Earticle

This paper argues that the maximal surface syllable structure in Korean is (C)V(C), with the single onset consonant and the single coda consonant optional and with the syllable peak non-branching. Specifically, there is no glide between the onset consonant and the peak vowel regardless of the position of the alleged glide whether it would be part of a complex onset or part of a branching nucleus. Supporting arguments are from the conspiracy effect in loanword adaptations, loanword adaptations of consonant-glide and consonant-liquid clusters, the distribution of the glide [ɰ], palatal variants of non-plosives before a vowel other than [i], and hiatus tolerance.

Several studies have investigated tone assignment patterns of North Kyungsang (NK) English loanwords, but most of them rely upon small data sets to support their generalizations and focus only on small pieces of the larger puzzle. This study aims to address the unresolved aspects of the accent assignment patterns of NK English loanwords and provide an integrated analysis of the loanword tone patterns. In order to examine which tone patterns are closely related to which word structures, this study collected 3,384 English loanwords and classified them into syllable numbers, tone patterns, and syllable structures to examine their relationship. The representative tone pattern of each word was chosen by native intuitions of six native speakers of NK Korean. Then, the underlying foot structures were analyzed to gain a better understanding of the relation between the tone patterns and syllabic structures. This study asserts that NK Korean does not have a strict bimoraic trochaic system and that the bimoraic trochee could be violated when interacting with other constraints. This study also claims that the context-dependent coda moraicity applies to words with three or four syllables when they receive double high accent.

This paper examines whether speech errors in Korean are capable of reflecting the age and gender differences of their producers. Following the classification system used for English SOTs, this study collected a total of 207 Korean SOTs and classified them in three different ways. Errors were first grouped according to the speakers' gender and age, and then they were looked at with relation to the stage at which the errors occurred, the form of the errors, as well as the directionality of the errors. According to the data, lexical errors were found to be far more frequent than the other error types. Several differences, though none extremely large, were observed in the SOT errors among participants of different ages as well as between male and female participants. Although the amount of data collected is not large enough to draw any definitive conclusions, these preliminary findings suggest that a difference in language usage by males and females does exist.

This paper is to find out phonetic evidence to argue sequences of /s/ and a stop consonant occurring in the onset of English form a single unit. An acoustic experiment measuring duration of singleton consonant onsets and bi-consonantal onsets was conducted with various null and alternative hypothesis to check if the sequences of /s/+stop in the onset are as long as one segment or two. The result shows that the consonant clusters beginning with /s/ is as long as one consonant, supporting the phonological argument that /s/ and the following stop sound are not consonant clusters but a single complex sound.

A foreign accent in a second language (L2) may be caused by nonnative-like pronunciation of suprasegmental elements such as stress as well as segmental elements of the L2 phonological system. In the literature of L2 phonological acquisition, however, most studies have focused on the segmental features and only a few studies have investigated the L2 acquisition of suprasegmental elements. This study examines the acquisition of English word stress by adult speakers of Korean in an attempt to see how they learn English stress patterns, particularly if they treat nouns and verbs differently and show sensitivity to the internal syllable structure with respect to stress assignment or if they treat English word stress entirely as a lexical phenomenon. For this, 51 Korean university students were assigned the production and perception tasks in which they were instructed to produce 35 monomorphemic nouns and verbs classified into 7 classes according to stress patterns and listen to them to mark on which syllable they perceived stress to be. It was revealed in this study that although they had no knowledge of stress placement associated with lexical category, vowel weight and the extramatricality of word-final consonants in English, they showed sensitivity to the effect of coda consonants, treating open and closed syllables differently. Based on the results of this research, pedagogical implications are suggested for the teaching of English word stress.

