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In this world of ever emerging technology, medical imaging has grown by leaps and bounds, although it is still emerging as a full grown arena of invention and research. This paper deals with the various aspects and types of medical imaging. With the growth of computers and image technology, medical imaging has greatly influenced the medical field. The diagnosis of a health problem is now highly dependent on the quality and the credibility of the image analysis. This paper can be treated as the tutorial ar an overall review to the subject matter. This paper is a tutorial review of the medical image processing and repository techniques appeared in the literature.

Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab. is a devastating disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) worldwide. Available genetic variation for Ascochyta blight resistance in genus Cicer has prompted interest in the development and use of resistant cultivars that can be sown in autumn and, to increase seed yield in chickpea. Understanding the mode of inheritance of resistance to Ascochyta blight in chickpea would assist breeding efforts. The objective of this study were determining number of genes confer Ascochyta blight resistance and leaf size as well as action of them. Thus F1, F2 F3 progenies derived from a cross between Iranian local variety Bivanij (susceptible local variety) and ICC12004 along with their parents were sown in a RCB design at the International Center for Agricultural Research at Dry Area (ICARDA) under artificial infection conditions. Results showed that in F2 and F2 generations the ratio of susceptibility did not differ significantly from those of 9:7 and 5:3 theoretical ratios. There was a negative correlation between leaf size and blight score, which means that large leaf genotypes could be more susceptible to Ascochyta blight. Generation mean analysis for resistance to Ascochyta blight in this study revealed that additive effect has main role in Ascochyta blight resistant, however the leaf size besides of additive effect showed dominance effect as well. For theses traits we detected dominant x dominant interaction (l) in the opposite sign which reveals the evidence of a duplicate epistasis. These findings showed that the genotype of resistant parent could be as R1R1R2R2. According to these findings and available knowledge, it would be suggested an appropriate breeding program for gene pyramiding to produce multiple resistant genotypes in chickpea. For QTL analysis fifty-eight SSR markers and one morphological marker (flower color) were mapped on F2 individuals and F2:3 families derived from the cross ICC 12004 (resistant) × Bivanij (susceptible local variety) at the International Center for Agricultural Research at Dry Area (ICARDA). The linkage map comprised eight linkage groups, excluding flower color which didn't assign to any linkage group. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was used to evaluate the F2 population and F3 families. Using composite interval mapping, three genomic regions were detected, which were in association with reaction to ascochyta blight. These QTLs on LG3, LG4 and LG6 accounted for 46.5% of the total estimated phenotypic variation for reaction to ascochyta blight. Fine mapping of the QTLs identified in this study would lead to the identification of markers that could be used for marker-assisted selection of chickpea genotypes with resistance to Ascochyta blight. These findings are particular pertinent considering that we used Ascochyta rabiei pathotype III and ICC 12004 (resistant to pathotype III) for the first time.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of aroma inhalation on the anxiety levels of nursing students who are practicing their first intravenous injections. Method: Participants recruited were in sophomore nursing students. Convenient sampling was conducted. The experimental group was exposed to lavender, chamomile roman, bergamot, and geranium inhalations. Three physiologic indicators, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured. Two subjective self- reported instruments - ten centimeters bar sharped visual analogue anxiety scale and STAI(State Trait Anxiety Inventory) made by Spielberger - were used also. Results: The pulse rate in control group was 101.8 pulse /min and in the experimental group was 92.3pulse/min. The results were statistically significant between two groups. (t=2.05, p=.04). Conclusion: The effect of aroma inhalation was partially valid. Aroma therapy is recommended as a mean to overcome high stress and anxiety levels that students face in nursing programs.

Low temperature tolerance (LT) is an important agronomic trait in winter wheat that determines the plants ability to cope with below freezing temperatures. To identify genomic regions, which determine the level of LT tolerance in hexaploid wheat, F2:3 and F2:4 populations produced from crossing between winter type tolerant parent Mirnovoskaya 808(LT50 =-20 oC) and spring type, susceptible parent, Pishtaz (LT50 =-7 oC) were analyzed. The levels of LT tolerance for these populations were evaluated using artificial freeze test LT50, the temperature at which 50%of plants were killed by LT stresses. The molecular analyses were assessed using 170 SSR primer pairs and 22 AFLP primer combinations. The result of phenotypic analysis showed continuous distribution of trait values (LT50 =-3 to -23 oC) which is in agreement with the distribution of trait expected for a polygenic and quantitatively inherited trait. The relationship between LT tolerance ( LT50) and genotypic data was analyzed using single marker analysis, interval mapping and composite interval mapping methods. Three detected QTLs for spring parent, Pishtaz, with partial dominant effects and three detected QTLs of winter parent, Mirnovoskaya 808, with over dominant effects. Because the detected QTLs located on the 5B and 7D chromosomes and other ones which were linked to AFLP markers were inherited in both parents; therefore theses results do confirm the effectiveness of both parents for this characteristic.