Earticle

본 연구에서는 주식수익률 분포의 모호성에 대한 대리변수로 최근 주식수익률의 확률 분포와 과거 수익률의 확률분포 간의 차이를 비모수적 방법으로 측정하는 Kolmogorov- Smirnov(KS) 통계량과 Kuiper(K) 통계량을 제시한다. 주식수익률의 모호성이 커질수록 이를 싫어하는 투자자들은 이러한 주식에 대해 프리미엄을 요구할 것이고, 따라서 모호성 프리미엄에 따라 기대수익률은 높아질 것이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 주식시장 내에 이러한 모호성 프리미엄이 존재하는지를 밝히고자 한다. 본 논문의 분석결과를 살펴보면, 수익률 분포의 모호성이 큰 주식이 평균적으로 더 높은 수익률을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 분포의 불확실성이 가장 큰 포트폴리오(B)를 매수하고 가장 작은 포트폴리오(S)를 매도하는 전략을 구사하여 유의한 양의 위험조정수익률을 얻을 수 있음을 발견하였다. 본 논문의 분석결과는 기존의 이론 연구에서는 주장하고 있으나 실증적으로 밝혀내지 못한 모호성 프리미엄이 한국 주식시장에 존재하는 것으로 해석될 수 있다.

Many theories, experiments, and survey studies suggest that investors are ambiguityaverse, thereby implying the existence of a positive ambiguity premium [Please check whether this revision conveys your intended meaning. If not, please suggest a suitable alternative.]. However, some empirical studies suggest contradictory results. Baltussen, Bekkum, and Grient (2018) use the volatility of implied volatility as a proxy for ambiguity and find a negative correlation between the volatility of implied volatility and expected returns. This negative correlation is inconsistent with the theories of Epstein and Schneider (2008) and Klibanoff, Marinacci, and Mukerji (2005),which state that investors’ demand for ambiguity premiums in the stock market depends on their ambiguity avoidance. That is, while most extant theoretical studies on ambiguity suggest a positive correlation between ambiguity and expected returns on stocks, most empirical studies rarely prove this relationship. This study analyzes whether there is a significant correlation between ambiguity and expected stock returns in the Korean stock market and also empirically analyzes whether there exists a positive ambiguity premium. In the financial sector, asset-pricing models such as a capital asset -pricing model (CAPM) are based on various assumptions about the distribution of stock returns. For example, a CAPM assumes that stock returns follow a multivariate normal distribution. Many empirical studies, however, question the type of probability distributions of stock returns (Fama, 1965; Rosenberg, 1974; Tsay, 2010); they suggest that the probability distribution of stock returns does not follow a normal distribution, and are even skeptical about whether such a distribution exists. In particular, Knight (1921) argues that ambiguity is defined as the uncertainty about the location and shape of a probability distribution. Ellsberg (1961) and Camerer and Weber (1992) also note that Knightian uncertainty or ambiguity is generally defined as uncertainty about distribution. Thus, the degree of uncertainty in a distribution is directly related to Knight’s (1921) ambiguity definition. If the recent distribution of stock returns unexpectedly differ from those in the past, the investor must pay a higher cost to better understand the difference between the recent and the past probability distribution of returns. Therefore, he/she will require higher premiums to hold these stocks. The main goal of this study is to empirically analyze whether there is a premium for the ambiguity of stock returns at the individual firm-level. To estimate investors’ difficulties in understanding distributions of stock returns, this study presents the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Kuiper (K) statistics, which measure the difference between the probability distribution of recent stock returns and those of past returns as a proxy for the ambiguity of stock returns. The results show that high-ambiguity stocks in the probability distribution of returns earn, on average, higher returns. An investor who is averse to high-ambiguity stocks demands a premium for that stock, thereby increasing his/her expected returns of the stock. This study examines whether such an ambiguity premium exists in the Korean stock market, and demonstrates that high-ambiguity stocks in return distributions lead to, on average, higher returns. We also find that the difference between the returns for portfolios with the highest and lowest distribution uncertainty is significantly positive. The bottom decile portfolio (S) by KS shows expected average monthly returns of 0.11%, and the top decile, 3.26%. When forming decile portfolios by K, stocks (S) with the least distribution uncertainty provide 0.07% of the expected average monthly average returns, and the stocks (B) with the most distribution uncertainty, 3.22%. In terms of value-weighted average returns, the V-W average returns for portfolios with the most distribution uncertainty are substantially higher. Using Fama and French’s (2015) five-factor model, we show that our measures for distribution uncertainty are highly correlated with alphas estimated from five-factor specifications. The magnitude of the alphas is positively related to the level of distribution uncertainty, implying that high distribution uncertainty portfolios earn more positive abnormal returns. The alphas of the B-S spread are significantly positive. As a result, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistic and the Kuiper (K) statistic are correlated with future stock returns. To determine the robustness of the empirical results, we extensively investigate whether the effect of distribution uncertainty persists after controlling for firm characteristics such as beta, size, book-to-market ratio, momentum, short-term reversal, and illiquidity. Overall, the results from these robustness tests using alternative measures of distribution uncertainty still support our hypothesis. Moreover, the results remain significant even after controlling for the characteristics of the distribution of returns, such as intrinsic volatility, skewness, kurtosis, and maximum returns. Next, we examine the cross-sectional relationship between distribution uncertainty and expected stock returns at the firm level using Fama-MacBeth (1973) regressions. The results show a significant correlation between the degree of distribution uncertainty and expected returns even after controlling for a variety of other firm-level variables. Our findings demonstrate the existence of ambiguity premiums in the Korean stock market.