この論文では日本語の閉音節構造方言における体系変化のプロセスについて、主にフォネーム構造を中心に考 察した。まず、閉音節構造が成立する基本的なフォネーム構造は、対応する共通語において狭母音/i u/が語末に 位置するということである。瀬戸内町を除くすべての方言において、このようなフォネーム構造のもとでは必ず閉音節化 が起っている。そして、閉音節化と直前の音節の音環境においては、直前の音節が促音․撥音․二重母音で終わる ものや、すでに閉音節化しているものの場合は閉音節化が起こらないのに対して、直前の音節が長音で終わるものと、 ただの母音連続である場合は閉音節化が起こる。 一方、諸方言の閉音節化は母音の脱落という過程を経て成立したものと考えられる。この点、瀬戸内町の方言はそ の原形を保っている古い形と言えるし、富江町山下の方言もそれに近いと見られる。そして、串間市の方言の場合は共 通語と閉音節構造方言とのちょうど中間的な位置にある。その他の方言では母音の脱落後、語末子音が〔t〕〔〕 など比較的規範性の高いものに中和されていく。 さらに本研究では、いわゆる「四つ仮名」の対立が語末子音のところで残っていることや、これまで「ラ行子音の 脱落現象」として言われてきたラ行音の変化を、〔r〕音の脱落ではなく、狭母音〔i u〕の脱落した〔r〕音が二 重母音的な発音〔j〕に変わったものであるということなどを明らかにした。

본 연구는 러시아어권 학습자들의 한국어 이중모음 발음에서 발생하는 오류들을 한국어와 러시아어의 음절구조의 차이와 구성원소 이론을 바탕으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 러시아어권 학습자들에게한국어 이중모음 입력이 주어지면 학습자들은 러시아어의 모음 체계와 음절구조를 바탕으로 이를 재해석하고 조정하여 출력한다. 러시아어는 활음 /j/를 가지고 있어 한국어 /j/계 이중모음 습득에는 큰 어려움을 겪지 않는다. 주목할 만한 오류는 한국어 /w/계 이중모음 발화에서나타난다. 러시아어권 학습자들은 한국어의 /we/를 [e], [ue],[ve]로 발화하는 오류를 보인다. 그리고 이들은 한국어의 /wa/를 [a], [ua], [oa], [va]로, 한국어의 /wə/를 [o], [uo], [uə], [vo]로 발화하는 오류를 보인다. 이들은 각각 활음 탈락, 모음 분리, 자음 대치로 분석이 가능하다. 마지막으로 러시아어권 학습자들은 한국어의 /ɨj/를 [i], [ɨ], [ɨi]로 발화하는오류를 보인다. 이는 학습자들이 한국어 /ɨj/의 구조를 받아들이지 못한 것으로 각각 모음 삭제와 모음 분리로 분석할 수 있다.

Journal of the International Network for Korean Language and Culture 16-2. 149-169. This paper aims to analyze the errors made by Russian learners in producing Korean diphthongs based on differences in the syllable structures of the two languages and element theory. When Korean diphthongs input is given, Russian learners reanalyze and adjust it based on their internal representation of the Russian vowel system and syllable structure, as reflected in their output. As Russian has a glide /j/, Russian learners do not have much difficulty in producing the /j/ diphthongs of Korean. Notable errors appear, however, in producing /w/ diphthongs of Korean. Russian learners pronounce the Korean diphthong /we/ as [e], [ue], and [ve], /wa/ as [a], [ua], [oa], and [va], and /wɔ/ as [o], [uo], [uə], and [vo]. These errors can be classified as glide deletion, vowel separation, and consonant substitution, respectively. Finally, they produce [i], [ɨ], and [ɨi] for Korean /ɨj/, indicating that they do not grasp the structure of Korean /ɨj/ but realize it through vowel deletion and vowel decomposition.

