analysis for 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) and tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in the dorsal raphe was also conducted for biomarkers of depression. In the present results, immobility time was increased and climbing time was decreased by induction of ICH and treadmill exercise inhibited immobil-ity time and increased climbing time in ICH rats. DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus were en-hanced by induction of ICH and treadmill exercise suppressed ICH-in-duced DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 expression. Bax expression in the hippocampus was increased by induction of ICH and treadmill exercise inhibited Bax expression in the ICH rats. Expressions of 5-HT and TPH in the dorsal raphe were decreased by induction of ICH and treadmill exercise increased expressions of 5-HT and TPH in the ICH rats. In the present study, treadmill exercise ameliorated depressive symptoms through inhibiting apoptosis.

본 연구의 목적은 노부모를 부양하는 성인자녀의 부양스트레스가 우울감에 미치는 영향을 파악하는데 있다. 이를 위해 2014년 1월 2월 충남의 H 대학의 대학원생을 조사원으로 활용하여 노부모부양에 책임이 있는 기혼의 성 인자녀를 대상으로 편의표집을 하였으며, 350부를 배포하여 최종적으로 307명의 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 성인자 녀의 부양스트레스의 신뢰도는 .94, 우울감의 신뢰도는 .92로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과, 첫째, 노부모 부양 성 인의 우울감은 평균 2.56점, 부양스트레스는 평균 2.53점으로 보통수준이하로 낮았다. 둘째, 기혼 성인자녀의 부양스 트레스는 여성인 경우, 50대 이상, 농촌에 거주, 경제수준이 낮은 경우 더 높았다. 우울감은 배우자가 없는 경우, 경 제수준이 낮은 경우 더 높았다. 셋째, 기혼 성인자녀의 경제수준이 낮을수록, 부양 스트레스가 높을수록 우울감이 높 은 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between caregivng stress and depression of the caregiver. The data was collected through by a survey on to married adults who are responsible for the care of old parents. The survey(by purposive sampling) was conducted over the course of for the three months duration from Jan. to Feb. 2014. A total of Finally, 307 copies of the questionnaire retrieved were used for analysis. First, in the case of women, those in their 50s or over, and in the all both gender cases, those who live in rural area, and those who perceive their economic levels as ‘low’ tend to have higher caregivng stress than other kinds of groups. Second, those who do not have spouses, and those who perceive their economic levels as ‘low’ tend to have higher depression than other kinds of groups, and those who hold the whole responsibility of caring old parents had a severe high depression. Third, it was found that the greaterhigher the caregivng stress of caregivers get, the more serious higher their stresses become get. Keywords: Caregiving stress, Depression, Married adult children, Caregiving, Elderly

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the effects of a cognitive training program on cognitive function, depression, anxiety, and activities of daily living in patients with stroke. Methods: The study included 64 patients with stroke, who were admitted to a hospital in M city between January 2019 and April 2021. Patients were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups (n=32 in each group). The experimental group underwent a cognitive training program in addition to conventional physical therapy, whereas the control group received only conventional physical therapy. The analysis of covariance test revealed significant differences. Results: We observed significant intergroup differences in cognitive function, depression, anxiety, and activities of daily living (P<0.05). Conclusion: Cognitive training combined with conventional physical therapy effectively improved physical and mental functions, promoted functional recovery, and improved quality of life in patients with stroke. The intervention used in this study was a clinically valuable scientific and effective method for treatment of patients with stroke. Future large-scale studies are warranted to establish a more systematic and specific training program to definitively evaluate the effects of cognitive therapy in patients with stroke.

Single mothers are vulnerable to mental health such as depression, but emotional support is insufficient. Yoga is known to be effective in reduc-ing negative emotions and promoting resilience. This study was con-ducted in order to verify the effectiveness of yoga training programs in reducing depression and improving the resilience of single mothers. Participants in the study included 20 single mothers who belonged to the Single Mothers Association, who were randomly assigned to train-ing (n=10) and nontraining (n=10) groups. The yoga training program for single mothers consisted of Asana yoga, meditation, and mind ex-pression through expert meetings; a total of eight sessions were con-ducted once a week for 120 min. Testing for depression and resilience was performed before and after the program in order to verify the ef-fectiveness of the program. According to the results of the study, de-pression in single mothers who participated in the yoga training pro-gram was significantly decreased, and resilience was significantly in-creased. Therefore, the effectiveness of the yoga training program in lowering the depression of single mothers and improving resilience was confirmed. In the future conduct of many studies will be required in order to help the mental health of single mothers.