We consider all or nothing investment problem with a finite time horizon when the investment opportunity set is changing stochastically over time, especially under Markovian regime-switching environment, and a decision maker faces ambiguity of parameters governing prot ow dynamics of the investment. We apply a-Maxmin Expected Utility(a-MEU) preferences to re ect the ambiguity seeking attitude of de- cision maker and provide semi-explicit formulas for the expected value of investment and the critical present value of the profit fow. Numerical results show that the crit- ical present value of the profit fow depends on the business cycle and the tendency of ambiguity seeking is mitigated in case of project whose profit fow is dependent on regime-switching environment.

≪헤어질 결심≫은 관객들에게 많은 연상의 여지를 제공한 영화로, 모호성과 다의성이 두 드러지는 작품이다. 다시 말하자면 영화의 장르, 결말, 인물관계 등 모두가 명료하게 단정지 을 수 없는 특징을 지니기에, 관객은 해석 과정에서 모호함이라는 난제에 봉착하게 된다. 본 연구는 영화 ≪헤어질 결심≫에서 모호함을 형성하는 요소들을 종합적으로 분석하고자 한다. 구체적으로 등장인물의 대사, 촬영 초점, 시청각 요소 등에 입각하여 영화의 창작 기법과 의 도를 분석하고자 한다. 이로써 영화의 모호함 이면에 숨겨진 메세지를 효과적으로 설명하고 자 한다.

The release of “Decision to Leave” has brought a lot of associations to the audience, and a careful taste can find that its connotation is vague. The film theme, the ending of the film, the character relationship and so on are vague, and do not give the audience a clear and clear cognition. This paper through the analysis of the determination to break up film creation, combined with the ambiguity in the film, from the character lines, focus, sound synchronization, audition language elements, in-depth analysis of the film technique and intention, understand the movie ambiguity hidden information, let the audience have a more profound understanding of the film.

COVID-19 이후 전반적으로 대면 영업에서 비대면 영업으로의 전환이 가속화되고 있으나, 본 연구 에서 다루고자하는 금융업은 고객과 영업사원의 직접 만남을 통해 신뢰를 쌓고, 고객과의 관계를 깊이 있게 형성해야 하는 고액의 거래나 복잡한 상품, 복합적인 서비스의 경우에는 여전히 대면 영업이 더 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 것도 사실이다. 이에, 대면 영업에서 중요한 영업사원을 연구의 중심에 두고 어떤 요소가 효과적인 대면 영업에 부정적인 영향을 주는 지를 발견하고 그 해법을 제시하고자 했다. 본 연구에서는 최근에 불거진 금융관련 사건들이 금융회사에 재직 중인 영업사원에게 퍼져있는 모호성 과 관련이 있다고 보았다. 이에, 모호성이 영업사원의 자기유능감과 적응적 판매행동의 영향 하에 영업 성과, 업무만족도, 이직의사에 어떤 영향을 주는 지를 검증하고자 했다. 연구결과에 따르면 업무모호성 은 영업사원의 적응적 판매행동에 부(-)의 영향을 미쳤고, 사회적모호성과 기술적모호성은 적응적 판매 행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으나, 목표모호성과 역할모호성은 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나 타났다. 적응적 판매행동은 영업성과와 업무만족도에는 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으나, 이직의사에는 유의미 한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그리고, 자기유능감이 모호성이 적응적 판매행동에 미치는 영향에 조절효과 가 일부 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 모호성(조직 행동), 자기유능감(심리학), 적응적 판매행동(마케팅 및 영업관리)이라는 세 가지 주요 개념을 통합함으로써, 관련된 학제적 연구를 촉진하 고, 영업관리와 조직행동분야에서 실질적이고 심리학적으로 통합된 접근방식을 제공하고 있다는 시사점을 보여준다.

Since COVID-19, the overall shift from face-to-face sales to non-face-to-face sales has accelerated. However, in the financial industry that this study deals with, face-to-face sales still play a more important role in cases of high-value transactions, complex products, and complex services that require direct meetings between customers and salespeople to build trust and deepen relationships with customers. Accordingly, this study focused on salespeople, who are important in face-to-face sales, and sought to discover which factors negatively affect effective face-to-face sales and suggest solutions. This study found that recent financial-related incidents were related to the ambiguity that spread among salespeople working in financial companies. Accordingly, this study sought to verify how ambiguity affects sales performance, job satisfaction, and turnover intention under the influence of salespeople’s self-efficacy and adaptive selling behavior. According to the results of the study, task ambiguity had a negative (-) effect on salespeople’s adaptive selling behavior, and social ambiguity and technical ambiguity had a positive (+) effect on adaptive selling behavior, but goal ambiguity and role ambiguity had no significant effect. Adaptive selling behavior had a positive effect on sales performance and job satisfaction, but did not have a significant effect on turnover intention. In addition, it was confirmed that self-efficacy had a moderating effect on the effect of ambiguity on adaptive selling behavior. This study shows that by integrating three major concepts of ambiguity (organizational behavior), self-efficacy (psychology), and adaptive selling behavior (marketing and sales management), it promotes related interdisciplinary research and provides a practical and psychologically integrated approach in the fields of sales management and organizational behavior.

