Earticle

이 논문은 1602년 12월 함흥에 사는 향화인 吉尙이 무단 상경함으로써 촉발된 사건의 발생배경에서 처결까지의 과정을 살폈다. 이를 통해 당시 향화인에 대한 관리 실태 및 향화인의 처지와 향화인에 대한 사회적 인식에 접근하고자 하였다. 길상사건은 󰡔向化人謄錄󰡕에서 자세한 정황을 찾을 수 있었다. 길상의 무단 이탈은 국법을 어긴 것임을 영의정을 비롯하여 예조나 비변사에서도 언급하였지만 길상의 무단 상경에 대한 형정은 보이지 않는다. 길상 처리문제는 향화호인의 완취에 대한 찬반과 이주지에 대해서만 진행되었다. 완취는 당시 누루하치의 성장과 해서여진과의 세력전으로 인해 불안해진 6진 지역 번호들의 혼란과 관계하여 어려운 결정이었다. 계속 내려오는 향화호인들이 이전에 투화한 일족과 함께 살기를 원하는 일이 자주 발생하였기 때문이었다. 하지만 조정에서는 완취에 대해 관대한 편이었다. 情理가 갖는 강한 명분에 대해 반대하기는 어려웠기 때문이었다. 하지만 이주지에 대해서는 남쪽으로, 혹은 북쪽으로의 이주가 예조, 비변사 및 대신 사이에서 논란을 거듭하였다. 이주지로 결정될 경우 관할 관찰사가 이해 당사자가 되는 탓에 함경도, 경기도, 충청도 등 관찰사 역시 장계를 통해 각 도의 입장을 전달하였다. 길상 일가의 이주지는 서울에 살기를 원하는 길상 일가의 강한 반발로 충청도에서 경기도로 변경되어야 했다. 향화호인의 이주와 안접에 대한 처리는 도별로 달랐다. 향화인의 무단 상경은 길상사건 3년 후 길상의 조카 마보태가 길상 일가와 함께 살겠다는 이유로 재차 발생함으로써 야인의 향화가 지속되는 한 여러 차례 발생하였음을 반추하게 한다. 그러나 길상사건에서처럼 향화호인에 대한 처리는 일반 백성에게처럼 정해진 법에 따라 처리할 수 없는 일이었음을 길상사건을 통해 확인할 수 있었다.

This study is about a event, which happened on January of 1603 in Hamheung. It has covered from the beginning through the conclusion of the event. The event was ignited by a naturalized citizen, Guilsang's coming to the capital city without permission from the government. With this study I've wished to find the situations of specific management of naturalized citizens as well as popular attitudes towards them at the time. Concerning with the event of Guilsang, I could find more detailed situations from 󰡔Naturalization Registration󰡕. The reason why Guilsang came to Seoul was that he wanted to ask for living together with his son-in-law's family in Yang-Ju. Before his coming, Bie-Byun-Sa had sent a official letter to the governor of Hamkyung-Do so that he had had to move somewhere between Anbyun and Yung-heung. But Guilsang had wanted to live with his whole family in Seoul. The place he visited first was Sa-Yuk-Won. He presented his petition through Yeozin language translator there. Sa-Yuk-Won then informed Ye-Jo to have him investigated. After its investigation, Ye-Jo reported to the king. There were arguments about Guilsang family in the government. Guilsang had wanted to live with his whole family, including his relatives and son-in-law. Guilsang's request had more pros than cons in terms of humanism. But letting him live in Seoul was a difficult decision for the government. but his family strenuously insisted on living in Seoul, trying to kill itself. Finally Government selected Yong-In which was a compromise between the naturalized citizens' wish and difficult position of Government. Yong-In Miejo-Hyun was a poor region where naturalized citizens had lived before but now empty after the wars. In the process of the event of Guilsang, Government differentiated naturalized citizens from general citizens and regarded them foreign. A man from Yeozin was naturalized due to economic reason. But, he couldn't accept to live somewhere except Seoul, separating from his family. Government concerned with dangers of naturalized citizen becoming into foreign agents and stabilization of borders. These concerns caused the policy of residential control and decentralization of naturalized citizens failed.

