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This research is to find out the satisfaction level of the nursing service through telephone counseling and willingness to pay for the service. Nurses investigated willingness to pay for the service after supporting self-management through telephone counseling over 185 diabetic patients in small cities in K region and C-region. As a result, male survey respondents were 124 (67%) and female respondents were 61 (33%). The age of 50s was the largest. Recommendation by medical staff as the main reason for participation in the study was 153(82.7%) and the need for managing chronic disease was 181(98%). The willingness to pay for the telephone nurse counseling was 70(37.8%). The awareness of need for managing chronic disease was 98% and the willingness to pay for the service because of the recommendation of medical staff rather than the usability of the service was 80%.The self-management rate was highest in the satisfaction rate and managing counseling service and managing by medical staff were in rank. They were willingness to pay 30% of KW 15,000 among the total monthly charge for nursing intervention service using telecommunication technology. Therefore, the result can be used as a basic data in determining insurance coverage, and it is expected to be conducive to decision-making for reasonable charge of medical treatment.

This study investigated the effects of neurofeedback training on concentration in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A single-subject ABA' experimental design was used to determine the effects of neurofeedback training. The participants of the study were three boys with ADHD. In the intervention phase after the baseline assessment, participant 1 and 3 trained neurofeedback for twelve sessions, and participant 2 trained ten times. The EEG was recorded during each session and was analyzed for relative power spectrum by beta/theta ratio. The concentration behaviors were measured on a 10-second interval scale during 15 minutes. The concentration was assessed using Auditory Continuous Performance Test (ACPT), and the ADHD symptoms were assessed by the Conners Teacher Rating Scale-Revised (CTRS-R) in pre and posttest. The data were visually analyzed using graphs and descriptive statistical analysis. The results of the study suggest that, after the neurofeedback training sessions, the participants showed a significant increase in their concentration behaviors. The scores of ACPT and CRTS-R were improved as well. However, no significant EEG change was observed, and no correlation of EEG with concentration behaviors was established.

The doses of inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers (VA- mycorrhzas, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and Azotobactor) for Madhuca latifolia (Mahua) have not been standardized, so far. Therefore, this experiment was undertaken to compare the effects of inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers on the growth and biomass production in Mahua seedlings. The study was conducted in green house of the institute. Twelve months old seedlings of Madhuca latifolia were selected for study. Total 24 treatments were tried using biofertilizers, and chemical fertilizers, the result indicates that biofertilizers were found much superior to chemical fertilizers in improving the soil fertility. Azotobactor was found the most efficient in improving the organic matter and nitrogen whereas PSB application is the best for improving phosphorus and potash. PSB has mobilized unavailable "P" to available form to the plants, which has resulted in increasing the growth of seedlings.

This study aimed to examine the effects of sesorimotor training applied to chronic low back pain patients on their anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) through changes in movement-related cortical potential (MRCP) and onset time of trunk muscle contraction. Seven patients whose chronic low back pain sustained for at least six months were selected. In order to present the standard for APAs, a normal group (group I) was selected. The experimental group (group II) consisted of the patients. Low back pain patients conducted exercise 40 minutes per time, four times per week, for four weeks. MRCP was examined through electroencephalography (EEG) in order to look at exercise effect. Changes in readiness potential (RP), motor potential (MP), and movement-monitoring potential (MMP) were measured on six areas of CZ, C3, C4, Fz, F3,and F4. Changes in onset time of muscle contraction were examined through electromyography (EMG). Together with changes in motor control in the central nervous system, changes in APAs in the trunk muscles (Transversus abdominis muscle (TrA) and external oblique abdominal muscle (EO)) were measured. VAS was used to examine changes in pain. According to the result of comparing changes in MRCP by sensorimotor training, RP decreased on CZ, C3, C4, FZ, and F3 and MP decreased on CZ, C3, C4, Fz, F3,and F4 among MRCPs (p<0.05). In addition, changes in onset time of movement-related muscle contraction were compared and there were significant differences between the TrA and EO with the anterior deltoid muscle (DA) as the reference (p<0.001). VAS that compared changes in pain were significantly different between TrA and EO (p<0.05). The above results showed that sensorimotor training had chronic low back pain patients learn muscle control ability, thereby triggering muscle plasticity, and provided a new adaptation environment for the cerebral cortex, thereby improving muscle functions as well as pain.