본 연구는 약물중독자의 아동기 학대, 사회적 지지와 우울간의 관계를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 약물중독자의 아동기 학대와 사회적 지지가 우울에 어떤 영향을 주는지를 검증하고자 하였다. 또한 본 연구는 아 동기 학대와 우울간의 사이에서 사회적 지지의 완충효과를 검증을 하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 참여자는 171명의 마약중독자는 서울소재 보호관찰소에서 보호관찰을 받고 있는 대상으로 연구를 실시하였다. 연구 참여자를 위해 아동기 학대, 사회적지지 그리고 우울의 측정도구를 사용하였다. 본 연구결과, 아동기 학대경험은 우울과 정적관 계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 사회적 지지지는 우울과 부적관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 끝으로 약물중 독자의 사회적지지는 아동기 학대와 우울간의 관계에서 완충효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 본연구의 결과를 토 대로 사회복지 실천적 함의를 제공하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of childhood abuse and social support on depression among drug abusers who were on probation. This study also tested the buffering role of social support in the relationship between childhood abuse and depression. For this study, 171 drug abusers attended probation offices at Seoul city. Participants completed measures of childhood abuse, social support, and depression. The results from this study show that childhood abuse had a positive relationship with depression, and social support had a negative relationship with depression. Also, social support had the buffering effect in the relationship between childhood abuse and depression. This study provides clinical implications for drug abusers.

본 연구는 간호대학생의 학업스트레스, 수면의 질, 우울과의 관계를 규명하기 위하여 시도되었다. 자료는 160명의 B대학교의 간호대학생으로부터 온라인 설문 조사를 통해 수집되었다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 18.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 일반적인 특성에 따른 학업 스트레스, 수면의 질, 우울의 차이를 분석한 결과. 학업 스트레스는 신체적 건강(F=6.326, p<.001) 및 정신 건강(F=11.630, p<.001)과 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 수면의 질은 신체적 건강(F=8.834, p<.001)과, 우울은 신체적 건강(F=9.619, p<.001) 및 정신건강(F=28.625, p<.001)과 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 학업 스트레스, 수면의 질, 우울의 상관관계를 분석한 결과, 학업스트레스와 우울은 양의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다 (r=.242, p<.01). 따라서 간호대학생의 신체적, 정신적 건강을 유지하고 향상시킬 수 있는 중재 교육프로그램를 개발할 필요가 있다.

This study identifies the relationship between academic stress, sleep quality and depression of nursing college students. The data was collected from 155 nursing students by the online survey. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. As a result of analyzing the differences in academic stress, sleep quality, and depression according to general characteristics. It was confirmed that academic stress had a significant difference from physical health (F=6.326, p<.001) and mental health (F=11.630, p<.001). Sleep quality was different from physical health (F=8.834, p<.001), and depression was found to be different from physical health (F=9.619, p<.001) and mental health (F=28.625, p<.001). The results of analyzing the correlation between academic stress, sleep quality, and depression were found to have a positive correlation between academic stress and depression (r=.242, p<.01). Therefore, identifying the relationship between academic stress, sleep quality and depression among nursing college students is necessary to devise a plan to maintain and improve their physical and mental health

Anxiety and depression have been found to be increasing among peo-ple with leprosy and it may lead to decreased social participation. The progressive muscle relaxation technique (PMRT) is widely used today in choice of treatment for reducing the anxiety and depression. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of PMRT in reducing anxiety and depression among the hospitalized leprosy affected person in a tertiary care centre. This study is a case series of 50 leprosy affected people aged between 18–60 years who were admitted for leprosy com-plications in tertiary leprosy referral hospital. The Anxiety-Depression scale was developed and validated by the investigators and adminis-tered before intervention of PMRT and after 2 weeks. The follow-up as-sessment was done at 6 weeks after the initial intervention. The finding shows that a statistically significant difference was observed on anxiety domain before and after application of PMRT. The anxiety means score showed steady decline from 6.76 at pretest to 3.0 (t=25.068, P≤0.001) at post test and 1.12 (t=22.679, P≤0.001) at follow-up. In depression do-main, a statistically significant difference was seen in before and after application of PMRT. The depression means score showed steady de-cline from 6.92 at pre test to 3.28 (t=16.082, P≤0.001) at post test and to 1.16 (t=18.918, P≤0.001) at follow-up. This study proved that the PMRT as a valid treatment option for hospitalized person with leprosy in mini-mizing the anxiety and depression related symptoms and to benefit the psychosocial wellbeing of leprosy affected patients.

Depression is a major cause of disability and one of the most common public health problems. In the present study, antidepressive effect of treadmill exercise on chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced depression in rats was investigated. For this, sucrose intake test, immunohistochem-istry for 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transfer-ase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining, and Western blot analy-sis for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cyclic adenosine monophos-phate response element binding protein, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were conducted. Following adaptation to the animal vivarium and two baseline fluid intake tests, the animals were divided into four groups: the control group, the CMS-induced depression group, the CMS-induced depression and exercise group, and the CMS-induced depression and fluoxetine-treated group. The animals in the CMS groups were exposed to the CMS conditions for 8 weeks and those in the control group were exposed to the control conditions for 8 weeks. After 4 weeks of CMS, the rats in the CMS-induced depression and ex-ercise group were made to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 4 weeks. In the present results, treadmill exercise alleviated CMS-induced depressive symptoms. Treadmill exercise restored su-crose consumption, increased cell proliferation, and decreased apop-totic cell death. The present results suggest the possibility that exercise may improve symptoms of depression.