A study of phonological characteristics in Yongcheol Park's poems on the basis of syllable structure Cho, Sung-Moon The purpose of this paper is to investigate phonological characteristics in Yongcheol Park's poems on the basis of syllable structure. That is, I divide the syllables of poem into onset, nuclear, and coda, then observe which phonemes are used frequently. The study of Yongcheol Park's works sufficiently obtains a substantial argument in view of the literary theory. However, it is insufficient for the linguistic method. Poetry is based upon the relationship of similarity among sounds. Sounds perceived as similar to one another create acceptable rhythm pairs. Because sounds are hierarchically arranged in languages, patterns in poetry can reveal the priority order within this hierarchy. So, with respect to the phonological patterns of Korean, I have analyzed all of Yongcheol Park's works. At last I found the priority order of Yongcheol Park's poems within sound hierarchy. Most common are syllables with no onset and no coda pairs. With respect to acoustic features, the most frequent syllable utilize the [+sonorant] feature. This pattern remains consistent over time.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate phonological characteristics in Ji-yong Chung's poems on the basis of syllable structure. That is, I divide the syllables of poem into onset, nuclear, and coda, then observe which phonemes are used frequently. The study of Ji-yong Chung's works sufficiently obtains a substantial argument in view of the literary theory. However, it is insufficient for the linguistic method. Poetry is based upon the relationship of similarity among sounds. Sounds perceived as similar to one another create acceptable rhythm pairs. Because sounds are hierarchically arranged in languages, patterns in poetry can reveal the priority order within this hierarchy. So, with respect to the phonological patterns of Korean, I have analyzed all of Ji-yong Chung's works. At last I found the priority order of Ji-yong Chung's poems within sound hierarchy. Most common are syllables with no onset and no coda pairs. With respect to acoustic features, the most frequent syllable utilize the [+sonorant] feature. This pattern remains consistent over time.

본고는 『서유견문(西遊見聞)』(1895)에 출현하는 한자 지명 표기의 성립 및 형성에 대하여 일본과 중국의 한자음 및 음절 구조와의 비교 분석을 중심으로 고찰한 것이다. 이를 위해 『西遊見聞』의 지명 표제어를 추출하여 데이터베이스화 하고 개별적인 표기례를 검토함으로써 서구어를 한자어로 대응시키는데 있어 어떠한 특징이 나타나는지 실증적으로 고찰하고자 하였다. 조사 결과, 유길준은 『西遊見聞』에서 현지 원음에 가깝게 발음할 수 있도록 영어식 발음을 고려하여 자국의 한자음에 맞는 정확한 음역어를 대응시키고자 하였다. 음절 구조와 관련하여서는 한국의 폐음절 구조가 반영되어 독자적인 한자 지명 표기가 만들어진 한편, 일부 음역 방식에 있어서는 일본의 지명 표기 방식도 수용되었음을 알 수 있었다. 그렇지만, 한국에서 만들어진 지명 표기는 중국, 일본과는 서로 다른 음절 구조 및 한자음으로 인하여 한자문화권에서 광범위하게 공유되지는 못하였다. 결국 각국 한자음 및 음절 구조의 차이는 서양 지명의 원음을 한자어로 번역하는데 있어 서로 다른 한자를 대응시키도록 한 주요 변별 요소가 되었다고 하겠다. 결과적으로 『西遊見聞』에서 유길준 독자의 지명 표기는 추후에 널리 사용되었다거나 오늘날 그 명맥을 이어가는 외래어 표기로서 정착되지는 않았지만, 중국과 일본식 표기의 토대 위에서 오로지 그 표기 방식을 수용하는 것에서 벗어나 한국 고유의 독자적인 표기를 만들어내고자 하였다는 점에서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있겠다.

This study explored Chinese character place names appearing in Seoyugyeonmun focusing on their establishment and embodiment in a historical aspect where place names in Korea have been altered from Chinese characters into pure Korean letters. In particular, to work on place names for the modern language, this study examined corresponding relations between western origin names and Chinese character names. Also, by analyzing the relationship between Chinese character pronunciations of China and Japan and their syllable structures focusing on Chinese character names designed independently by Yu Kil-chun, this study conducted the research to find out what features there were in having western names correspond to Chinese character names based on case database for place name notations. Through this, this study confirms that in Korea after the period of enlightenment, Chinese characters were to be used not as ideographic characters but as phonographic characters. It was known that Yu Kil-chun abided by independent representation methods appropriate for Sino-Korean pronunciations and syllable structures and at the same time accepted Japanese methods to represent place names. Eventually, the difference of perception in syllable classification was confirmed in having Western place names correspond to Chinese character names, and this study was meaningful in that when contemporary people at the time represented words of foreign origins as well as modern place representation methods that were in use at the age of enlightenment, this study grasped an actual phase of writing words of foreign origins with regard to what methods were used to compound Chinese characters.