Criticism and evaluation of Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus are literally divided into two extremes. One is the orthodox Christian view based on Lutheran-Calvinist determinism, and the other is the unorthodox humanistic view revived around Italy since the Renaissance period. The same polarity or ambivalence of the author Marlowe, who is attracted to both of these two perspectives, is also clearly shown in the work maintaining the dramatic tension and ambiguity throughout. The protagonist, Dr. Faustus, who tried to overcome human limitations to the point of selling his soul to the devil, could be regarded as deserving of the heavenly judgment and damnation. But he might also be securely described as had been saved because he, as a human being given free-will by God, tried all his best to overcome his destiny heroically. This kind of sympathy and compassion is the cause of the ambiguous attitude of the author, and of the reader as well, toward the drama of man’s heroic aspiration and his tragical psychic torment. As a result, even though the protagonist is finally condemned to death, we come to remain with a meaning that is not simple.

이 연구의 목적은 2019년 학교스포츠 정상화 권고안을 중심으로 학생선수 학습권 보장의 한계와 지향을 탐색하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 유목적 표집을 활용하여 2020년 대한체육회에 등록된 선수와 지도자 그리고 학부모와 정책 수립자를 연구 참여자로 선정하였다. 자료는 심층 면담으로 수집하였고, 수집된 자료는 귀납적 범주분석을 통해 분석되었다. 그 결과, 학생선수의 학습권 보장을 위한 정책을 실현하기 위해서는 첫째, 현재 우리의 스포츠육성시스템의 이상과 학생선수 가 지향하고 있는 현실의 간극을 면밀히 검토해야 한다. 둘째, 스포츠 현장에 대한 면밀한 검토와 현장의 조건에 맞는 제도의 도입과 개선, 그리고 종목의 특성이 반영된 정책 요소를 개발해 적용해야 한다. 셋째, 일원화를 위한 관리체계를 정립하고, 학원스포츠 운영주체가 일원화의 비전과 목적을 받아들일 수 있도록, 그들의 인식을 개선시켜야 한다. 넷째, 중요타자의 역할이 필요하다. 운동부 지도자와 학부모가 학습권 보장의 목적을 명확하게 이해하고, 교육의 범위 안에서 학생선수를 지도할 수 있도록 해야 한다.

The purpose of this study is to explore the limitations and orientation of guaranteeing the right to learn student athletes, focusing on the recommendation for normalization of school sports in 2019. To this end, athletes, leaders, parents, and policymakers registered with the Korean Sport & Olympic Committee in 2020 were selected as research participants using purposeful sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, and the collected data were analyzed through inductive category analysis. As a result, in order to realize policies to guarantee student athletes' right to learn, first, it is necessary to closely examine the gap between the current ideal of our sports development system and the reality that student athletes are aiming for. Second, a close review of the sports field, the introduction and improvement of the system suitable for the conditions of the field, and policy elements reflecting the characteristics of the event should be developed and applied. Third, it is necessary to establish a management system for unification and improve their perception so that the operator of academy sports can accept the vision and purpose of unification. Fourth, the role of an important others is needed. It is necessary to clearly understand the purpose of guaranteeing the right to learn and to guide student athletes within the scope of education.