For many years natural language processing (NLP) programming tools have been used to process information in various applications areas including medicine. However, most of such systems have been developed by expert programmers and very little or none by clinicians. The subject under consideration in this article is automatic categorization of clinical data. This topic requires great deal of clinical cognition and hence there is a need to let clinicians develop such systems. This article is an attempt in this direction where the RapidMiner environment has been used for this purpose. This article describes how RapidMiner as a visual programming environment can be used for tokenization and categorization of clinical narratives. It also describes how to select the best classifier for categorization. K-NN classifier categorizes clinical narratives with high performance accuracies even for large dataset like the i2b2 smoking challenge data.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the development of an efficient information model to prevent depression among hysterectomy patients. The pairwise t-test was done to the before and after the application for empirical performance rate of a depression prevention program. The results of this paper are follows. First, the mean score of depression status after application significantly decreased than subjects before the application(t=2.08, p=.015). Second, the present research showed that the empirical performance rate of patients with hysterectomy can be increased to 68.5-74.2% by the model application. Therefore, a new information model can be utilized as an effective intervention for self-management of a depression prevention in hysterectomy patients. In addition, this study will contribute to develop the role of empirical model in comprehensive and systematical prevention and treatment of depression among hysterectomy patients.

Biometrics introduce to the recognition of human by their characteristics. It is used to identify individuals in groups. Traditional methods of identification involving passwords and PIN numbers, this new technique of identification is preferred over them. Biometric systems are divided on the basis of medium used for authentication. Face Recognition, Iris Recognition, Palm Recognition; Voice Recognition, Fingerprint Recognition, ECG signal based recognition methods are used for identification. Different techniques are used to extract the features for recognition. This paper gives a literature survey on Biometric Identification system so that new researchers do not find the difficulty for obtaining the information.

Although various factors such as misuse and abuse of vocal cord, occupation, smoking have been reported to be associated with benign vocal fold mucosal disorders, there have been few studies that have taken into consideration all factors of social demographic influences, health-risk behaviors and self- reported voice problems. This study explores potential risk factors of benign vocal fold mucosal disorders for 1,127 adults (468 males and 659 females) over the age of 19 who completed Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2012. Weighted logistic regression model was used for analysis. When compounding factors were adjusted, the association with benign vocal fold mucosal disorders was 6.8 times higher for high school graduates and 6 times higher for university graduates (p<0.05). In addition, the association with benign vocal fold mucosal disorders was 5.8 times higher for those with self-reported voice problems (p=0.001). Thus, it is necessary to monitor those with self-reported voice problems in early stages to prevent benign vocal fold mucosal disorders. These results might be used as basic material for the prevention of benign vocal fold mucosal disorders. Future longitudinal studies are required to better understand the causality between self-reported vocal problems and actual benign vocal fold mucosal disorders.

To reduce the possibility of post operation infection resulting from contaminant particles, effective ventilation system plays an important role. The best way to treat an infection is to stop it from occurring in the first place. Concerning the same objective, conventional mixing ventilation systems have been used since long period. Mixing room air distribution aims for dilution of polluted and warm/cool room air with cleaner and cooler/warmer supply air. In this paper three cases of mixing ventilation systems i.e. Single-sided high supply and low exhaust (Case-1); high supply and low exhaust (Case-2) and low supply and high exhaust (Case-3) are investigated using Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Technique. It has been observed that contamination control has been found more effective in case-3 as thermal plumes plays the dominant role.

Purpose: The concept of resilience is important to nursing for human adaptation. The aim of this paper is to enhance the understanding of resilience by clarifying the concept of Koreans’ resilience by comparison with resilience of Westerners. Resilience is not yet static concept in Korea. After borrowing this concept from Westerners, it is still confused with ambiguous meaning in nursing. Methods: The technique developed by Walker and Avant was used as a guide in analyzing the concept of resilience in published literature. Results: Inner personal strength, intellectual ability, spirituality, and environmental protective factors were found to be the defining attributes of Koreans’ resilience. Antecedents included pre-existing adversity and risk factors such as personal vulnerability, environmental risk, and lack of supportive resources. Consequences included adapting psychosocially, realizing one’s ideals, protecting psychopathological problems, and contributing socially. This concept analysis can provide a fundamental definition of Korean resilience that is derived from Korean’s unique ‘Han’ of cultural factors. Although Korean resilience is a totally new terminology in psychology, it has existed in Korean native consciousness and emotion. Conclusion: Korean's resilience is a more latent intrinsic capacity, which promotes adaptation despite the lack of social resources. Development of the ideal instrument for measurement of resilience of Koreans by defining definition, attributes, antecedents, and consequences identified from concept analysis with a focus on Korean culture and social background is needed.