Today's talk aims to contrast phonology of Korean and Vietnamese for Korean language education. Considering consonants, Korean having 21 typologically most plausible consonants display high universality in the number of consonants. However, Vietnamese shows higher universality in regards to their substance, i.e. it differs from Korean when it comes to the structure of plosives and fricatives. In respect of syllable structure, Korean with its CVC type shows a moderately complex structure while Vietnamese with its CCVC type has a complex structure. The contrastive study of similarities and differences between Korean and Vietnamese in terms of phonology will help not only understand the two languages but also provide useful information for increasing the efficacy of Korean language education for Vietnamese learners of Korean.

Jung, Wonchol & Shin, Seung-Hoon. “Korean Learners’ Perception and Production Patterns of English laterals in a complex onset and ambisyllabic position.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39.4 (2013): 279-301. Perception and production of a segment in a foreign or second language has been one of the major issues in the fields of phonetics and phonology. Traditional analyses made so far, however, have exclusively focused on either perception or on production solely and seldom on the relationship between the two. Also, those studies have heavily dealt with individual segments in isolation, hardly touching on those appearing in an environment that a mother tongue does not allow. The aim of this paper is to explore patterns of lateral perception and production by Korean learners of English and to elucidate the relationship between perception and production in the process of lateral acquisition. To this end, we employed 1,320 production and 600 perception data from 30 Korean learners of English and three native speakers of English. The production data were divided into eight types depending on their phonological, phonetic, morphological and even spelling properties, and perception data by three different syllable structures. Based on the results, this research contends that the well-known factors such as proficiency and phonological/morphological environment play an important role in producing and perceiving English laterals. It also reveals the relationships between perception and production when Koreans learn English laterals in various environments and maintains that wrong production stems from wrong perception. (Yeungnam University)

Oh, Mira. 2010. A Perceptual Similarity-based Analysis of English /kw/ and /tw/ Adaptation in Korean. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 35-1, 137-154. This paper aims to show that the perceptual distance between sounds in the source language and corresponding sounds in the native language determines loan adaptation. English /tw/ is adapted as [thɨw] with an epenthetic vowel between consonants, while English /kw/ is loaned as [khw] without epenthesis in Korean, even though Korean allows both /thw/ and /khw/ clusters. Given that loanword adaptation relies on the borrower’s perception of relative similarity between the source form and the corresponding strings in his/her native language (Oh and Steriade 2004), this paper investigates the acoustic similarities/differences between the source forms and the corresponding forms in native language. The dynamics of the spectral transition from the stop burst through the [w] constriction into the vowel are compared between English /twV/ and /kwV/ and the analogous sequences in Korean. The phonetic results suggest that greater voice onset time (VOT) and second formant (F2) differences between English /tw/ and Korean /thw/ can yield the different adaptations between English /tw/ and /kw/. This study has three implications. Firstly, neither the syllable structure nor the impermissible consonant sequence determines perceptual epenthesis, in contrast to the claims by Kabak and Idsardi (2007) and Dupoux et al. (1999). Secondly, it is clear that non-contrastive phonetic details overcome phonological structure when both types of information conflict in loan adaptation. Thirdly, the phonetic output from the source language alone is not sufficient in loan adaptation. The comparison of acoustic realizations between the source and adapting languages needs to be taken into consideration. (Chonnam National University)

The status of glides in Korean has been a long-debated issue in the literature. Two main camps have arisen from the study of the glides: one advocates placing glides in the onset of the syllable and the other claims that the nucleus is the locus of glides. In this article we argue that the main cause of the controversy is the fact that glides are actually floating features that may link to the left or the right, depending on the context and some basic principles of association. Floating features are already well motivated in Korean in order to account for aspiration and tensification, so this analysis simply extends the principles already established. This provides us with a more succinct account of glides than previously proposed