본 연구는 코로나19 확진자 동선에 대한 지자체의 정보공개의 모호성 차이가 해당 지역상권에 대한 소비심리에 미칠 수 있는 영향에 주목하였다. 특히 상대적으로 정보공개 방식이 모호한 강남구와 상세한 서초구의 거주자들을 대상 으로, 해당 구가 발표하는 코로나19 확진자 동선의 모호성 판단이 확진자 동선 인근의 상권 방문의도에 미치는 영향을 조사 및 분석하였다. 그 결과 거주지 인근에서 발생한 코로나19 확진자 동선에 대한 정보가 모호(vs. 상세)하다고 느낄 수록 불안감이 높았으며, 이는 유관 상권에 대한 방문의도를 낮추는 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 차이는 각 구에 따라서도 유의하게 나타났다. 한편 연령과 성별이 미치는 영향은 유의하지 않았다. 이 같은 결과를 기반으로 소비심리의 장기적 변화, 내재된 불안감의 영향, 거주자와 비거주자 간 차이 등을 담은 향후 연구의 시사점을 제시하였다.

This study aims to investigate the effect that local government's information release range on Covid-19 patients’ contact trace on consumer sentiment in the region. One hundred twenty-eight residents of Gangnam-gu and Seocho-gu participated in the study. The results showed that when ambiguity of information increased perceived anxiety on Covid-19 patients’ contact trace, which in turn led lower intention to visit the commercial district near the Covid-19 patients’ contact trace. Based on the findings, several suggestions was proposed for future research, including longitudinal studies covering even the “long-term” changes in consumer sentiment, the effect of implicit anxiety, and the behavioral difference between residence and non-residence.

본 연구에서는 소비자의 지각된 해석난이도를 매개변수로 사용하여 애매 모호성광고에 대한 태도가 부정적 일 수 있음을 주장하였다. 또한 애매 모호성 광고에 대한 소비자의 지각된 난이도는 소비자의 사고방식에 따라 조절 될 수 있음을 살펴보고자 하였다. 실증분석결과 첫째, 광고의 애매 모호성이 낮은 경우보다 높은 경우에 지각된 해 석난이도는 더 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 애매 모호성이 소비자의 지각된 해석난이도에 미치는 영향은 소비자의 사고방식 에 따라 조절되었다. 즉 애매 모호성이 낮은 광고에서는 종합적 사고자가 분석적 사고자에 비해 해석난이도를 높게 지각했고, 애매 모호성이 높은 광고에서는 종합적 사고자와 분석적 사고자 간에 지각된 해석난이도의 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 지각된 해석난이도가 낮은 경우보다 높은 경우에 광고에 대한 태도는 비호의적으로 나 타났다. 본 연구결과는 디지털 융․복합 매체를 활용한 애매 모호성광고가 성공적이기 위해서는 반드시 광고에 대한 긍정적인 태도로 연결되어야 하며, 오늘날과 같은 글로벌 경영환경 하에서 글로벌 광고 전략을 수립하기 위한 중요 고려 요인으로 소비자 간의 사고방식 차원의 문화적 차이를 고려해야 한다는 점을 시사해준다.

This study examined the negative influence of ambiguity on the attitude toward ads by using mediating variable, perceived interpretation difficulty. It also tested the moderating effect of thinking style between ambiguity and perceived interpretation difficulty. In results, we found as follows. 1) Perceived interpretation difficulty is higher in case of higher ambiguity than lower one. 2) The influence of ambiguity on perceived interpretation difficulty is moderated by thinking style. 3) Attitude toward ads is more unfavorable in higher perceived interpretation difficulty than lower one. The results of this study may provide the implications that ambiguity ads using digital convergence media has to be connected to positive attitude for being successful and marketing staffs must consider thinking style as a key success factor to establish global advertising strategy.

전자펜을 이용한 문서교정 시스템에서 정확한 교정결과를 보장하기 위해서는 문서 교정자가 드로잉한 교정부호와 문서내용간의 영역 모호성(ambiguity)을 해결하여야 한다. 한편 교정의 대상이 되는 전자문서가 HTML/XML과 같은 경우 교정된 문서구조가 반드시 기 정의된 DTD를 위배하지 않아야 한다. 본 논문에서는 펜 기반의 교정시스템에서 교정부호(마킹)와 대상문서간의 모호성 문제를 최소화하기 위한 기법을 제안한다. 제안 인터페이스에서는 모호성 문제를 최소화하기 위하여 교정부호와 문서간의 컨텍스트(Context)를 반영하였으며 동시에 대상문서의 문서 구조를 유지하기 위한 방법을 제공한다. 그 결과 본 논문에서 제안한 교정 인터페이스는 기존 교정시스템에 비하여 보다 정확한 영역정보를 포함할 수 있으며, 교정부호 입력에 따른 구조문서 변경시에도 원본문서의 DTD에 따르는 문서구조를 유지할 수 있다.