이 연구의 목적은 최근 중요한 화두가 되고 있는 빅 데이터가 체육 분야에서 적용될 수 있는 가능성을 탐색하는데 있다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 빅 데이터와 체육 분야의 관계를 탐색하였으며, 빅 데이터의 체육학적 활용가치와 한계를 제시하였다. 또한 탐색된 가치와 한계를 바탕으로 체육학에서 빅 데이터 활용의 전제 조건을 세 가지 측면에서 제시하였다. 이 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 빅 데이터의 체육학적 활용가치는 의미연결망, 경기력 증진과 생활체육의 확산, 소비자 행동의 이해라는 차원으로 접근 하였다. 둘째, 한계점으로는 본질적 차원의 한계와 윤리적 한계, 활용의 방법적 차원의 오류 등으로 접근하였다. 셋째, 빅 데이터 분석에 인문학적 가치 담기, 방법론의 올바른 이해와 적용, 체육 거버넌스의 의지 등이 전제조건임을 밝혔다. 이러한 일련의 결과는 빅 데이터의 활용가치가 증대되는 오늘 날의 시점에서 체육학계가 선행적으로 준비해야 하는 방법을 거시적인 차원에서 제시하였다. 이와 같이 스포츠현상에서도 빅 데이터의 활용은 다양한 활용방법과 변용의 과정이 필요하다. 하지만 스포츠현상의 본질에는 인간 움직임이라는 총체적 의미의 가치가 내재되어 있기 때문에 신중한 접근이 선행되어야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility that Big Data, which is an important topic in recent years, can be applied to the field of physical education. In order to achieve the purpose, the study explored the relationship between Big Data and physical education, and presented the value and limitation of using Big Data in physical education. Also, based on the discovered value and limitation, the study presented three preconditions for using Big Data in physical education. Therefore, the following results were derived from the study. First, the value of using Big Data included semantic network, promotion of performance, proliferation of sports for all, and understanding of consumer behavior. Second, as limitations, limitation of essential dimension, ethical limitation, and methodological error in utilization were suggested. Third, preconditions for using Big Data in physical education was suggested as inclusion of humanistic values, proper understanding and application of methodology, and commitment of physical education governance. The results of the study presented on a macroscopic level the way that the physical education academia should prepare themselves in advance, as the use value of Big Data increases. In this way, even in the sports phenomenon, utilization of big data is a necessary task, but various methods of utilization and transformation are necessary. The value of the collective meaning of human motion, however, is inherent in the essence of sports phenomena, so a prudent approach should be preceded.

경찰이 추진하였던 적극행정 우사사례 분석을 통해 경찰행정에서 적극행정을 추진 하기 어렵게 만드는 한계요인과 이를 극복하기 위한 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 적극행 정의 유형을 추진방식, 기대효과, 행태적 측면, 규정해석 적용 측면을 적용하여, 2016년 부터 2021년까지 인사혁신처 적극행정 우수사례로 선정된 경찰청 우수사례 7건이 어떤 유형에 속하는지를 중심으로 분석하였다. 경찰의 적극행정 우수사례 양식(mode)은 교 통기능에서 신규발굴·성과고도화·불편해소형 추진방식을 통해 혁신적 실천형으로 창의 실천형의 법규정 해석을 거쳐 서비스제고의 기대효과를 가져오는 것으로 나타났다. 다 양한 경찰기능에서 다양한 방식과 수단으로 경찰공무원 개개인이 적극행정을 추진하여 야 한다는 정책적 시사점을 발견하였다.

Through the analysis of case studies of proactive administration promoted by the police, this study aims to find ways to overcome the limitations and limitations that are difficult to promote proactive administration in police administration. By applying the type of proactive administration to the implementation method, expected effect, behavioral aspect, and the application of rule interpretation, focus on what type of 7 best cases of the National Police Agency selected as best cases of active administration by the Ministry of Personnel Management from 2016 to 2021 was analyzed. The police's proactive administration best case mode was found to bring the expected effect of service enhancement through the interpretation of the legal regulations of the creative practice type as an innovative practical type through the new discovery, performance enhancement, and inconvenience reduction promotion method in the traffic police function. . We found policy implications that individual police officers should promote proactive administration in various ways and by means of various police functions.

This study examines the achievements and limitations of the 2015 Revised National English Curriculum in South Korea, focusing on high school English teachers’ perceptions of the four language skills. A survey of 40 high school English teachers revealed that while teachers had a relatively high understanding of the curriculum, there were significant gaps between curriculum goals and classroom implementation. Teachers perceived students’ achievements in reading skills as significantly higher than listening, speaking, and writing. Despite reporting the integrated use of language skills in their classes, teachers primarily focused on reading and writing activities. The study identified several challenges in implementing the curriculum, including exam-oriented education, limited class time, and difficulties in assessment. While teachers mostly acknowledged the need for integrated language skill use, practical constraints hindered effective implementation. The findings suggest a misalignment between curriculum objectives, classroom practices, and assessment methods. The study concludes by discussing implications for the upcoming 2022 Revised Curriculum and recommending comprehensive reforms in teacher training, assessment systems, and educational structures to bridge the gap between curriculum ideals and classroom realities.