Health care is one of the most important dependencies for economic growth and sustainability of a country. Most of the developing countries are facing the challenges of quality healthcare. However, recent advances in mobile communication technologies could play role in improving healthcare systems in developing countries. There is a great potential in using mHealth as one of the supportive systems within the healthcare sector to solve the inequalities in healthcare delivery between rural and urban hospitals/clinics. The emergence of smart mobile phones have created an unprecedented opportunity to provide health services to people in developing countries in an instantaneous, interactive and customized way. This research aims to evaluate the applicability, issues and challenges for implementation of mobile healthcare system in the developing world. To build up and promote mHealth services in the developing countries, this research has conducted a readiness assessment in some selected rural and urban hospitals/clinics of Bangladesh. Finally, a set of guidelines has been suggested to aid the implementation of a successful mobile healthcare system.

Brain signals are interpreted in various measures. This paper discusses on a research of suggestion or the new brain reaction index during mental calculation from the EEG signals. Measured brain waves were defined as being divided into brain reaction indexes of time and frequency domains for interpreting. 10 men and women were selected as subjects and they solved mathematical questions to find correlation between brain activities and mental calculation. Skewness, kurtosis, BRI and IPSF was applied to the signals in order to extract the EEG parameters. Experimental results indicated that this feature can represent the activity of the left right brain and concentration during mental calculation.

In oriental medicine, patient's pulse wave signal has been used to estimate patients' health condition with it's speed, strength, and depth etc. However, even though the same doctor diagnose the patient, result could be different according to one's age, sex and body condition. In this paper, we developed a portable intelligent punctuate device for market release, which has a function of calculating punctuate time by setting proper information on the data. We expect this device could be used to remote location in everytime and everywhere.

The flagstone is very valuable mineral used in traditional slabs and tiles, flooring, cladding of columns, building exteriors, stair cases, graveyard, pre-fabricated units, kitchen counters and dividers. It is also exported to earn foreign revenue. For sustainable stability of the ecosystem, selection of suitable species is very important. The native species occurring in adjoining natural forests need to be introduced along with N-fixing and fast growing tree species, shrubs as well as fruit bearing species attracting birds and other faunal population. On the sloppy areas seeds of grasses and legumes need to be broadcasted for preventing the soil erosion and to increase the water holding capacity. Since the area is rocky the introduction of ferns and fern allies would be useful to develop the natural ecosystem. On the basis of phyto-scociological studies and keeping the criteria of species selection in view, a number of tree, shrub and herb species were identified for reclamation of five flagstone mines.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand and explore the nature and types of Korean nursing so the theoretical foundation for Korean nursing could be established. Methods: In-depth interviews with semi-structured questionnaire were given to twelve respondents: professors and students of nursing school and nurse practitioners, and the qualitative data were collected from September 15th to November 15th of 2012. The in-depth interviews were conducted with each participant for about 2 hours and 30 minutes, and the places like the participants' labs or quiet cafes. The interviews were recorded upon the participants' agreement. Content analysis of qualitative based on Hsieh & Shannon's method was done. Any meaningful words, sentences and paragraphs were carefully scrutinized repeatedly to find any sub-topics and finally narrowing them down to four distinct themes. And the final data were analyzed and validated by two professors who were experts in qualitative analysis. Results: There were four major themes and eight sub-themes observed form the analysis. The four main themes were nursing with mothers' love, nursing with filial piety and caring, patient-centered nursing, and nursing based on tradition. Conclusions: The four main themes and eight sub themes reflect cultural perspectives and perceptions of Korean people and it provides strong foundation for Korean nursing theory. Therefore, in order to develop Korea's own creative and progressive nursing theories, Korean history, culture and socio-economy need to be considered and reflected while carefully combining the elements of western theories.

Various types of stress and irregular eating habits, as well as inhalation of alcohol and ongoing toxic gas, ingestion of contaminated food, excessive consumption of pickled food and drug intake, enables liver disease patients to grow up year by year. To this end, variety of data mining algorithms can help medical doctors in diagnostics of patients at the hospital. This paper treats an evaluation of the analyzed results of classification algorithms selected for better prediction based on the characteristics of data from the data set with liver disease. We investigated and analyzed the classification algorithms such as Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, Multi-Layer Perceptron and k-NN used in a previous study, which developed our data set, and additionally Random forest, Logistic which proposed by us. Those algorithms were compared in several kinds of evaluating criteria like precision, recall, sensitivity, specificity, and so on. Through the experiments, we could know that in view of precision, Naïve Bayes is preferable than others, but in other criteria such as Recall and Sensitivity, Logistic and Random Forest took precedence over other algorithms in the performance of prediction test as considering the algorithmic characteristics to liver patient data set.

Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, instantaneous variation in RR intervals time series of electrocardiogram (ECG), is generally used for evaluating autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning in cardiovascular research and in different human well being related applications. Approximate entropy (ApEn) is a nonlinear metric used to measure the irregularity of a RR interval time series. An increase in ApEn is often associated to increases in complexity. Linear HRV parameters are very sensitive to ECG sampling frequency and low sampling frequency may result in clinically misinterpretation of HRV. In this study consequences of errors in ApEn based HRV induced by ECG sampling frequency have been investigated. Error in ApEn measure of HRV was found to be a function of data length of RR interval time series and ECG sampling frequency. The percentage difference in ApEn was more than 3.5%.for long term data (N=1000), more than 2.5% for medium data (N=500) and less than 1% for short term data (N=200) at low ECG sampling frequency of 125 Hz with respect to reference values at 2000 Hz. Thus, the results of indices such as ApEn when applied to time series with low ECG sampling should be regarded with caution.

The purpose of this study was to identify the correlation between medical students’ communication skills awareness and performance in clinical education and to determine means to improve communication. A total of 36 fourth-year medical students were enrolled in this study and were surveyed concerning communication skills during two clinical performance examinations. The survey included 20 items in four categories: beginning an interview (greeting, identification, introduction, attention, and chief complaint), gathering information (open question, reflection, facilitation, clarification, and summarizing), giving information (discovering the patient’s understanding, empathy, easy terms, checking of understanding, and giving opportunities), and non-verbal communication (neat features, listening, eye contact, nodding, and silence). The students were educated repeatedly about their communication skills for 8 months in a clinical clerkship between two examinations. All items showed the significant correlations between communication skills awareness and performance, except for greeting and summarizing in the first examination and neat feature and silence in the second. Communication skills awareness and performance were significantly improved in terms of attention, reflection, summarizing, discovering the patient’s understanding, empathy, checking understanding, and silence. This study demonstrated that medical students’ awareness of communication skills was mostly correlated with performance and communication awareness and performance were improved following clinical education.

The purpose of this study is to examine the self-esteem, body image and eating attitudes of children who access a community child center and its gender differences, and to test a model linking children’s self-esteem and body-image to eating attitudes. This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. Participants were 153 children from low income families. The results show no significant differences in self-esteem and body image between boys and girls, although they differed significantly in bulimia. The model was tested using path analysis techniques within structural equation modeling. The model fit indices suggests that the full mediation model adequately fits the data (χ2 = 10.67, df = 5, p = 0.06, TLI = 0.94, CFI =0 .97, RMSEA = 0.08). Children’s self-esteem had a positive direct effect on their body image, which in turn had a direct negative effect on eating attitudes). The findings from this study demonstrate the fundamental importance of self-esteem and its relationship with body image, and eating attitudes, thus increasing the positive body image may be the key to children’s eating disorder.

Face recognition is an image processing technique that recognizes the face of a person in the system. Face recognizing system may comprise the circuit board, software for detecting face with programmatic assurance. Face recognition developed in neural networks is the major application development in present days. This process can be used in security and biometric applications. For providing more security considerations proposed technique was Hybrid Face Recognition with Radial Basis Function, that uses two algorithms like PCA and LDA for face feature extraction and dimensionally fusion methods for associated to PCA and LDA. We will plan to extend our existing approach for feature extraction with different stages. In this we propose four stages for recognizing image extraction in facial schema. In this process the recognized image is determined by the corresponding output value present within threshold description. Our experimental shows efficient security considerations on facial feature extraction process.

The present study used Colaizzi’s descriptive method to understand the nature and meaning of nursing competency in a clinical nursing unit. As a result, the meanings of nursing competency as experienced by hospital nurses were found to be as follows: “nursing qualifications developed through nursing tasks,” “time invested to become a true nurse,” “work performance fulfilled by a satisfactory desire,” “positive results yielded by an effortful process of providing outstanding nursing care,” “qualifications as a nurse realized by educational efforts,” “realizations of positive interactions through learning and process,” “qualifications as a nurse realized by accumulating nursing work experience,” “colleagues that understand each other and provide strength,” and “experience of oneness with the patient during the caring process.” Consequently, it is necessary for nursing managers and hospital organizations to precisely understand the meaning and level of nursing competency for nurses and to provide program support to enhance nurses’ performance.