To produce accurate editing results, the ambiguity of editing scopes related to marked correction signs should be solved. Proofreading the web document modifies the document structures, and the modified structures should be robustly valid for the defined DTD. This paper presents a pen-based proof-reading interface in the XML document. In the proposed interface, correction signs are free-drawn, and the editing scopes are recognized and revised based on the contexts of the document to minimize the ambiguity of the editing scopes. The proposed interface provides both implicit and explicit modification methods for document structures. As a result, the editing scopes processed in the proposed interface are more accurate, and the document structures are maintained valid for DTD after the editing.

본 논문은 인간이 피할 수 없는 모호함의 영역을 마주할 때 느끼는 불안에 대한 연구이다. 목회상담의 장에서 알 수 없는 고통과 고난으로 멈추어 서 있는 내담자와 그럼에도 미지의 영역으로 믿음의 발을 디딜 수 있도록 함께 그 현장에 서 있는 목회 상담자 모두는 모호함의 영역에 갇혀 있을 수 있다. 그러한 상황에서 어떻게 그 모호 함을 견디느냐는 단순히 상담의 결과를 넘어 인생을 살아가는 모든 인간에게 중요한 과제이다. 따라서 본 연구는 모호함을 마주할 때 일어나는 불안에 대해 고찰하며 목 회상담 현장에서 목회상담가가 어떻게 존재해야 하는지에 대해 논한다. 이를 위해 불 안에 대한 신학과 심리학에 대한 문헌연구를 시도한다. 특히 불안에 대한 신학적 접근을 통해 존재의 용기를 논하는 폴 틸리히(Paul Tillich)의 접근은 실존적인 인간의 구조와 한계를 이해하는데 도움을 준다. 그는 유한 한 인간이 처한 소외상태는 늘 비존재의 위협 속에 불안할 수밖에 없음을 논증한다. 또한 인간의 죽음 충동의 어두운 면을 조명하며 불안을 심리학의 주요 주제로 삼은 멜라니 클라인(Melanie Reizes Klein)의 두 자리 이론에 대한 연구는 불안을 투사하는 대상과 어떻게 존재해야 하는지에 대한 통찰을 제공한다. 내담자가 불안에서 벗어나고자 자신을 향한 공격성을 대상에게 투사해 분열시킬 때 상담가가 이를 담아주고 좋은 대상관계로 재경험하도록 돕는 일은 성숙의 과정이 다. 특별히 상담 장면에서 불안을 투사하는 내담자에게 상담적 기술로 이를 분석하고 불안을 감소시키고 제거하기보다 자신의 고통을 드러내도 괜찮은 안전기지로서의 목 회상담의 장을 형성하는 것은 목회상담의 중요한 본질적인 요소이다. 그리고 그 안전 한 공간에서 목회상담가는 내담자와 함께 모호함을 마주하는 존재할 용기를 지녀야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 목회상담 관계에서 모호한 영역을 마주하려는 시도에서 의미가 있으며, 특별히 불안에 대한 신학적이며 심리적인 대화를 통해 목회상담의 고유성을 발견해 나간다는 점에서 가치가 있다.

This paper is a study of human anxiety when faced with the inevitable areas of ambiguity. In pastoral counseling, both the client, who is stuck in a place of unknown pain and suffering, and the pastoral counselor, who is still there with the client to help them take a step of faith into the unknown, can be stuck in a place of ambiguity. How to endure ambiguity in such a situation is an important task for all human beings in life beyond the outcome of counseling. Therefore, this study examines the anxiety that arises when facing ambiguity and discusses how pastoral counselors should exist in the field of pastoral counseling. For this purpose, a literature review of the theology and psychology of anxiety will be conducted. In particular, Paul Tillich's theological approach to anxiety, which discusses the courage of being, helps us to understand the structure and limitations of existential human beings. He argues that the alienation of finite human beings is always accompanied by anxiety over the threat of non-existence. Melanie Reizes Klein's work on the two-digit theory, which has made anxiety a major topic in psychology by shedding light on the dark side of the human death drive, also gives us insight into who projects anxiety and how to exist. The process of holding and re-experiencing a good relationship with a client who is projecting his or her aggression onto an object in order to escape from anxiety is a process of character development. Especially for clients who project their anxiety in the counseling setting, it is an important essential element of pastoral counseling to analyze it with counseling skills and to create a safe space where it is okay to reveal their pain rather than reduce and eliminate their anxiety. And in that safe space, pastoral counselors must have the courage to be present to face ambiguity with their clients. Therefore, this study is valuable in its attempt to confront the unknown and ambiguous areas of pastoral counseling, and in particular, to discover the uniqueness of pastoral counseling through an theological and psychological conversation about anxiety.