이 연구는 2010년에 실시된 지역교육청 기능개편 정책에 따라 학교컨설팅이 교육청에 전면적으로 도입된 상황에서‘학교컨설팅과 교육청의 만남’이라는 현상에 주목하였다. 학교컨설팅은 최근 10여 년 간 자생적으로 형성되고 개념이 구성되어 왔으며, 교육청은 학교컨설팅을 필요에 의해 선택적으로 도입했다가 정부 정책에 의해 전면적으로 채택하게 되었다. 학교컨설팅에 대한 장학사와 컨설턴트의 이해와 인식을 자유기술형 설문으로 조사하고 내용 분석과 네트워크 텍스트 분석을 실시한 결과를 제시하였고, 컨설팅의 가능성과 한계를 학교컨설팅의 확산과 왜곡, 컨설팅과 장학, 학교컨설팅에서 교육청의 역할, 교육청의 기능과 인식 변화라는 측면에서 검토하였다.

In the wake of the educational policy in government to reform the functions of the local educational authority at the year of 2010, this study observed the phenomenon "the meeting between the local educational authority and the school consulting" under the situation that the school consulting is adopted to the local educational authority in overall. School consulting and its conceptual formations are developed spontaneously in last decade. Initially, the local educational authority had chosen the school consulting by their needs, then government pulled the policy for the local educational authority to adopt the school consulting in full-scale. Accordingly, this study has investigated the understanding and recognition of the school supervisors and consultants to the school consulting, and suggested the possibilities and limitations of the school consulting. There have been three processes. 1) This study has conducted a survey. 2) This study has applied content and network text analysis to the data collected. 3) This study has discussed the possibilities and limitations of the school consulting in terms of spreads and distortions of the school consulting, consulting and supervision, the role of the local educational authority in the school consulting and the changes of the functions and the perception of the local educational authority.

법의 해석에 있어 확장해석과 유추해석의 구분은 전 세계 형법학계의 난제 이다. 2003년 중국 남경시에서 동성간 성매매 알선 조직사건의 발생으로 인 해, 확장해석과 유추해석의 구분 문제는 또 다시 중국 형법학계의 뜨거운 논 의 주제가 되었다. 동성간 성매매의 확정 문제는 형사사법 적용상 하나의 곤 혹스러운 문제로써, 확장해석과 유추해석의 한계를 합리적으로 구분하고 아 울러 효과적으로 운용해 나가는 것이 필요하다. 중국에서의 성매매는 여자가 남자에게 또는 남자가 여자에게 즉, 남녀간에 몸을 파는 통상적 의미의 성매 매를 의미하며, 아직까지 동성간 성매매에 대한 처벌법이 제정되어 있지 않 고 최고인민법원의 사법해석도 존재하지 않는 중국에서 이러한 문제의 해결 은 곧 동성간 성매매가 중국 형법상의 성매매 행위에 해당하는 지 여부를 인 정하는데 도움이 되며, 또한 학계와 사법실무자들이 확장해석과 유추해석의 한계를 명확하게 이해하는 데에 도움이 될 것이다. 또한 세계적 입법추세에 따라 동성간 성매매를 처벌할 수 있는 입법을 통하여 해석이론상의 결함을 해결하고 죄형법정주의원칙에 부합하도록 해야 할 것이다.

The limits between expanding interpretation and analogical interpretation are the tough issue in criminal law all over the world. A case referring to organizing homosexual sex trade was happened, which led the issue of limits between expanding interpretation and analogical interpretation to be the hot topic in the academic field once again. The issue of identifying homosexual sex trade in judicial practices has been a kind of judiciary puzzle. It is necessary to distinguish the limits between expanding interpretation and analogical interpretation rationally and to apply effectively. Solving those issues would be helpful to clarify the issue whether the homosexual sex trade belongs to the behavior of prostitution and would be in favor of expounding the understanding the limits between expanding interpretation and analogical interpretation in academic field and judicial practice circle.