광고 커뮤니케이션에서는 메시지의 의미를 효과적으로 전달하기 위해 다양한 창의성과 표현전략을 구사한다. 그 가운데 복잡한 광고 메시지 생산 및 상품과 관련성이 높아 커뮤니케이션 효과가 큰 크리에이티비티로 언어전략이 흔히 사용된다. 주로 카피가 담당하고 있는 개념전달이 무엇을 말할 것인가에 해당하기 때문이다. 언어전략은 언어창의성을 발휘하는 중의성 표현으로 나타나는데, 소비자의 시선을 잡고 광고에 개입하게 만들어 의미해독을 하게 만드는 기법이다. 본 논문은 이런 언어창의성을 발휘하여 효과적으로 의미를 생산하고 소비자가 지배적인 의미를 수용하는 과정을 규명하는 탐색적 연구이다. 창의성의 체계모델과 4C 모델을 통합하여 언어창의성의 의미생성 과정과 유형은 분석했다. 그 결과 언어창의성의 효과를 획득하기 위한 카피라이팅은 일차적으로 개념을 규정하고 난 뒤, 중의성을 활용하여 표현해야 한다는 것이다. 개념은 사회 문화적인 영역의 의미를 내포하여 Big-C 수준의 창의성을 함축한다. 소비자는 중의성의 카피를 처음에는 표면 의미로 해독하고 난 뒤 카피 메시지의 중의성에 숨어있는 심층의미를 간파하게 된다. 이때 소비자는 광고 카피의 모호성과 중의성에 숨어 있는 메시지의 의도를 발견하는 기쁨을 얻게 되어 광고 선호도가 제고된다.

Advertising expresses various creativity and strategy to communicate effectively meaning of message. As it is very complex to produce message and creative process, language strategy that has high relevance of product is important. Copy mainly is responsible for concept(what to say). Ambiguity with language creativity catches customer's attention and makes them engage in advertising and make them decode meaning of advertising. This paper is experiment study of meaning production process that ambiguity effectively produces language creativity and customer accept dominant meaning. In result System model and 4 C model are integrated, to produce language creativity, at first creator has to define the concept, secondly express ambiguity. Concept includes and communicates the meaning of Big-C level with socio-cultural meaning(domain). Customer at first decodes surface meaning of ambiguity, secondly understand deep meaning and hidden meaning of copy message. At this moment customer discovers hidden intention of ambiguity and language creativity, he(she) feels fantasy of discovery and accepts creativity in advertising, level of advertising preference becomes up.

본 논문은 문말 표현 형식에 ｢と思う／と思います｣가 출현해, ｢と思う｣의 유무와 관계없이 수신자에게 문강의 뜻이 전달되는 일인칭 주체의 문장에 관해, ｢왜 굳이 『と思う』 를 사용하는 것인가｣라는 의문에 대해, ＜인용의 ｢と｣＋사고 동사 ｢思う｣＞라는 관점으로부터 고찰한 결과 보고이다. 선행 연구에서는 ｢배려｣의 기능으로서 파악한 논고가많이 관찰되었지만, 본 논문에서는 ｢애매성｣을 중심적 기능으로서 파악할 것을 제안하였다. 또, ｢と思う｣가 ｢인용의 『と』｣, ｢사고 동사 『思う』｣의 기본적인 의미・역할을 하고있다고 생각해(본 논문에서 취급하는) ｢と思う｣의 【기능】 및 그 원리를 제시하였다.

This paper reports a result of the consideration about “TO OMOU / TO OMOIMASU” of the end of a sentence expression. Particularly, from the view of “particle of the quotation “TO” and verb of thinking “OMOU””, first person-based sentence that the meaning of the sentence reaches the addressee regardless of presence/absence of “TO OMOU”, it examines the question that why the sentence dare to use the expression “TO OMOU”. In the precedent study, a lot of studies to catch as a function of “consideration” were confirmed. However, the writer proposed regarding “ambiguity” as a central function in this paper. In addition, the writer thinks that “TO OMOU” serves as a basic meaning, function of “particle of the quotation “TO”” and “verb of thinking “OMOU””, and shows [function of the root] of “TO OMOU” and the principle.

本稿は、文末表現形式に｢と思う／と思います｣が出現し、｢と思う｣の有無 にかかわらず受信者に文意が伝達される一人称主体の文に関し、｢あえて『と 思う』を用いるのはなぜか｣との疑問に対し、＜引用の｢と｣＋思考動詞｢思う｣＞ との視座から考察した結果報告である。先行研究では、｢配慮｣の機能として 捉える論考が多く観察されたが、本稿では｢曖昧性｣を中心的機能として据え ることを提案した。また、｢と思う｣が｢引用の『と』｣、｢思考動詞『思う』｣の基 本的意味・役割を果たしていると考え、(本稿で扱う)｢と思う｣の【機能】、およ び、その原理を提示した。