従来、翻訳の可能性についていろいろな研究がなされてきた。完全な翻訳が可能なのだろうかと疑問を抱く学者はいる。しかし、翻訳というものが二千年前からすでに存在し、今日に至るまで絶えず続けられてきた。この事実により翻訳が可能だと言う結論に達したのではなかろうか。 ところが、すべての翻訳が可能だと言うわけでもない。つまり、翻訳には限界がある。翻訳に限界があるものとしてよく挙げられるのは掛け言葉である。実際掛け言葉を翻訳する時、思うように訳せないことが多い。そこで、本稿では掛け言葉を取り上げ、翻訳の限界を見ていきたい。 掛け言葉の翻訳について、中村（2001）、刘宓庆（2003）、陶振孝（2005）などの研究が見られる。本稿では先行研究を踏まえ、日本語と中国語の掛け言葉を分析した上で、日中対訳時に見られる翻訳の限界に焦点をあて、掛け言葉の翻訳方法を探りたい。 本稿はまず、掛け言葉を定義し、「同じ発音の言葉を違う意味で二回以上使うもの」という第一種掛け言葉と「一つの言葉に、そのまま二つの語の意味を兼ねて使うもの」という第二種掛け言葉に分類した。次に、例を通し、「第一種掛け言葉」の場合と「第二種掛け言葉」の場合に分け、それぞれ掛け言葉を翻訳する時、限界があるということを検証した。最後に、掛け言葉の種類に応じ、それぞれ翻訳方法を提案してみた。

본 연구는 트랜스 휴먼 시대 인간향상을 고민하면서 트랜스휴머니즘적 도덕교육방안으로서 약리학적 방안의 가능성과 한계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구자는 유전자 조작, 인공지능 및 사이보그화, 약리학적 방식으로 도덕적 능력을 향상시키는 방안이 모두 도덕적으로 수용가능하다고 보나 동시에 기술 개발에 따른 위험 또한 확대될 것으로 본다. 특별히 옥시토신과 세로토닌 같은 신경전달 물질이 신뢰, 공감, 사회성, 공정성 등에 대한 반응에서 영향을 줄 수 있음을 보여주면서 이러한 연구 결과에 근거한 트랜스휴머니즘적 도덕교육방안, 약리학적 도덕교육의 방향이 어떤 가능성과 한계를 가지고 있음을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이런 살핌에는 옥시토신과 세로토닌과 관련된 여러 실험결과와 이 실험결과를 둘러싼 여러 논쟁들을 함께 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 약리학적 접근이 가능성과 한계를 가지고 있지만, 유전자 조작 같은 경우 보다는 위험성이 훨씬 적기에 한계점을 수용하면서 보다 적극적인 시도 가운데 약리학적 도덕교육의 방법을 시도해 나가야 함을 제시하였다. 결국 연구자는 트랜스휴머니즘적 도덕교육방안을 전통적 도덕교육과 함께 수용하되 약리학적 접근을 수용하는 방식을 보다 적극적으로 고려해야 함을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is pharmacologic moral education's direction in the age of transhumanism. I believe that genetic manipulation, artificial intelligence, and cyborgation, as well as pharmacological ways to improve moral abilities are all morally acceptable. But, for transhumanism's moral education, I will suggest the pharmacological method for moral bioenhancement. Transhumanism may represent an extension by degree that is considered morally acceptable, but at the same time, the risks posed by technological development will also be extended. Neuroscientific researches have confirmed that neurotransmitters, like oxytocin and serotonin, are able to influence pro-social behaviors encompassing trust, empathy, generosity, and reaction to fairness. On this ground, some scholars argue for the morality pills project in order to enhance our morality. Thus, pharmacologic moral education is considered as the most promising method of moral enhancement. I tried to show here that morality pills have limitation, but they have possibility that are reliably effective in making persons more moral. In this article, I tried to make a critical evaluation of transhumanism’s moral education through pharmacologic moral education's direction.