본고는 인공지능 문명이 한국 현대시에 미칠 영향과 전망을 진단하기 위해 기획되었으며, ‘생성시학’과 ‘흐릿함’이라는 개념을 전유해 인공지능 시 의 특성을 새롭게 명명하였다. 생성시학의 흐릿함은 시의 본질과도 연동되어 있다는 전제를 토대로, 인공지능의 생성시학을 한국 현대시(학)사의 연장선 상에 자리매김하기 위해 그 시학적 계보를 김춘수의 인공시학(론)과 포스트 모더니즘 시학에서 찾았다. 인공지능-되기의 시적 발화를 시도한 인간 시인 의 시집, 인간 시인이 인공지능과 공동창작을 시도한 시집, 인간 시인의 시를 학습해 창작한 인공지능 시인의 시집을 분석 텍스트로 삼아 인공지능 시대 한국 현대시의 생성시학의 가능성을 진단하고자 했다. 이를 위해 그 시학적 (불)가능성을 패턴화된 시적 장치들, ‘보간’의 시적 가능성, 시적 주체의 ‘되기’ 욕망, 인간-기계 앙상블로 나누어 살펴보았다. “딥러닝된 패턴의 수사적 장치”에서는 선택(축)과 결합(축)에 의한 비유 적 원리, 반복과 대칭·연쇄에 의한 시의 구조화, 반대·모순 진술에 의한 역설·아이러니, 수학적·과학적·음악적 원리를 시적 표현법으로 강조했다. “보 간(interpolation)의 시적 애매성”에서는 인공지능의 작동방식인 보간의 개념 을 잇대고 중첩시켜 관계 맺게 하는 시 창작의 원리로 파악했으며, 이를 시의 본질적 특성인 애매성과 연결해 생성시학의 시적 가능성을 살펴보 았다. 또한 “허구의 시적 주체와 ‘되기’의 퍼소나”에서는 생성시학의 시적 주체를 다루었다. 인공지능(과)의 시쓰기에서 시적 주체는 현대시 일반의 시적 주체처럼, ‘나/(나)’를 통해 ‘되기’를 꿈꾸는 화자를 활용하고 있음을 조명했다. 특히 인공지능으로서의 창작 주체를 화자로 내세우는 시들을 통해서는 인공지능의 자아 및 정체성, 그에 따른 시적 자의식이나 감정 혹은 사유의 가능성을 타진했다. “창작하는 인간-기계 앙상블과 네트워크” 에서는 인간-인공지능 공진화의 구체적인 단서를 프롬프트 작업에서 찾았 으며, 인간-기계 앙상블의 초월적 연대와 집단적 조직화의 가능성을 ‘공감’ 과 ‘감동’에서 찾고자 했다. 새로운 시는 기존의 시적 규범을 넘어서기 마련이다. 인공지능은 이미 인간이 체험하고 생각하고 기억해 시를 쓰는 방식을 바꾸고 있다. 인공지 능 시인 역시 시적 의미 혹은 가치가 있는 시를 새롭게 창작해내고자 진화를 거듭하는 중이다. 인간-기계, 인간(시인)-인공지능(시인)이 지향하는 생성시학의 지향점일 것이다.

This article aims to diagnose the effects and prospects of the incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) in contemporary Korean poetry by articulating the characteristics of AI poetry through the concepts of “generative poetics” and “blurriness.” Starting from the premise that the blurriness of generative poetics is linked to the essence of poetry, I trace its poetic genealogy to Kim Chun-su’s “artificial poetics” and postmodern poetics in order to view generative poetics as an extension of the history of contemporary Korean poetry. By referring to the poems of a human poet who attempted to perform the poetic utterance of “becoming-AI,” the poems created in collaboration between a human poet and an AI poet, and the poems of an AI poet who learned the poems of human, I try to diagnose the possibility of generative poetics in contemporary Korean poetry in the age of AI. To do so, I examine the poetic (im)possibilities in patterned poetic devices, the poetic possibility of interpolation, the poetic subject’s desire for “becoming,” and human-machine ensembles. In “Rhetorical Devices of Deeply Learned Patterns,” I investigate ① the principle of metaphorical language through the paradigmatic axis (of selection) and the syntagmatic axis (of combination), ② poetic structuring through repetition, symmetry and concatenation, ③ paradox and irony through opposite or contradictory statements, ④ mathematical, scientific, and musical principles, as the major poetic expressions. “Poetic Ambiguity of Interpolation” analyzes the notion of “interpolation”, the modus operandi of AI, as a principle of poetic creation of connecting, superimposing, and correlating. Thus, the poetic possibility of generative poetics is explored in terms of ambiguity, which is one of the most essential characteristics of poetry. “Fictional Poetic Subject and the Persona of ‘Becomin’” deals with the poetic subject in generative poetics. I argue that the poetic subject in poetry generated by/with AI, like a poetic subject in contemporary poetry in general, utilizes a speaker who dreams of “becoming” through “I/(me)”. Through poems that present an AI poet as the speaker, I examine the possibility of AI’s poetic self-consciousness, emotions, or thoughts via the concept of the self and identity of an AI. In “Creative Human-Machine Ensembles and Networks,” I look for specific clues of human-AI co-evolution through prompt-based poetry creation, and I search for the possibility of transcendent solidarity and collective organization of human-machine ensembles through empathy and emotion. New poetry will transcend conventional poetic norms. AI is already changing the way humans experience, think, remember, and write poetry, and AI poets will continue to evolve to create new poetry in various relationships with AI. This co-evolution is the essence of generative poetics, which lies between human and machine, bridging a human (poet) and an AI (poet).

The government-driven open data policies are on the rise to protect consumers from misunderstandings and monitor the companies. However, in contract-based industries such as insurance, the contract-inherent characteristics make information asymmetry between consumers and companies. Our paper focuses on insurance contracts where the contingency has high uncertainty of occurrence, and the clauses may incur high costs of reading. Given those contracts, we hypothesized that the contract’s clear statement decreases customer dissatisfaction and lowers the number of complaints. To empirically support the claim, we collected customers’ complaint documents of insurance companies and insurance contracts from 2005 until 2017. Our econometric models showed that clearer statements and words significantly reduce the complaints after controlling for firm-specific heterogeneity and time-specific heterogeneity. We identify that insurance companies’ complaint ratio significantly differ depending on the insurance contract, including specific clauses and words.

전자전에서 레이더 신호 해석은 수신한 레이더 신호에서 추출한 신호제원(방향, 주파수, 펄스반복주기, 펄스 폭, 스캔주기)으로 레이더 종류를 식별하는 기술이다. 그러나 신형 레이더, 위협환경이 고도화되면서 레이더 종류를 식별하는 과정에서 레이더 식별 모호성(Ambiguity)가 발생한다. 본 논문에서는 기존 방법의 문제점을 분 석하고 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 이 기술은 레이더 스캔 주기의 펄스 도착시간 차이와 스캔주기 판별 최소 수집 개수로 스캔주기 유효성을 판별한다. 실험에 의하여 입력된 신호세기의 RMS((Root Mean Square)와 무관하게 스캔 주기 결과를 도출하는 것을 입증했다.

Radar signal analysis of electronic warfare is a technique for identifying a radar type by signal parameters(direction, radion frequency, pulse repetition interval, pulse width, scan period..) extracted from a received radar pulse. However as the modern radar and new threat environments is advanced, radar identification ambiguity arises in the process of identifying the types of radars. In this paper, we analyze the problems of the existing method and propose a new method. This technique determines the validity of the scan period by the difference in the arrival time of the radar pulse and the minimum number of scan period discrimination. Experiments proved that the scan cycle results are derived regardless of the RMS((Root Mean Square) of the input amplitude.

In economics, contract theory had been based on complete contract where the stakeholders to an agreement describe their own rights and duties with consideration of every possible contingency in advance, before the incomplete contracting paradigm was proposed by Grossman (1986) and Hart (1990; 1995). In the practical contract between a company and an individual customer, the individual customers are cost prohibitive to consider the every possible state and thus often are under disadvantageous position. Prior research on incomplete contracts has been mainly considered with inter-firm aspect and paid relatively little attention to perspectives of the association of firm and consumer. The research on factors leading the contract to be incomplete and examining how information asymmetry due to incompleteness affects consumers’ satisfaction is insufficient and remain unsolved. Therefore, our research investigates how the extent to contract incompleteness between firms and consumers affects performance index of consumer service-oriented firms. Our paper focuses on insurance contracts where the individual customers may have high uncertainty and incur high costs to understand the clauses, resulting incomplete contract situation. According to Deloitte survey (2017), 90% of insurance customers accept legal terms and conditions without carefully reading them. In addition, most of subscriptions in insurance industry are achieved through acquaintances or personal relationships. We primarily addressed ambiguity, specifically semantic ambiguity in text-formed contracts, as the driver of incompleteness. Texts in nature have ambiguity. In particular, this problem might be critical in insurance contracts because insurance contracts comprise a qualified consumer, provision, limitation, and periods related with compensation. Confounding interpretation of contract between two parties may cause consumers’ dissatisfaction, may eventually leads to a legal suit. Given those contexts, we hypothesized that ambiguity of the contract increases customer dissatisfaction and consequently lower complaint documents. In this research, a complaint is defined as written correspondence expressing a grievance against an insurer or carrier, and it results in a written request for information from the company. To empirically support, we collected customers’ complaint documents of auto-insurance firms from 2005 until 2017 and their insurance contracts. Samples consist of 21 insurance firms across 8 states constructed the firm-state-year panel dataset. In baseline analysis, we identified whether firms' unobserved heterogeneous effects exist although observed characteristics are controlled. These unobserved effects were regarded as the effects of insurance contracts on complaints. Further, to estimate the impact of ambiguity on consumers’ dissatisfaction, we assessed the contracts in three perspective: overall ambiguity, word class, individual words. Starting with the degree of ambiguity in a given contract, we gradually narrowed the scope of independent variables by word class and individual words. Our baseline results showed that there exists firm-heterogeneity in complaints ratio. It is plausible that firm-specific contracts affect dissatisfaction of consumers. In terms of ambiguity, more clear contracts, frequent uses of the word classes that make subject to clarify such as personal pronoun, relatives, cardinal digit are more likely to reduce the complaints. we discuss the implications for the related literature on text analysis with respect to consumer satisfaction and firm performance. Our study expects to make theoretical contributions for academia and provide practical guidelines to industry that it can be used for consumer care and qualified service. Moreover we give suggestions to policy makers that the findings can be used for better supervision of insurance policy.