This study aims to present and analyze the performance and limits of interpreting and translation studies conducted in the Chinese linguistics field in Korea for the past twenty years since the establishment of Korea-China amity, and to seek future perspectives of study and its tasks. In this period, researchers focused on human translation of various units including lexicons or entire texts in literary, scholarly and complex genre or unknown genre. Researchers carried out qualitative research by contrasting one text of another author in a foreign language as ST with other multiple texts of other authors or his or her own texts in a native language as TT. Diverse interests were touched upon in their studies from not only linguistic but also interpreting and translation perspectives. In addition, descriptive translation studies including linguistic, theoretical, pattern studies and prescribing studies based on descriptive studies were also conducted. Henceforth, extending the boundary of studies on characteristics of various genres and more than sentence units is crucial, and studies recognizing the differences between contrastive studies and interpreting and translation studies as well as supplementing the above mentioned factors should be continued.

Little critical attention has been paid to Byron’s Marino Faliero, in particular, his evident concern with the feature and boundary of the protagonist’s unswerving willpower to pursue political intrigue against the ingrained corruption of Venetian oligarchy. This paper contends that a number of textual instances clearly exhibit the recurring motif such as the Doge’s assertive resolution for the rebellion which brings about its ironic, tragic consequences to both the protagonist and his conspirators. The main purpose of this article is to investigate how the poet depicts the irresolvable, conflicting relationship between Marino Faliero’s freedom of will and its externalization in the social organization regulated by Venetian aristocracy. The paper focuses on the procedure of the protagonist’s exercising of his willpower, which is intertwined with his own sense of fate and simultaneously the adverse, outer forces inherent within the arbitrary, corrupted power of the Council. Byron gradually unfolds the Doge’s vigorous pursuit of the freedom and glory of Venice, which features his rebellious attitude toward Venetian oligarchy. In portraying this, the author, at the same time, accentuates the questions of dilemma and limitation of man’s free choice, which struggles with the general will of the political organization. In addition, he elaborates other dramatic characters like Angiolina, Bertram and his defiant comrades, who play crucial role in propounding the complex, subtle aspects of the Doge’s willpower and activities.

Most of automobile steering parts are manufactured through the multi-stage cold forging process using round-bar drawn materials. The same process is applied to the ball stud parts of the outer ball joint, and various research activities are being carried out to reduce the extreme manufacturing cost in order to survive in the limitless competition. In this paper, we present a quantitative prediction method for the limiting life of the die as a method for cost reduction in the multi-stage cold forging process. The load on the die was minimized by distributing the forming load based on process optimization through finite element analysis. In addition, based on the quantitative prediction algorithm of the limiting life of the die, the application of the split die and the optimization of the phosphate treatment of the material surface are presented as a conclusion as a method to improve the limiting life of the die.

The cyber-crime is one of the results occurring from the increased dependency toward information-telecommunication devices. Currently, the Korean National Police Agency and many other related law enforcement agencies have made efforts to respond against the cyber-crimes. However, the number of cyber-crime is increasing steadily. The worse problem is that the arresting rate for the cyber-crime has been decreased than before. The reasons of decreasing arresting rate come from many different kinds of cyber-crime methods with the developed computer and network technology, Also, the easy concealment of the cyber-crime by the violater and the difficulty of specification against the data objected to search and seizure make the crackdown difficult. The other difficulties come from the lack of professionally trained investigators, the lack of high-technological investigation devices, and the failure of the technology development for the search and seizure of evidences because of the budget deficit. That is to say, these phenomenon show the comprehensive problem of the cyber-police system. Accordingly, to respond against newly changed cyber-crime activities and to investigate effectively, the cyber-police has to take consideration into the professional reorganization of the cyber-police, the development of the investigation technology, and the adjustment of current cyber-crime laws. Most importantly, the cyber-police needs the high-technological investigation devices, the development of the investigation methods, and the training for the professional human resources with the enough budget support.J

공공의 안녕과 질서유지, 위험방지를 통해서 일반 시민들의 생활영역을 안전한 공간으로 지켜내는 것이 경찰의 우선적인 역할일 것이다. 犯罪에 대한 恐怖로부터 시민을 보호하고, 안전한 생활공간을 확보하는 것이 이제는 헌법상의 기본권으로까지 인식되고 있다. 경찰서비스의 실행에는 경찰직무의 본질(소극목적성, 현존질서 유지적 규제작용)과 특성(즉응성, 돌발성)이 되어야 한다. 갑오경장 이후 일제 강점기까지는 대륙법계(독일)의 경찰개념을 중심으로 消極的 秩序維持作用(위험방지)에 근거하였으며, 해방 이후에는 주민자치적 전통에 기한 “自治治安”의 형태로 발전한 英美法系 경찰제도의 영향을 받게 되었다. 오늘날 한국경찰의 최우선적 과제는 범죄예방이며, 그 다음이 법집행, 공공서비스 순이다. 경찰에 의한 24시간 방범순찰이 강조되고 있다. 一回性, 展示行政的 프로그램보다는 경찰작용의 본질과 “기본에 충실한 한국경찰”에 토대를 둔 서비스만이 生命力을 가질 수 있는 것이다. 治安서비스 제공의 궁극적인 목적은 국민의 생명과 신체․재산보호와 법질서유지 그리고 안전하고 평온한 삶의 확보이다. 경찰서비스 제공에 대한 적절한 한계와 통제가 시급하다.

Die grundsaetzliche Aufgabe der Polizei ist oeffentliche Sicherheit und Ordnung zuerhalten und Gefahren abzuwehren. Zur Zeit wird es Lebensgebiet allgemeiner Leute als sicherer Raum zuerhalten und ihre Bureger aus der Kriminalitaetsangst sicher zuschutzen sogar das fundamentale und verfassungsstaatliche Pflicht verstanden. Waehrend der polizeilichen Dienstleistung mussen ihrer Grundbegriff und Charakter der Polizeiverwaltung wiederspieglt werden. Ab der grossen Reformation im Jahr 1894 bis am Ende 1945(zweite Weltkrieg) in Korea, ist ihres Polizeisystem vornehmlich von dem kontinental System z.B. deutschem oder franzoesischem Polizeibegriff, d.h. passiver Gefah- renabwehr und zentralisierter Polizeigewalt beeinflusst worden. Nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg, ist die modernisierte koreanische Polizei hauptsaechlich von der englo- amerikanischen Polizeisystem d.h. buergerlichen Selbstverwaltung(dezentralisierte) und Polizeiservice beeinflusst worden. Zuerst ist die koreanische polizeiliche primaere Aufgabe die Kriminalpraevention. Die naechste ist Gesetzdurchfuehrung und oeffentlichen Dienst- leistung. Der 24-stuendige Polizeistreifendienst hat die grosse Rolle zur Kriminalprae- vention. Das einmalige oder schaufenstereie Polizeiprogramm zur Dienstleistung kann nicht mehr erhaltet werden. Das Polizeiservice-Programm, das nur auf Grund von Polizeibegriff beruht, kann die fort- dauernde Wirkung haben. In Korea ist der endliche Zweck der Polizeideinstleistung buergerliches Leben und Eigentum zu schutzen, oeffentliche Ordnung zuerhalten, sicheren und ruhigen Lebensraum zu garantieren. Jetzt ist es notwendig, dass es zur effektiven Polizeiverwaltung entsprechende Beschraenkung und Kontrolle gegenueber das Polizei- service-Programm gibt.