In this study, I want to provide clues to the future architecture by examining the conceptual characteristics of the unstructured contemporary architecture through the fractal geometry of the concept of complexity among the theories used for the generation of unstructured forms, and by extracting the principles of expression and the elements of expression and presenting the expressive aspects of the unstructured contemporary architecture. Therefore, I would like to select five representative architects among the contemporary architects who exhibit the characteristics of unstructured architecture, and select from their works that represent an important paradigm of contemporary architectural design to analyze the expressive characteristics of architectural works that have the form of unstructured forms through the expression principle of fractal geometry. In an attempt to establish a new physical relationship between technology and the natural environment, unstructured contemporary architecture by modern advanced digital media, utilizing fractal geometry as a creative shaping language and design principle, is creating a variety of non-Euclidean design formats.

Expressions of ｢~naimonodeha(mo)nai｣ and ｢~naikotodeha(mo)nai｣ are discussed as follows: In meaningful aspect, the expressions of ｢~naimonodeha(mo)nai｣ and ｢~naikotodeha(mo)nai｣ give weak positive meaning and negative phrases are used twice to express vague and euphemistic meaning, indicating <existence of situation / possibility of validity>, <consideration of oneself or the other>, and <denial, addition, or explanation of preceding locution>. And ｢~naikotodeha(mo)nai｣ has a fixed vocabulary form like ｢iwanaikotodehanai｣. In usage, the expressions of ｢~naimonodeha(mo)nai｣ and ｢~naikotodeha(mo)nai｣are hard to be combined with norms and adjectives but mostly combined with verbs. However, in comparison to ｢~naimonodeha(mo)nai｣ which is easily combined with verbs, the expression of ｢~naikotodeha(mo)nai｣ tends to be combined with verbs in strong limitation thus it is limitedly combined with verbs of thinking and possibility ; particularly, it is mostly combined with ｢kangaeru｣ ｢dekiru｣ and ｢ariuru｣.

本稿は、二重否定表現の｢~ないものでは(も)ない｣｢~ないことでは(も)ない｣を中心に形態的、意味的、用法的な側面について比較、考察したのである。考察した内容をまとめると次のようになる。 共通点としては、第一、｢~ないものでは(も)ない｣｢~ないことでは(も)ない｣は内側否定と外側否定から成り立つ複合形式であり、弱い肯定の意味で、婉曲/曖昧性という情意を持つ。第二、｢~ないものでは(も)ない｣｢~ないことでは(も)ない｣と結合する述語は品詞の制約のため、名詞、イ形容詞、ナ形容詞と結合しにくい。第三、思考動詞、可能動詞と結合しやすいが、知覚動詞と結合しにくい。第四、断定的な肯定を避けることによってある事態の存在･成立の可能性、相手の配慮、自己防衛、先行する内容(発話)の打ち消しを表す用法として二重否定表現が用いられる。 相違点としては、第一、｢~ないことでは(も)ない｣の｢ことでは(も)ない｣が二重否定をあらわすことに諸々の制約が従う原因になる。第二、思考動詞の場合、｢~ないものでは(も)ない｣は｢分かる｣と、｢~ないことでは(も)ない｣は｢考える｣との結合が多く見られた。第三、動詞と結合しやすい｢~ないものでは(も)ない｣と違って、結合する動詞の制限が強い｢~ないことでは(も)ない｣は限定の動詞と結合し、｢考える｣｢できる｣｢あり得る｣のように特定の動詞に偏って結合する。第四、｢~ないことでは(も)ない｣は｢いわないことではない｣のような固定的、慣用的な形式がある。

The purpose of this study was to analyze emerging new architectural trends of contemporary private house by examining 'The Un-Private House' exhibition, MoMA, 1999. According to the exhibition, structural elements of private house, such as changes in family structure, shifting concepts of privacy and domesticity, and the home as workplace have created totally new architectural trends and the new relationships between privacy and publicity, un-private. In this context, this paper suggests interconnection between structural elements and new architectural features of contemporary private house which based on the idea of un-private, and analyzes new architectural trend focused on several points of changes; spatial, planar and material effect changes. In spatial trend, there reveals loft-like space, in the aspect of floor plan, boundless spaces represent the characteristic of ambiguity, and with regard to material, there reveals unboundedness by using glass and carbonate glass in several examples. These several characteristics of architectural trends remark changing and emerging of a new architectural trend of contemporary private house.

Un-Private House' Exhibition and to examine questions confronting comtemporary architecture. Changes in family structure, shifting concepts of privacy and domesticity, the home as workplace, and the media have created totally new architectural trends and relationships between privacy and publicity. This study's object of contemplation from the contemporary housing is located in architectural trends like spatial, formal, planar and material changes. In spatial trend, there reveals loft-like space in several houses. In the aspect of form, topological forms like blob are emerging. And also in the aspect of floor plans, unbound spaces represent the characteristic of ambiguity. With regard to material, there reveals transparency using glass. These four characteristics of architectural trends remarks changing and emerging of housing architecture. Through a critical analysis on contemporary housing trends, the changement of housing have occurred in accordance with these of human lfe style and its environment.