일찍이 도착한 지식과 출발했을 때의 지식이 다를 수밖에 없음을 시인한 피터 버크의 논의는 ‘번역’에 대한 진일보한 이해를 가능케 한다. 즉 번역이란 비단 상이한 언어 간의 의미적 등가성을 확보하는 단계에서 그치지 않고 사회적 코드의 상이함을 조정하는 과정으로 이해할 수 있는 셈이다. 본고는 지식의 전파와 수용의 과정에서 ‘번역’이 담당하고 있는 사회적 역할을 규명하기 위한 일환으로, 서양의 문물을 접하기 시작한 근대 중국에서 외국어 교육과 번역 기관으로 역할을 담당한 京師同文館이 지닌 한계를 고찰하고, 이를 통해 당시의 사회적 환경 속에서 이루어진 서양에 대한 인식과 수용의 일면을 논의하였다. 京師同文館은 당시 왕실에서 운영된 외국어 교육기관이자 번역 기구였다고 할 수 있다. 다만, 근대 중국이라는 사회적 상황 속에서 ‘서양’에 대한 인식과 수용이 수동적일 수밖에 없었던 한계 탓에 京師同文館에서 수행한 외국어 교육 및 번역 기구로서의 한계를 드러낼 수밖에 없었다. 특히 번역의 과정에 있어서 번역자(서양인)-교열자(중국인)-후원자(청 왕실)이라는 함수 관계가 성립됨에 따라 서양 문물과 교육의 과정은 전통 중화 질서 속에 나타나는 서양에 대한 ‘夷’로서의 인식과 이를 또 다른 세계로 인식하고자 했던 ‘洋’으로서의 서양이 혼재되는 결과를 드러내고 있다고 하겠다. 이는 곧 근대를 전통과 현재를 격절시키는 또 하나의 시대가 아닌 전통과 현대가 이어지는 그 중심으로 위치지울 수 있는 근거라고 할 수 있을 것이다.

Peter Burke’s argument that knowledge once arrived differs from knowledge at the time of departure enables a step forward in understanding “translation”. In other words, translation can be understood not only as a step to ensure semantic equivalence between different languages, but also as a step to coordinate differences in social code. In the process of knowledge propagation and acceptance, this article is part of a discussion of the social role of “translation” in modern China, which began to interact with Western literature. The Jingshitongwenguan(京師同文館) was an educational institution for foreign languages and a translation organization that was run by the royal family at the time. However, due to the limitations of China’s social status as modern China and its passive recognition and acceptance of the “Western” language, it was inevitable to show its role as a foreign language education and translation organization at the Jingshitongwenguan(京師同文館). In particular, in the process of translation, the establishment of a functional relationship between translators (Westerners) and intellectuals (Chinese) and advocates (royal family) shows that the process of Western literature and education appears in the West. This is not another age that separates modernity from tradition, but a reason why it can be positioned at the heart of tradition and modernity.

かつて到着した知識と出発した時の知識が異なることを認めたピーター·バークの議論は“翻訳”に対する一歩前進した理解を可能にする。すなわち,翻訳とは,単に異なる言語間の意味的等価性を確保する段階にとどまらず,社会的コードの相違さを調整する過程として理解することができるわけだ。本稿は知識の伝播と受入れの過程で,“翻訳”の果たす社会的役割を究明するための一環として,西洋の文物を接し始めた近代中国で,外国語教育と翻訳機関としての役割を担った京師同文館が持つ限界を考察し,これを通じて当時の社会的環境の中で行われた西洋に対する認識と受容の一面を議論した。 京師同文館は当時,王室で運営されていた外国語教育機関であり,翻訳機関であったといえる。ただ,近代中国という社会的状況の中で“西洋”に対する認識と受け入れが受動的にならざるをえなかった限界のため,京師同文館で遂行した外国語教育および翻訳機構としての役割を限界に表わさざるを得なかった。特に,翻訳の過程において,翻訳者(西洋人)-校閱者(中国人)-後援者(清王室)という関数関係が成立したことにより,西洋の文物と教育の過程は,伝統の中和秩序の中に現れる西洋に対する“異種”としての認識と,これをもう一つの世界に認識しようとした“インター”としての西洋が混在する結果を表していると言えよう。これは,近代を伝統と現在を隔絶させるもう一つの時代ではなく,伝統と現代がつながるその中心に位置づけることができる根拠と言えるだろう。